Agricultural Science Commons^™

Stockpiling Systems: Evaluation Of Management Strategies Under Clipping And Sheep Grazing, J E. Johnston

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two studies were carried out to examine the role of initiation date, utilization date, grass species, and nitrogen application on the yield and quality of stockpiled pasture. Experiment 1 involved 5 grass species managed under two pre-stockpiling harvest systems in replicated small plots harvested at each of three dates in autumn. Experiment 2 involved two summer initiation dates and two rates of N application on mixed swards grazed by sheep. Both experiments showed that stockpiled forage yields decreased by 52% to 75% as stockpile initiation date was delayed from early July to mid-August. Forage crude protein content increased by 1.7% …

Native Pasture Forage On Offer And Animal Response, G E. Maraschin, E L. Moojen, C.M D. Escosteguy, F L. Correa, E S. Apezteguia, L L. Boldrini, J Riboldi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The 5-yr. study on the native pasture of southern Brazil (30o S) under levels of dry matter on offer (DMO) and continuous stocking, with five tester steers plus the put-and-takers per pasture and two field replications, indicated dry matter residues as dependent on DMO. Dry matter (DM) yield increased with DM residues, as well as dead plant parts. Daily liveweight gains (DLG) and gain ha- 1 showed a curvilinear response to DMO and DM residues. Forage on offer levels promoting selective grazing enhance higher DLG and sustainable G. ha-1, and contributes to the well-being of the ecosystem.

Pasture Species Effects On Animal Performance, T J. Fraser, S=J S. Rowarth, T L. Knight

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Increasing concerns about food quality have resulted in investigations into the effects of different forage species on animal production and carcass quality. Pure species plots of high-endophyte ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) or lotus (Lotus corniculatus L.) were established and lambs grazed the species for 120 days during summer. Pasture species influenced growth rate, hot carcass weight, GR, wool growth, faecal egg counts, adult nematodes at slaughter, and sheep meat odour and flavour. Lambs grazing white clover, lotus or chicory outperformed those grazing …

Grazing Affects Pest And Beneficial Invertebrates In Australian Pastures, P J. Michael, M Grimm, M Hyder, P T. Doyle

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing annual subterranean pastures in Western Australia to targeted levels of pasture mass, instead of at a set stocking rate, affected numbers of invertebrates at the commencement of the following season. Treatments were controlled grazing to 1.4 t ha-1 or 2.8 t ha -1 dry weight of green pasture and set stocking at the average for the district. Grazing reduced numbers of redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, but increased numbers of lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis. The most likely reason for the reverse effect on lucerne flea was the presence of an effective predator, the pasture snout mite, Bdellodes lapidaria …

The Effect Of Stocking Rate On Herbage Utilization And Milk Production Under Time-Restricted Grazing By Lactating Dairy Cows, M Okubo, I Nonaka, K Furukawa, H Nakatsuji, S Kondo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of two stocking rates of 5 (L) and 7 (H) heads of lactating dairy cows per hectare on herbage utilization and milk production were determined under a time-restricted grazing during 2 years from 1993 to 1994. The annual herbage utilization and milk production from pasture in 1993 were lower in H than L (herbage, 7.9 vs. 9.1tDM/ ha; milk, 8.1 vs. 9.6t/ha) since the days of grazing cycle was considerably shorter in H than L (7.8 vs. 17.1days). As a result of changing the expected daily herbage intake per head of H seasonally in 1994, the annual herbage …

The Relationship Of Grazing Conditions To Annual Changes Of Sward Characteristics And Herbage Utilization By Lactating Dairy Cows In The Snowy, Cold Region In Japan, H Nakatsuji, I Nonaka, S Kondo, M Okubo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to determine the relationship of grazing conditions to annual changes of sward characteristics and herbage utilization in the snowy, cold region in Japan, the data for pasture utilization of dairy cows under a time-restricted grazing on Experimental Farm, Hokkaido University, from 1984 to 1992 were used for analyses. An annual herbage utilization did not always decrease though legume crown coverage declined gradually with advancing years after swardestablishment. The annual herbage utilization (tDM/ha, Y) increased with increasing the stocking rate (cow-hr/ha, X) (Y=0.00136X-0.685, r=0.752**).

Effect Of Grazing Pressure And Supplemental Level On Weight Gain In Dairy Heifers, J M. Mieres, Y M. Acosta

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment designed to assess the effect of two grazing pressures (GP, expressed as kg MS/100 kg LW) and four levels of supplement (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 expressed as kg/100 kg LW) fed to yearling heifers (212 kg) on live weight gain, was carried out at the Dairy Unit of INIA La Estanzuela (Uruguay). The experiment consisted of 8 treatments. Forty animals were used in the experiment, 5 per treatment, each animal being a replication of the treatment. The animals were blocked by weight in 5 blocks of 8 animals each, and then randomly assigned to the different treatments. …

Leaf Appearance Rate Of Native And Introduced Grasses Under Different Intensities Of Continuous Grazing (Argentina), M G. Agnusdei, A Mazzanti, J Cordero, M H. Wade

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of two grazing experiments on the effect of maintaining contrasting sward states upon leaf appearance rate of individual tillers (LAR) and tiller density (D) are reported. The following species were evaluated: Cynodon dactylon(Cd), Leersia hexandra(Lh), y Paspalum dilatatum(Pd) in a natural grassland of the Flooding Pampa, and Festuca arundinacea in a sown pasture. Except for Pd, LAR decreased with the increment of sward surface height. The degree of this morphogenetic plasticity varied among species. Implications for the stability of grass populations under continuous grazing are suggested; the effect of sward state upon LAR may represent one alternative way …

Grazing Systems Research In The Falkland Islands, J A. Kerr

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Conceptual models of both the metabolisable energy (ME) balance of sheep in relation to the environment and the effects heavy grazing on vegetation and soils will form the basis for the development of a sustainable grazing system for wool production in the Falkland Islands. Research which integrates plant community ecology, agricultural meteorology, sheep energetics, grazing systems and socio-economics is described.

Wool Production From Annual Pastures Intensively Grazed By Wethers In Southern Western Australia, M W. Hyder, A N. Thompson, P T. Doyle, M Grimm, P J. Michael

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Intensively grazing annual pastures in southern Western Australia to target amounts of feed on offer increased the greasy wool production per hectare three-fold or more compared to production from a setstocked grazing regime. Feed on offer was maintained at 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 2.0, 2.8 t DM/ha during spring and wool growth per hectare compared to that of sheep set-stocked at the district average of 8 sheep/ha. The role of intensive grazing as a tactic to increase production and profitability of wool producers in Mediterranean environments is discussed.

Utilized Metabolizable Energy And Its Impacts On The Management Of Grass Pastures In The Central Chaco Of Paraguay, D Stosiek, A Glatzle, R Schultze-Kraft

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Animal production from sown pastures of Gatton Panic (Panicum maximum Jacq.) and Estrella (Cynodon nlemfuënsis Vand.) on a luvic Kastanozem in the Central Chaco of Paraguay (mean annual rainfall 850 mm) was measured over two years (Sep. 1992 to Nov. 1994). The pastures were grazed continuously by Brahman X Hereford steers at six stocking densities, ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 American Animal Units (1 AU = 454 kg) per hectare. Herbage availability, chemical composition (ME, XP, fibre) and cattle liveweight gains were measured at four weekly intervals. Building regression models for Utilized metabolizable energy (UME in GJ/ha) and …

Milk Production From Ruzi Grass Alone, Ruzi Mixed With Leucaena And Ruzi Supplemented With Dolichos Lablab, S Tudsri, S Prasanpanich, S Swasdiphanich

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three groups of dairy cattle were compared under different grazing managements viz. strip-grazed on pure ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis), strip-grazed on mixed pasture between ruzi and leucaena (Luecaena luecocephala) and strip-grazed on pure ruzi and supplemented with lablab (Lablab purpureus). The results showed that the animals that received the legumes through supplementary or mixed with the grass produced higher in daily milk yield (13.63 and 13.26 kg/cow) and fat percentage (4.7 and 4.5) than that of the pure grass alone (12.00 kg/cow for milk yield and 4.2 % for fat). This advantage was due …

Zea Mays Grazing In Cattle Production Systems, V Mundy, B E. Anderson, T L. Gompert, T L. Mader, C A. Shapiro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nebraska producers have used silage maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids as a grazed forage in dairy and beef production systems. In an onfarm case study, farmers and researchers collaborated to gather information on production practices, grazing management, and plant characteristics of grazing maize within three forage-based dairy and beef systems. Production practices were generally similar to conventional grain corn production, except that in one system maize was seeded directly into a suppressed grass sod. Milk production from grazing maize was 23 kg/day/animal, compared to 24 kg/day/ animal before using maize and 22 kg/day/animal after using maize. Average gain of …

Grazing Management Of Lotus In Eastern Australia: A Participatory Approach, M J. Blumenthal, J F. Ayers, Z Hochman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Both Lotus uliginosus Schkukr and L. corniculatus L. require lenient grazing management for persistent production. However, grazing systems, where Lotus is adapted in eastern Australia are based on intermittent set stocking. Conflict between plant ecophysiology and the adverse influences of traditional grazing systems that limit the adoption of new grazing management technology have been addressed by a participatory (co-learning) research and development process. The approach taken involved the use of a facilitator who ran an initial meeting to involve stakeholders and subsequently established “colearning” groups and “co-learning” experimental sites. These sites are monitored, progress is reviewed, and knowledge is …

Rhizobium Specificity In Leucaena, B F. Mullen, V E. Frank, R A. Date

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Twenty-seven accessions of Leucaena, representing 20 species, were assessed for effective N-fixing symbioses in association with 13 strains of Rhizobium in N-free conditions in a glasshouse. Fifteen accessions formed effective symbioses with most strains of Rhizobium. Only 4 accessions required specific strains. Conversely, 9 of the strains of Rhizobium formed effective symbioses with most accessions of Leucaena. Only one strain was ineffective. Strains CB3060 and CB3126 were effective with 21 and 22 accessions of Leucaena, respectively.

Agronomic Performance Of 118 Leucaena Accessions In The Subtropical Environment Of Southeast Queensland, Australia, B F. Mullen, H M. Shelton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The DM productivity in contrasting environments of 118 Leucaena accessions was evaluated in sub-tropical Australia over a 2 year period. Harvests were timed to coincide with hot/wet and cool/dry seasons and data were analysed to compare growth in these environments. Eleven accession groups were identified by cluster analysis. Group 1, which contained F1 and F4 interspecific hybrids, were highly productive in all environments. Growth of L. leucocephala accessions was severely checked by psyllids in hot/ wet environments. Four groups comprising 60 accessions were unproductive in all environments. Identification of specific adaptation to cold temperature within groups in psyllid susceptible accessions …

The Effects Of Storage Period On The Germinability Of Rhodes Grass (Chloris Gayana), K C. Kawonga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was initiated to investigate the post harvest changes in the seed quality of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). The aim of the study was to find out the causes of poor germination of locally produced Rhodes grass seed. Random samples (72) were taken from a seed lot grown at Golden Valley Research Station. Seventy-two random samples were subdivided into groups of twelve and were stored at six locations. Half the samples were stored at room temperature and the other half were stored in the refrigerator for a period of one to six months. The germination test was …

Technology Development Of Pasture Seed Production For Small Scale Farmers In Uganda, P Lusembo, E N. Sabiiti, C Ebong

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture seed production by smallholder farmers in Uganda is hardly developed. The stages of development since the early 1960s are described as initial forage evaluation for adaptability and productivity of various species, seed production trials in relation to plant population, fertilizer requirements and the use of support systems for climbing forage legumes. Annual seed production by smallholder farmers, under an informal seed production system, is reported to have risen from 1,200kg in 1989 to over 35 metric tonnes of forage legume seed in 1995. This was attributed to the availability of appropriate seed production technology and the presence of a …

Flowering Cycle-Related Seed Quality Parameters On 15 New Guineagrass (Panicum Maximum Jacq.) Hybrids, R Usberti, A Usberti Jr, R S. Paterniani

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fifteen new guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq) hybrids, widely variable in flowering cycles, were tested for eleven seed quality parameters: seed viability (tetrazolium)-TZ; normal germination (with and without previous chemical scarification)-TG and NG; presence of viable seeds after the germination tests- RSTG and RSNG; seed dormancy-DTG and DNG; germination rate-TGR and NGR and seed vigor (after accelerated aging test) -AATG and AANG. The genetic materials used presented no significant differences for tetrazolium seed viability. Late- and intermediate-flowering genotypes showed the highest correlations between flowering cycle and seed quality for TG, NG, TGR and NGR (r= 0.468**; 0.731**; 0.422* and 0.683**, …

Effect Of Plant Density On Yield And Yield Components And Seed Chemical Composition Of Some Sunflower Varieties, N A. Noueldin, M E. El-Bially, B A. El-Ahmer, M G. El-Baz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this research is to study the effect of varieties (Mayak, Elorida 2000 and sigce 475), hill distance (20, 30 and 40 cm) and ridge width (50, 60 and 70 cm) on productivity of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). The highest oil % was obtained by sowing sigco 475 at a 40 cm hills distince under 60 cm. ridge width and the highest oil yield feddan-1* as well as seed yield feddan-1 was obtained by sowing Mayak on 20cm hills under a 50cm ridge width.

Seed Banks In A Natural Pasture In Tasmania, Australia: Implications For Species Composition Change, D A. Friend, A S. Cameron, A J. Povey, P L. Dolan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Seed banks in a natural pasture in Tasmania were examined as part of a study of the effects of grazing on changes in species composition. The dominant native perennial grasses had relatively low seed banks, whereas annual grasses, sedges, rushes and a number of forbs had relatively high seed banks. The results confirm the vulnerability of the native grasses to local extinction in the event of loss of the established plants, e.g. through overgrazing.

Tropical Forage Seed Production In Southeast Asia: Current Status And Prospects, C Phaikaew, L Guodao, A Abdullah, M Tuhulele, E Magboo, B Bouahom, W Stur

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The demand for forage seed in southeast Asia has increased in recent years. More than 1,200 tons of seed were produced in Thailand in 1995 with smaller quantities of seed having been produced in China, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. Large quantities have been produced of Brachiaria ruziziensis, Stylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes guianensis and Panicum maximum. There are good prospects to increase forage seed production and to develop trade between countries in the southeast Asian region. There is a need to increase seed production of widely adapted species, and expand production of forages for other purposes such as turf …

Traditional Grassland And Fodder Management Systems In Tanzania And Potential For Improvement, R M. Otsyina, I Essai, D Asenga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The “Ngitiri” fodder conservation system was developed by the Sukuma agro-pastoralists as a strategy to alleviate acute dry season fodder constraints. This traditional agroforestry system provides the basis and opportunities for development of improved silvipastoral systems. Ngitiri is a major source of dry season fodder supply for livestock and thatch for roofing. The system is widespread in the Sukuma landuse system in central Tanzania. This paper presents the scope and importance of the Ngitiri system, management aspects, constraints, and farmers’ perceptions on improvement. Implications for agroforestry technology development in the Sukuma agropastoral system are also discussed.

Forage Seed Production In Egypt For Domestic Marker And For Export, M A. El-Nahrawy, A Rammah, O Niemelainen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Egypt, no major effort is made to provide local and export markets with seeds of correctly identified and pure cultivars of forage crops in spite of the existence of all the essential factors for a successful seed industry. A wide genetic base of indigenous forage crops such as berseem clover and alfalfa, proper irrigation, a harvest and seed maturation period free from rain, sunshine and clear sky all year and highly fertile soils in isolated areas are available. Moreover, uncertified, uncontrolled and unidentified local seeds of berseem clover and alfalfa are highly demanded by foreign markets due to their …

Finding The Safe Planting Window For Blackspot, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

The Blackspot Manager disease risk forecaster model is an effective tool to help identify the best balance between early sowing and potential yield loss from blackspot. Blackspot can lead to significant crop losses. Field peas become infected when windborne spores are released from fruiting bodies on infected stubble. The timing of spore release is generally early in autumn, depending on summer and autumn rain events.

Barley Grass And Its Management In Crops, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

Barley grass is a common name for Hordeum glaucum and H. leporinum. Barley grass is a major crop weeds species because the seed is readily dispersed, it is renowned for rapidly germinating in autumn, and post-emergent herbicide control options are limited. It can also act as an alternate host for cereal diseases and can develop resistance to herbicides.

The rapid germination of the species after rainfall gives barley grass the potential to act as a green bridge for cereal root rot diseases

Evaluating A Precision Sprayer For Detecting Weeds And Spraying Herbicides In Real Time (Spot Spray) For Weed Management In Corn And Soybean, Adam Eric Leise

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Herbicide sprayers are becoming larger and more efficient in applications in crop fields. A precise and efficient herbicide application is advantageous in effective weed control. New precision sprayers were introduced in hopes of reducing the amount of herbicide applied. Greeneye Technology and John Deere have developed precision sprayers for the detection of weeds in crop fields, which come equipped with a dual tank system that allows for two different herbicides to be separated from tank to tip. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the broadleaf and grass weed control efficacy of spot spray (SS) technology when applied in …

Triticale As A Source Of Resistance To Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus And Triticum Mosaic Virus, Marcos Winicius Goncalves De Souza

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) present a great threat to wheat production in the Great Plains area of the United States due to the loss of photosynthetic area causing reductions in crop yields. Effective control of these viruses is limited to a few available strategies including controlling volunteer wheat and using currently identified resistant genes to both the vector and viruses. While effective, these genes show temperature sensitivity and yield drag, and evidence that the vectors and viruses can overcome them has been found. Thus, new methods of genetic resistance are urgently needed. Field observations …

Exploring Producers' Willingness To Pay For Ecosystem Services: Three Essays On Soil Health, Location Preferences, And Cover Crop Adoption, Kaouter Essakkat

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

This dissertation comprises three essays: one assessing Midwest producers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for soil health-enhancing ecosystem services (ES), another examining the impact of policy implementation locations on WTP, and a third identifying factors influencing producers' adoption of cover crops (CC).

The first essay pioneers the understanding of agricultural producers’ valuation of soil health-associated ES amid growing concerns of soil degradation due to agricultural intensification. Using a discrete choice experiment, this study assesses producers’ WTP for a policy that incentivizes ES provision, specifically improved water quality, carbon sequestration, and enhanced crop yield. Surveying producers across Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, our results show …

Brome Grass And Its Management In Crops, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

Brome grass (Bromus spp.) is one of the most competitive grass weeds in wheat. Over the last 10 years, brome grass has increased in importance to a greater extent than any other weed species in Australia.

Recent changes in crop production systems, increased conservation tillage, a lack of available selective herbicides, and a decline in system diversity have seen an increase in the importance of this weed in Western Australia (WA).

Seed is the main source of brome grass infestation and, as few seeds remain dormant, the most important aspect of management is to reduce its seed bank.