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Articles 1081 - 1110 of 1628
Full-Text Articles in Agricultural Science
Somatic Embryogenesis From Mature Embryo Of Tall Wheatgrass (Agropyron Elongatum) And Effects Of Nacl On Induction And Growth Of Callus From Its Different Explants, Shi Decheng, Xi Ti, Zhu Tingcheng
Somatic Embryogenesis From Mature Embryo Of Tall Wheatgrass (Agropyron Elongatum) And Effects Of Nacl On Induction And Growth Of Callus From Its Different Explants, Shi Decheng, Xi Ti, Zhu Tingcheng
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Since it has been found that the plant regeneration of gramineous plants can be realized through somatic embryo genesis, a great development of tissue culture is obtained not only in cereals but also in grasses, which makes possible the genetic engineering and production of artificial seed. In addition, a progress has been made in selection of various valuable mutants by inducing calli or cells cultured to vary. For example, Zhou (1986) by inducing tobacco tissue on a medium containing 0.5 % NaCl has got NaCl-tolerant callus; then the callus were selected by increasing progressively the concentration of NaCl and finally …
Forage Crop Improvement Through Biotechnology, S S. Croughan
Forage Crop Improvement Through Biotechnology, S S. Croughan
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is a perennial forage grass grown on over 10 million ha worldwide. In the southern United States, it is used extensively for grazing and the production of hay. It is a well adapted grass, but improvements in traits such as forage quality and pest resistance are needed. Much variation in the nutritional value exists between genotypes. Tissue culture offers a method for the production of improved germplasm. Most plants regenerated from callus cultures will vary from the original variety from which they were derived. This phenomenon is referred to as somaclonal variation and can be …
Obtention Of King Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum) Clones From Tissue Culture. Selection And Evaluation Of Mutants, R O. Martinez, M Monzote, R S. Herraera, R Cruz, V Torres
Obtention Of King Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum) Clones From Tissue Culture. Selection And Evaluation Of Mutants, R O. Martinez, M Monzote, R S. Herraera, R Cruz, V Torres
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
King grass (2n = 28) is widely used in Cuba for forage production. The increase in the variability of this species is therefore of special interest in agriculture. Tissue culture as a technique to produce and select somaclones from the king grass donor was used to obtain variability. These were obtained when the apical meristems were cultivated in MS medium with 3 mg/I of 2,4 D to regenerate the plants with different hormonal combinations. Those of 0.1 mg/! of kinetine (Martinez, 1986) were prominent. The variability in the selection and evaluation processes is exposed in this paper.
Forage Grass Plant Modification Through Tissue Culture, Haploids And Doubled Haploids, M J. Kasperbauer
Forage Grass Plant Modification Through Tissue Culture, Haploids And Doubled Haploids, M J. Kasperbauer
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a widely-grown cool-season forage grass (Buckner and Bush, 1979). It is windpollinated and generally selfsinfertile. Plants are highly heterozygous and improvement through conventional breeding is very slow. Therefore, use of tissue culture, haploids and doubled haploids offers an approach to accelerate the genetic improvement.
Tissue Culture Of Timothy (Phleum Pratensis L.), H Nakashima
Tissue Culture Of Timothy (Phleum Pratensis L.), H Nakashima
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Timothy (Phleum pratensis L.) is one of the most important grasses in Hokkaido, northern island of Japan, because of its winter hardiness and ability to give good quality hay. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology of plant encourage to apply biotechnology not only to food crops but also to fodder crops (Vasil, 1985). To create new breeding materials, somaclonal variation, embryo rescue from wide cross and protoplast fusion have been studied extensively. In vitro propagation is re-emphasized as a basic requirement for all aspects of plant biotechnology in relation to agriculture. This serial studies have been carried out to …
Trisomic Red Clover, N L. Taylor
Trisomic Red Clover, N L. Taylor
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The primary reason for producing trisomic red clover is for gene mapping. Although the methodology for producing trisomics has long been established, little research has been conducted in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Likewise, very few gene mapping investigations except for some early data by Williams (1937) have been reported. The program at the University of Kentucky that suggested the possibility of using trisomics for gene mapping was the attempted production of tetraplo'ids (2n = 4x = 28) via 2x-4x and 4x-2x crosses using gametic non-reduction. Some of these crosses produced triplo'ids (2n = 3x = 21 or 22) …
Study On Tissue Culture And Plantlet Regeneration From Cotyledonary Nodes And Immature Embryoes In Trifolium Lupinaster L., Gao Zhensheng, Hong Fuzeng
Study On Tissue Culture And Plantlet Regeneration From Cotyledonary Nodes And Immature Embryoes In Trifolium Lupinaster L., Gao Zhensheng, Hong Fuzeng
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Regenerated plantlets of fourteen clover species have been obtained from tissue and cell cultures by the scientists in different countries. The results concerning Trifolium lupinaster L. ( one of the native clovers in the northeast of China). culture are rarely reported at present.
Tissue Culture Techniques For Maintenance And Distribution Of Germplasm Of Tropical Grasses, T J. Ruredzo, J Hanson
Tissue Culture Techniques For Maintenance And Distribution Of Germplasm Of Tropical Grasses, T J. Ruredzo, J Hanson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Conservation of germplasm has relied on the principle that seeds can be stored for long periods under cold, dry conditions. However, some plants which are vegetatively propagated seldom produce viable seeds. Until recently the only means of conservation of these species was vegetatively in field genebanks, where the plants require considerable space, careful management and are at risk from pests and diseases. These include the tropical grasses Cynodon and Digitaria which are very important forage species in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. In vitro culture techniques have considerable potential for use in management of germplasm. Recent advances in …
Polynucleate Pollen Formation In Cultured Medicago Sativa L. Anthers, M Piccirilli, G J. Tanner, S Arcioni
Polynucleate Pollen Formation In Cultured Medicago Sativa L. Anthers, M Piccirilli, G J. Tanner, S Arcioni
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The induction of non-physiological divisions in microspores through in vitro culture of anthers or pollen grains has led to the production of haploid plants in many species. However, there are still a large number of species in which haploid plants have not yet been obtained from generative cells. One of these species is Medicago sativa L., despite the great success attained in the regeneration of plants via tissue or protoplast culture. This work was conducted with the aim of studying the conditions to induce in vitro development in M. sativa microspores, as a first step in obtaining haploid plants through …
Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation In Forage Legumes, F Damiani, F Pupilli, S Arcioni, M Pezzotti
Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation In Forage Legumes, F Damiani, F Pupilli, S Arcioni, M Pezzotti
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Plant transformation is a promising tool for plant breeding. It allows the introgression in the plant genome of alien genes. At the moment few, if any, genes of agronomical value have been cloned and are available for genetic engineering works ; on the contrary, some genes encoding for antibiotic resistance are available. The use of these genes allows an easy detection of transformation events and confers useful characters for in vitro selection. A direct application of antibiotic resistance is in the selection of hybrid colonies after protoplast fusion ofparentals resistant to different antibiotics. Transformation using Agrobacterium tumef aciens or Agrobacterium …
An In Vitro Chromosome Doubling Method For Interspecific Hybrids Of Trifolium, Claire Moussett-Declas, J A. Anderson, Elisabeth G. Williams, N L. Taylor
An In Vitro Chromosome Doubling Method For Interspecific Hybrids Of Trifolium, Claire Moussett-Declas, J A. Anderson, Elisabeth G. Williams, N L. Taylor
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Over 60 interspecific hybrids have been made in the genus Trifolium (Cleveland, 1985), some of them representing attempts to introduce persistance or pest resistance into cultivated clovers. Most of these hybrids, however, have been sterile. To attempt to restore fertility, colchicine methods have been applied to mature hybrid plants in vivo, but with limited success. A routine, simple technique for chromosome doubling in vegetative meristems is therefore still required, particularly for sterile hybrid materials which are available as mature vegetative clones rather than seed. We have adapted for use with clover hybrids the in vitro chromosome doubling technique used by …
Plant Regeneration By Somatic Embryogensis From Leaf Explants Of Digitaria Eriantha (Steud) Subsp. Eriantha, M Paula Watt, D J. Mycock, C F. Cresswell
Plant Regeneration By Somatic Embryogensis From Leaf Explants Of Digitaria Eriantha (Steud) Subsp. Eriantha, M Paula Watt, D J. Mycock, C F. Cresswell
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The most important objective of pasture planning in Southern Africa is to provide grazing during the winter dry months when veld production is either low or of poor quality. Digitaria eriantha (Steud) subsp eriantha is an indigenous perennial grass which is drought tolerant and retains its high palatability after winter frosts. The successful establishment of this grass as winter forage in the dryland rural areas is, however, impaired by its requirement for fertilizer dressing in the form of nitrogen and phosphate. A considerable amount of research has been undertaken in our laboratory on the growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism of …
A New Mutant With Open Corolla Tube In Red Clover, L Spiss, Halina Goral
A New Mutant With Open Corolla Tube In Red Clover, L Spiss, Halina Goral
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Floral modifications which may promote bee foraging on leguminous forage crops are always interesting to plant breeders since they may contribute to increased seed setting. Reports related to the length of corolla tube, nectar volume, and its availibility in red clover, including tetraploid forms, have been quite frequent in the literature for many decades. Other corolla tube modifications in this species have been described very rarely (Jablonski, 1974, Taylor and Snead, 1986). The purpose of this paper is to describe corolla tube modifications found in red clover and their usefulness in improving bee pollination.
Apomixis And Sexuality In Brachiaria I. Biochemical And Cytoembriological Studies, R Cruz, W Miles, J W. Roca, G De La Cruz, H Ramirez
Apomixis And Sexuality In Brachiaria I. Biochemical And Cytoembriological Studies, R Cruz, W Miles, J W. Roca, G De La Cruz, H Ramirez
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The characteristics of Brachiaria such as variability, adequate adaptation to poor soils and its reproductive sexualapomitic system justify the emphasis made for its genetic improvement for reducing the limitations of the most important varieties. Presently, it is one of the most important genera in the tropics (Lavidan, 1988) with an ample germplasm which needs to be studied and characterized. The objective of this work was to contribute to the identification of the species and ecotypes using isoenzymatic patterns and to learn the levels of sexuality and apomixis of the ecotypes used.
Sex Linkage Of Growth And Forage Attributes In Buffalograss (Buchloe Dactyloides), J A. Quinn
Sex Linkage Of Growth And Forage Attributes In Buffalograss (Buchloe Dactyloides), J A. Quinn
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. is a perennial, sod-forming shortgrass of central North America (Hitchcock, 1951), thriving under semiarid conditions and increasing under moderate to heavy grazing (Quinn, 1987). The species is largely dioecious, and sex ratios are either 1 : 1 or female-biased (Quinn and Engel, 1986). Isolated plants under controlled conditions are strictly male, strictly female, or monoecious (0 to 20 %, depending on the population). Over the last half-century, buffalograss has been widely used in central North America for reseeding depleted rangelands and for erosion control (Quinn, 1985), and recently it has received renewed attention as a turf …
Phylogenetics Of Apomictic Paspalum Dilatatum, B L. Burson
Phylogenetics Of Apomictic Paspalum Dilatatum, B L. Burson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Paspalum dilatatum Pair., dallisgrass, is a warm-season grass native to South America. There are several biotypes of this species and common dallisgrass is the most prevalent. It is an important pasture grass throughout the warmer regions of the world but has two major impediments-low fertility and susceptibility to ergot (Claviceps paspali). Improvement efforts have been unsuccessful because the common biotype is a complex natural hybrid with an unbalanced genomic composition and an obligate apomict, a form of asexual reproduction that has prevented improvement by conventional plant breeding methods. To circumvent this apomictic barrier, phylogenetic investigations were initiated to …
Regulation Of Apomixis In Buffelgrass, D L. Gustine, R T. Sherwood, I Gounaris
Regulation Of Apomixis In Buffelgrass, D L. Gustine, R T. Sherwood, I Gounaris
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The apomixis program at the Pasture Laboratory has the long-term objective of finding procedures to manipulate the type of embryo sac which develops in crop species. We would like to induce at will, formation of functional apomictic embryo sacs in obligately sexual species such as maize and wheat, and to induce sexual reproduction in obligate apomicts, such as dallisgrass. The benefits of this capability for plant breeding would be enormous : 1) desirable characteristics could be reproduced over generations in normally sexual genotypes through induced apomixis and 2) genetic variability in apomictic genotypes could be unlocked through sexual crosses. Angiosperms …
Cytological And Histological Mechanisms Of 2n Pollen Formation In Hybrid Napier Grass, Y K. Cheng, K T. Lo, Y S. Sheng
Cytological And Histological Mechanisms Of 2n Pollen Formation In Hybrid Napier Grass, Y K. Cheng, K T. Lo, Y S. Sheng
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Hybrid pennisetum is an interspecific hybrid between pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and napier grass (P. purpureum). The combing of good characteristics of these two species by hybridization was reported (Cheng, 1984). The hybrids are triploid, 2n = 21, and propagated vegetatively. Thus a fertile hybrid would offer opportunities for seed production and forage improvement through hybridization. 2n gametes has been used recently as an alternative method to chemical treatments in a breeding program. The objectives of this investigation were to search for triploid hybrid pennisetum which would produce 2n pollen and to determine the cytological and histological origin of …
Apomixis And Sexuality In Brachiaria Decumbens Stapf., C B. Do Valle, Y H. Savidan, L Jank
Apomixis And Sexuality In Brachiaria Decumbens Stapf., C B. Do Valle, Y H. Savidan, L Jank
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Brachiaria decumbens Stapf is a perennial tropical forage grass, native to east African savannas. It was introduced to Brazil in the 1960's and is now widely cultivated over 30 million hectares in Central Brazil alone. The two commercial varieties are apomictic tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36), producing uniform progeny, and were selected for their high dry matter production and persistence on poor acid soils. They lack, however, resistance to spittlebugs (Deois spp., Zulia spp., Aeneolania spp.) and produce forage of low nutritive value, especially during the dry winter months. The absence of natural variability associated to apomictic reproduction has …
Amelioration De La Qualite Du Fourrage Chez La Fetuque Elevee (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.), W Pietraszek, J F. Chosson
Amelioration De La Qualite Du Fourrage Chez La Fetuque Elevee (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.), W Pietraszek, J F. Chosson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Tres interessante dans nos climats pour son rendement et sa rusticite, la Fetuque elevee demande toutefois, pour etre davantage utilisee, qu'un effort de selection soit fait pour ameliorer sa qualite. Celle-ci est essentiellement determinee par l'appetibilite, l'ingestibilite et Ia digestibilite qui ne peuvent etre mesurees directement que par des troupeaux d'animaux. Leur mesure implique que !'on dispose d'une quantite importante de materiel vegetal et de plus le maintien et la manipulation des animaux sont lourds et couteux. Le selectionneur devrait done pouvoir disposer d'autres criteres, indirects, pour pouvoir estimer Ia qualite de son materiel vegetal dans Jes premiers stades du …
Using Diverse Species To Improve Quality And Yield In The Pennisteum Genus, W W. Hanna, M Dujardin, W G. Monson
Using Diverse Species To Improve Quality And Yield In The Pennisteum Genus, W W. Hanna, M Dujardin, W G. Monson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., and napiergrass, P. purpureum Schum., are two of the major forage producing Pennisetum species in the tropics and subtropics. Pearl millet is known for its high quality forage and significant progress has been made in developing improved cultivars (Hanna, et al., 1988). Napiergrass has been successfully crossed with pearl millet to produce high quality and high yielding perennial interspecific (PMN) forage hybrids (Hanna and Monson, 1980 and Muldoon and Pearson, 1979). A germplasm evaluation program and an interspecific hybridization program at Tifton, GA (Hanna and Dujardin, 1985) has resulted in the identification of …
Forage Yield And Quality Of Orchardgrass And Tall Fescue Under Simulated Acid Precipitation, J H. Reynolds, J D. Wolt
Forage Yield And Quality Of Orchardgrass And Tall Fescue Under Simulated Acid Precipitation, J H. Reynolds, J D. Wolt
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Cool-season forage grasses have received less attention than other crops with regard to their sensitivity to acid precipitation even though they are especially well-adapted to portions of the eastern U.S.A. where acid precipitation with a pH less than 4.5 has been documented. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is perhaps the most widely grown cool-season grass in the transition zone of the eastern U.S.A. where it occupies from 12 to 14 million hectares. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is also widely grown in the eastern U.S.A. Workers in Oregon, such as Cohen et al., 1982, have found few effects on forage yield …
Selection Des Graminees Fourrageres Pour La Qualite: Des Criteres Bases Sur Des References Avec Animaux, M Gillet, J Scehovic, M Marton, L Huguet
Selection Des Graminees Fourrageres Pour La Qualite: Des Criteres Bases Sur Des References Avec Animaux, M Gillet, J Scehovic, M Marton, L Huguet
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
La selection des fourrages pour la qualite exige l'utilisation de criteres indirects. Ceux-ci devraient etre etablis par correlation avec des criteres mesures sur animaux: Cela necessite un nombre suffisant de genotypes de qualite differente. 11 faut done que la selection pour la qualite ait deja en partie reussi. A defaut, les selectionneurs utilisent souvent des correlations etablies en faisant varier le stade de la plante. Mais sont-elles valables pour comparer des genotypes a stade egal? Ils utilisent aussi les preferences des animaux (« appetibilite ») car cela permet de comparer plusieurs genotypes avec un seul lot d'animaux (Jadas-Hecart, 1982; Gillet …
Variability For Mineral Concentrations Contained In High-Digestible Cell Fractions In Orchardgrass, S Saiga, H Yoneya, K Iwane, K Watanabe
Variability For Mineral Concentrations Contained In High-Digestible Cell Fractions In Orchardgrass, S Saiga, H Yoneya, K Iwane, K Watanabe
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Metabolic disorders of ruminants including grass tetany are associated with mineral imbalances of forage. Powell et al. (1978) found that lambs on tall fescue utilized Ca, P, and Mg less efficiently although the concentrations were rather higher than in the other grasses. As there are large differences in characteristics among orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars, the efficiency of minerals also must differ in different cultivars. For one reason, it is considered that the efficiency to ruminants is due to the rate contained in digestible cell fraction. The objectives of this study were to determine seasonal change of cell fractions, …
The Efficacy Of A High Magnesium Italian Ryegrass Cultivar In Alleviating Hypomagnesamia, G Moseley, D M. Baker, D H. Hides
The Efficacy Of A High Magnesium Italian Ryegrass Cultivar In Alleviating Hypomagnesamia, G Moseley, D M. Baker, D H. Hides
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Hypomagnesaemia continues to cause serious economic losses in grazing livestock and recent evidence suggests that its incidence may be increasing. The disease is characterised by a drop in the concentration of magnesium in extracellular fluid and occurs in two forms, chronic and acute. Both forms give rise to classical clinical symptoms which may either result in death or drastically reduced levels of production. The body does not contain a major source of labile magnesium nor does it have a homeostatic mechanism for controlling the level of magnesium in extracellular fluid. The maintainance of normal levels therefore depends almost entirely on …
The Breeding Of Pasture Varieties Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa), J M. Piskovatsky, V A. Katov, G V. Stepanova
The Breeding Of Pasture Varieties Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa), J M. Piskovatsky, V A. Katov, G V. Stepanova
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The work of developing new pasture varieties of alfalfa has been conducted in the All-Union Fodder Research Institute from 1975 onwards. The pasture varieties must be persistent under grazing, and must have a high competitive ability in mixtures with grasses : meadow fescue, timothy and others.
Evaluation And Selection Of The Salt-Tolerant Alfalfa, Geng Huazhu
Evaluation And Selection Of The Salt-Tolerant Alfalfa, Geng Huazhu
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) as a good forage has b��en popularly cultivated for a long time in China. Now it is mainly distributed in the north of the Yangtse River, and covers about 1.3 million hectares in the 14 provinces and regions. It can be planted in the saline-alkali areas, accept alluvial plains and hill regions, for instance, the North of Jiangsu, East of Hebei, North-west of Shandong and Xingjiang. The alfalfa is successfully used in improving and utilizing the saline-alkali soils for developing animal husbandry in the Gangzhou District of Hebei Province, where its planting area is increasing rapidly, …
Use Of New Methods For Grass And Legume Breeding In Western Region Of The Soviet Union, R Dapkus
Use Of New Methods For Grass And Legume Breeding In Western Region Of The Soviet Union, R Dapkus
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The climatic conditions of the Western region of the Soviet Union are favourable for grassland production which provides the major part of forage for livestock nutrition. In raising grassland productivity, new varieties play an important role. Adapted varieties with high yield potential must be used. For developing such varieties, the Fodder Crops Breeding Centre fbr the Western region of the Soviet Union was established at the Lituanian Agricultural Research Institute in 1972 on the basis of experience since 1922, when selection of herbage species was initiated there. During the past twenty years, breeding work has progressed rapidly. At present, breeding …
Cool Season Grazing Of Winter-Active Lucernes, J.G H. White, W J. Lucas
Cool Season Grazing Of Winter-Active Lucernes, J.G H. White, W J. Lucas
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In New Zealand, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is commonly grazed with sheep for much of the year, but winter production is low and alternative, higher-cost feeds need to be provided. However, in most lucerne-growing areas, winters are relatively mild (Lincoln June-August mean temperature 6.2°C), and the recent release of cool-season active cultivars has resulted in considerable farmer interest in winter grazing of lucerne. Standard winter dormant cultivars such as Wairau are normally grazed once in early June for aphid control (Smallfield et al., 1980), then remain ungrazed for at least three months. Coolseason active cultivars are known to produce …
Improvement Of Season Growth And Resistance To Crown Rust Of Tall Fescue Through Hybridization Between Mediterranean Populations And Adapted Cultivars In Japan, Y Ueyama, S Sato
Improvement Of Season Growth And Resistance To Crown Rust Of Tall Fescue Through Hybridization Between Mediterranean Populations And Adapted Cultivars In Japan, Y Ueyama, S Sato
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Since tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) is one of the temperate grass species which have good heat tolerance, it is mainly used in grasslands established throughout southwestern Japan where it is hot and humid in summer and mild in winter. The cultivars which have good adaptability to the Japanese condition mainly originated from European or North American populations. Mediterranean populations of tall fescue have good growth potential under the low temperature and short day conditions (Evans et al., 1973) and high levels of crown rust resistance (Wofford et al., 1982). But, the grass species distributed in Mediterranean area are known …