Agricultural Science Commons^™

Summaries Of Arkansas Cotton Research 2023, Fred Bourland

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

With current production costs and cotton prices, either record or near-record yields are needed for profitable cotton production in Arkansas. As usual, price volatility in 2023 added another level of difficulty in the quest for being profitable. Cotton futures traded between 80 and 90 cents per pound in 2023, with brief times below 80 cents and above 90 cents. In April, cotton futures dropped below 80 cents per pound, the lowest level in almost four months. This was due to an increase in certificated stocks, declining demand, and a growing world carryover. The average cotton price received by U.S. growers …

The De-Domestication Of Ornithopus Sativus Brot. To Develop Cultivars With Physical Dormancy (Hardseed), Robert J. Harrison, Bradley J. Nutt, Ronald J. Yates, Belinda F. Hackney, John G. Howieson

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Ornithopus sativus Brot. (French serradella) is a forage legume that is well adapted to acidic coarse textured soils (sands) which are characterized by poor nutrition and an inability to retain water. During the process of domestication of O. sativus, there was an unintentional loss of seed physical dormancy (PY) thus compromising its self-regeneration after a cropping interval. Through mass screening of seed, we identified for the first time that heritable sources of PY exist in three populations of O. sativus. This rare genetic material was then incorporated into suitable genetic backgrounds of differing maturity through targeted hybridization. We demonstrated …

The Effect Of Fruit Maturation Stage On Seed Germination Of Iaa9-3 And Iaa9-5 Tomato Mutants, Elfa Muhammad Ihsan Al Aufa, Syariful Mubarok, Anne Nuraini, Rahmat Budiarto, Nurmalita Waluyo, Hiroshi Ezura

Jurnal Kultivasi

One of the internal factors that play an important role in seed quality is the level of the phytohormone auxin. Efforts to increase auxin in seeds include developing new varieties with increased indigenous auxin, such as those found in mutant tomatoes from Micro-Tom, namely iaa9-3 and iaa9-5. This research was conducted to determine the germination response of iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 mutant tomato seeds at different levels of the fruit maturation stage. The research was carried out at the Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, and the Seed Testing Laboratory of the Center for Standard Testing of Vegetable Plant …

Arkansas Cotton Variety Tests 2023, F. Bourland, J. Gann, B. Milano, B. Guest, L. Martin, J. Mcalee

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

The primary goal of the Arkansas Cotton Variety Tests is to provide unbiased data regarding the agronomic performance of cotton varieties and advanced breeding lines in the major cotton-growing areas of Arkansas. This information helps seed companies establish marketing strategies and assists producers in choosing varieties to plant. These annual evaluations will then facilitate the inclusion of new, improved genetic material in Arkansas cotton production. Adaptation of varieties is determined by evaluating the lines at five University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture research sites (Manila, Keiser, Judd Hill, Marianna, and Rohwer). The 2023 tests at Keiser were adversely affected …

Identifying Physiological, Morphological, And Genetic Drivers Of Key Intermediary Phenotypic Traits Associated With Stalk Lodging Resistance Within Genetically Diverse Maize Germplasm And Sorghum, Norbert Bokros

Theses and Dissertations--Plant and Soil Sciences

Maize stalk lodging reduces grain yields due to the permanent breakage or deformation of stalk tissue before grain harvest. To reveal new insights into the complex problem of maize stalk lodging, this dissertation will examine three primary objectives. First, the direct, diurnal influence of turgor pressure will be shown to have only marginal effects on stalk bending strength, a key trait associated with stalk lodging resistance. Up to a dozen individual stalks, grown to physiological maturity within the same field, were tested using a DARLING testing device. In parallel, stalk turgor status as measured by leaf water potential and turgor …

Correlation Analysis Between Agronomic Character And Yield Of Padjadjaran Maize Hybrids At Medium And High Population Densities, Yuyun Yuwariah, Qinthara Nail Haysa, Damara Bakti Muhammad, Dedi Ruswandi, Fiky Yulianto Wicaksono

Jurnal Kultivasi

Maize is a prospective food commodity that developed in Indonesia. The use of hybrid corn gives better yield than open-pollinated varieties. Spacing management in hybrid maize production can reduce competition between plants, so that the plant canopy and roots can grow optimally. This research aimed to compare the differences in the phenotypic performance of the agronomic characters of Padjadjaran maize hybrid, determine the dominant agronomic characteristics, and determine the correlation between the growth and yield characteristics at medium- and high-population densities. The experiment was carried out from December 2021 until May 2022 at Sanggar Penelitian, Latihan dan Pengembangan Pertanian (SPLPP) …

Adaptation Of Several Hybrid Maize In West Nusa Tenggara Drylands Using Modified Plant Spacing For Optimal Seed And Biomass Productions, Karlina Syahruddin, Suwardi, Slamet Bambang Priyanto, Roy Efendi, Herawati, Abdul Fattah, Rahman, Hasbi, Aminah, Fatmawati, Sigit Budi Santoso, Lesty Ayu Bidhari, Muhammad Abid

Jurnal Kultivasi

Maize is a crucial multipurpose strategic food crop in Indonesia. Land expansion employing dry land, row-space technology, and suitable varieties, is emerging as the solution to fulfill the rising need for seeds and biomass. The study was carried out from August to December using a factorial randomized block design consisting of two treatment factors, namely the treatment factor of 6 varieties and 2 row-spacings, to verify the new superior hybrid maize, which is adaptable in dry land Senayan village, Poto Tano sub-district, West Sumbawa district, and West Nusa Tenggara (NTB). The results showed that JH 37 and JH 29 varieties …

Origin, Rise And Development Of American Upland Cotton And Their Status At Present. Second Edition, Ed. By F.M. Bourland, J. O. Ware

AAES Research Reports and Research Bulletins

American Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a Dixie product. Although the stocks of the species were brought from elsewhere, new types (through series of adaptational changes) formed this distinctive group—the final characteristics of which are a product of the Cotton Belt of the United States. These biological processes were considerably aided by man and the steps of development possibly were about as follows: (a) natural selection took place in the earlier introductions, (b) seed were saved from the more choice stocks, (c) series of subsequent introductions were obtained from the better sources, (d) these were acclimatized and the superior ones …

Evaluation Of Oxyfluorfen For Use In Roxy Rice, Casey Hunter Arnold

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Mid-southern U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) producers are challenged every year to control problematic barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] and weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) because they have evolved resistance to most labeled herbicides. Oxyfluorfen is a Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)/Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) Group 14 herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase within the plant. Currently, there are no HRAC/WSSA Group 14 herbicides labeled for barnyardgrass or weedy rice control in midsouthern rice production. Therefore, oxyfluorfen is being evaluated for barnyardgrass and weedy rice control. Plant breeders at the University of California – Davis were able to breed …

Advances And Opportunities In Unraveling Cold-Tolerance Mechanisms In The World's Primary Staple Food Crops, Sofora Jan, Sachin Rustgi, Rutwik Barmukh, Asif B. Shikari, Brenton Leske, Amanuel Bekuma, Darshan L. Sharma, Wujun Ma, Upendra Kumar, Uttam Kumar, Abhishek Bohra, Rajeev K. Varshney, Reyazul Rouf Mir

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Temperatures below or above optimal growth conditions are among the major stressors affecting productivity, end-use quality, and distribution of key staple crops including rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and maize (Zea mays L.). Among temperature stresses, cold stress induces cellular changes that cause oxidative stress and slowdown metabolism, limit growth, and ultimately reduce crop productivity. Perception of cold stress by plant cells leads to the activation of cold-responsive transcription factors and downstream genes, which ultimately impart cold tolerance. The response triggered in crops to cold stress includes gene expression/suppression, the accumulation of sugars upon chilling, and signaling molecules, among …

Quizalofop Resistance In Weedy Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Is Mainly Conferred By An Ile1781leu Mutation, Fidel Gonzalez-Torralva, Jason K. Norsworthy

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an economically important weed species in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems. Two weedy rice samples (acc7 and acc8) suspected to be resistant to quizalofop-ethyl (quizalofop) were collected in Arkansas. In this research, susceptibility to quizalofop and resistance mechanisms have been explored. Dose-response assays displayed a resistance index of 42- and 58-fold for the acc7 and acc8, respectively. Experiments with metabolism inhibitors demonstrated that NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan) increased quizalofop efficacy slightly in acc8, whereas malathion did not improve effectiveness in resistant samples. Sequencing of the ACCase gene displayed an Ile1781Leu substitution in the …

Arkansas Wheat Performance Tests 2022-2023, J. F. Carlin, R. B. Mulloy, R. D. Bond

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Wheat variety performance tests are conducted each year in Arkansas by the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture’s Arkansas Crop Variety Improvement Program.

The tests provide information to companies developing cultivars and marketing seed within the state and aid the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service in formulating variety recommendations for small-grain producers. The tests were conducted at the Northeast Research and Extension Center at Keiser, the Vegetable Substation near Kibler, the Lon Mann Cotton Research Station near Marianna, the Pine Tree Research Station near Colt, and the Rohwer Research Station near Rohwer. Specific location and cultural practice information accompany each …

Summaries Of Arkansas Cotton Research 2022, Fred Bourland

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

The current economic environment continues to drive the need to produce record or near-record yields to be profitable. Price volatility in 2022 added another level of difficulty in the quest for being profitable. The cotton market saw significant movement after reaching a $1.5802 per pound high in May 2022, cotton prices corrected and more than halved in value at the October 2022 low, and then consolidated around the 80 cents per pound level in December 2022 (Cotton is Consolidating). Great uncertainties still exist for the upcoming season, most of which are outside of our control. These include, but are not …

Exome-Based New Allele-Specific Pcr Markers And Transferability For Sodicity Tolerance In Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), Roopali Bhoite, Rosemary Smith, Urmil Bansal, Mirza Dowla, Harbans Bariana, Darshan L. Sharma

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Targeted exome-based genotype by sequencing (t-GBS), a sequencing technology that tags SNPs and haplotypes in gene-rich regions was used in previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for sodicity tolerance in bread wheat. Thirty-nine novel SNPs including 18 haplotypes for yield and yield-components were identified. The present study aimed at developing SNP-derived markers by precisely locating new SNPs on ~180 bp allelic sequence of t-GBS, marker validation, and SNP functional characterization based on its exonic location. We identified unknown locations of significant SNPs/haplotypes by aligning allelic sequences on to IWGSC RefSeqv1.0 on respective chromosomes. Eighteen out of the target 39 SNP locations …

Testing Of Resistance To Downy Mildew On Several Sweet Corn Inbred Lines Of 7th Generation, Heri Kustanto

Jurnal Kultivasi

Sweet corn is one of the most well-known horticultural crop commodities and can adapt to various climates and environments. Efforts to control downy mildew disease continue to be carried out in collaboration with various parties in different ways, including genetic improvement of the varieties planted. The purpose of this study was to test the resistance of the 7th generation of sweet corn inbred lines to downy mildew and to find out the phenotypic characters that affect downy mildew. The new inbred lines obtained from the results of a long breeding process will be better tested for resistance to downy mildew …

Breeding Cotton For Determinate Growth Habit: Increasing Cotton Fiber Yield By Remobilization Of End-Of-Season Perennial Reserves, Salman Naveed

All Dissertations

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a major export commodity for the U.S. Despite advances in plant breeding and management practices, the cotton yield gains in the U.S. have stagnated. Therefore, to increase cotton fiber yield, we undertook a novel approach by altering the growth habit of cotton from perennial to annual. In this effort, eight genotypes showing strong expression alleles for five floral induction and meristem identity genes were selected from 44 Upland cotton mini-core collection genotypes and genetically crossed in various combinations to stack the strong expression alleles in a genotype. These efforts have allowed us to develop high-yielding, …

Genetic Resources And Precise Gene Editing For Targeted Improvement Of Barley Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Sakura Karunarathne, Esther Walker, Darshan Sharma, Chengdao Li, Yong Han

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Abiotic stresses, predominately drought, heat, salinity, cold, and waterlogging, adversely affect cereal crops. They limit barley production worldwide and cause huge economic losses. In barley, functional genes under various stresses have been identified over the years and genetic improvement to stress tolerance has taken a new turn with the introduction of modern gene-editing platforms. In particular, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is a robust and versatile tool for precise mutation creation and trait improvement. In this review, we highlight the stress-affected regions and the corresponding economic losses among the main barley producers. We collate about …

Genomic Approaches To Enhance Adaptive Plasticity To Cope With Soil Constraints Amidst Climate Change In Wheat, Roopali Bhoite, Yong Han, Alamuru Krishna Chaitanya, Rajeev K. Varshney, Darshan L. Sharma

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Climate change is varying the availability of resources, soil physicochemical properties, and rainfall events, which collectively determines soil physical and chemical properties. Soil constraints—acidity (pH < 6), salinity (pH ≤ 8.5), sodicity, and dispersion (pH > 8.5)—are major causes of wheat yield loss in arid and semiarid cropping systems. To cope with changing environments, plants employ adaptive strategies such as phenotypic plasticity, a key multifaceted trait, to promote shifts in phenotypes. Adaptive strategies for constrained soils are complex, determined by key functional traits and genotype × environment × management interactions. The understanding of the molecular basis of stress tolerance is particularly challenging for plasticity traits. Advances in sequencing and high-throughput genomics …

International Rice Outlook: International Rice Baseline Projections 2022-2032, A. Durand-Morat, S. Bairagi, W. Mulimbi

AAES Research Reports and Research Bulletins

Rice prices in Asia increased since the Summer of 2022 mainly due to worries about a reduction in rice production in India caused by an abnormal monsoon season (Fig. 1). The upward trend in export prices solidified after India implemented a 20% export tariff on brown and milled long-grain rice, and a complete ban on exports of broken rice, in September 2022 to curve down exports and release the pressure on domestic rice prices. India’s rice export prices increased since then and proportionally to the value of the export tax. The latest estimates put rice production at 128 million metric …

Arkansas Soybean Performance Tests 2022, J. F. Carlin, R. B. Mulloy, R. D. Bond

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Soybean variety and strain performance tests are conducted each year in Arkansas by the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture’s Arkansas Crop Variety Improvement Program. The tests provide information to companies developing varieties and/ or marketing seed within the state, and aid the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service in formulating variety recommendations for soybean producers.

Investigating Effect Of Seed Source And Developing Germination Protocols To Improve Success In Restoration Of Arkansas Tallgrass Prairies, Rhiannon Spencerosa

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

American tallgrass prairie has faced losses estimated at 87-98% of original land area since European settlement. Native seeds are often used to supplement struggling or extinct plant populations in tallgrass prairie restoration and establishment sites. Two main considerations in restoration and establishment are from where to source seed and how to obtain high germination rates. In order to determine the effect of seed source, a common garden experiment was performed in Fayetteville, Arkansas in 2022 with five prairie species: Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), and Sorghastrum nutans (Indiangrass). Seed was …

Genetic Variability, Heritability, And Path Analysis For Agronomic Characters In Hybrid Maize, Slamet Bambang Priyanto, Roy Efendi, Bunyamin Zainuddin

Jurnal Kultivasi

Genetic parameters, which include genetic variability, heritability, and correlation between characters, are essential factors in the selection process. This study aims to: 1) determine the genetic variability and heritability for agronomic characters in hybrid maize and 2) determine the characteristics that directly affect hybrid maize yield. The experiment was conducted at Indonesian Cereal Research Institute (ICERI) Maros from June to October 2021. Fourteen maize hybrids genotypes were arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with four replications. The observed traits were plant height, ear height, stalk diameter, leaf angle, leaf length, leaf width, days to anthesis, days to silking, days …

Characterization Of Physical And Biochemical Traits In Wheat And Corn Plants Using High Throughput Image Analysis, Kantilata Thapa

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Plant phenotyping has been recognized as a rapidly growing field of research due to the labor-intensive, destructive, and time-consuming nature of traditional phenotyping methods. These phenotyping bottlenecks can be addressed by advancements in image-based phenotyping like RGB and hyperspectral imaging for the assessment of plant traits important for breeding purposes. This study aims (1) to characterize the physical and biochemical traits of wheat and corn plants using RGB and hyperspectral imaging in the greenhouse, and (2) to estimate leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content using hyperspectral imaging and an analytical spectral device (ASD spectrometer) and compare the …

Arkansas Cotton Variety Test 2022, F. Bourland, A. Beach, B. Milano, B. Guest, C. Kennedy, L. Martin, B. Robertson

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

The primary goal of the Arkansas Cotton Variety Test is to provide unbiased data regarding the agronomic performance of cotton varieties and advanced breeding lines in the major cotton-growing areas of Arkansas. This information helps seed companies establish marketing strategies and assists producers in choosing varieties to plant. These annual evaluations will then facilitate the inclusion of new, improved genetic material in Arkansas cotton production. Adaptation of varieties is determined by evaluating the lines at five University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture research sites (Manila, Keiser, Judd Hill, Marianna, and Rohwer). The 2022 tests at Rohwer were adversely affected …

Drought Susceptibility Index; A Preferred Criterion In Screening For Tolerance In Soybean, Muhammad Zeshan Zafer, Muhammad Hammad Nadeem Tahir, Muhammad Amir Bakhtavar, Essam Darwish, Mahmood Alam Khan, Zulqurnain Khan, Chahat Fatima, Ayesha Aftab, Shifa Ur Rahman, Shoaib Ur Rehman

Journal of Bioresource Management

Soybean (Glycine max L.) yield and yield related traits are constrained by drought. Adaptation of soybean to changing environment could be improved by exploitation and introgression of diverse germplasm in breeding program. In present study, the response to drought conditions, especially at flowering stage, was evaluated to determine the potential soybean germplasm for future soybean breeding programs in Pakistan. Field experiment was conducted under two water regimes i.e. well-water and water-limited, to assess the effect of drought in seed yield and yield related traits. Although, drought led to overall reduction of ~15 % in thousand seed weight but still …

Asparagus Breeding: Future Research Needs For Sustainable Production, Daniel Drost

Plants, Soils, and Climate Faculty Publications

Productivity in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is determined in part by (1) the selection of superior, adaptive genetics, (2) matching the selected genetics to the production environment, and (3) managing the crop production system in ways to maximize harvest potential that are sustainable, profitable, and efficient. Over the last 100 years, a considerable effort by asparagus researchers has gone into breeding superior genetic lines, testing those in numerous locations, and studying how asparagus responds to a multitude of inputs (fertilizers, irrigation, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides). Farmers worldwide have benefited from all of these improvements. However, as we look to the …

Validation Of Newly Designed Ssr Markers For Eight Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Genotypes With Variable Heat Tolerance Responses Based On Agromorphic Data And Pollen Fertility Analysis [Research Note], Monaliza B. Magat, Norvie L. Manigbas, Jessica D. Rey

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

Rice is one of the most valuable staple food crops in the world. However, several challenges greatly affect production, one of which is the threat imposed by heat stress. To address this, researchers are developing varieties that are heat stress tolerant with genetic markers aid. In this study, eight rice genotypes, namely Dular, Nagina 22, NSIC Rc 222, Milyang 23, EL15, EL92, EL85, and IR52 were observed for agromorphic data, which included plant height, panicle length, filled and unfilled grains, and grain yield. Flower samples were collected to determine the effect of heat stress on pollen fertility. Molecular markers were …

M. ‘Teresita Lantin-Rosario’ And M. ‘Dolores A. Ramirez’ – New Varieties Of Mussaenda [Research Note], Gerlie P. Antesco, Jennelyn C. Bengoa, Maria Luisa D. Guevarra

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

An outstanding selections of Mussaenda developed in the Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB), College of Agriculture and Food Science (CAFS), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) were registered to the National Seed Industry Council as new varieties. These are Mussaenda ‘Teresita Lantin-Rosario’ and Mussaenda ‘Dolores A. Ramirez’, named after an ornamental plant breeder and a National Scientist, respectively, in recognition to their significant contributions in the fields of genetics and plant breeding. Mussaenda ‘Teresita Lantin-Rosario’ is a hybrid and a progeny from a cross between M. ‘Maria Makiling’ and M. ‘Diwata’. The calyx lobes are all petaloid, numerous, and …

New Semi-Dwarfing Alleles With Increased Coleoptile Length By Gene Editing Of Gibberellin 3-Oxidase 1 Using Crispr-Cas9 In Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.), Jingye Cheng, Camilla Hill, Yong Han, Tianhua He, Xingguo Ye, Sergey Shabala, Ganggang Guo, Meixue Zhou, Ke Wang, Chengdao Li

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

The green revolution was based on genetic modification of the gibberellin (GA) hormone system with “dwarfing” gene mutations that reduces GA signals, conferring shorter stature, thus enabling plant adaptation to modern farming conditions. Strong GA-related mutants with shorter stature often have reduced coleoptile length, discounting yield gain due to their unsatisfactory seedling emergence under drought conditions. Here we present gibberellin (GA) 3-oxidase1 (GA3ox1) as an alternative semi-dwarfing gene in barley that combines an optimal reduction in plant height without restricting coleoptile and seedling growth. Using large-scale field trials with an extensive collection of barley accessions, we showed that a natural …

Successful Creation Of Seedless (Sterile) Leucaena Germplasm Developed From Interspecific Hybridisation For Use As Forage, Daniel Real, Clinton K. Revell Dr, Yong Han, Chengdao Li, Marieclaire Castello, C. D. Bailey

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Context: The legume shrub/tree leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.) is highly regarded as a cattle fodder, although it is considered an environmental weed in many parts of Australia.

Aims: We investigated the feasibility of developing a forage variety of triploid leucaena through interspecific hybridisation that is sterile (without seeds) as a strategy to mitigate its weed risk.

Methods: A conventional breeding strategy was used to create triploid hybrids from hand-crosses between tetraploid and diploid species of leucaena. Molecular markers were developed to confirm successful crosses and flow cytometry was used to confirm the ploidy level. The plants are being …