Plant Sciences Commons^™

History Of Endophytic Toxicosis And Novel Variety Solutions, J. H. Bouton

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Associations of Epichloe endophytes with tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb). Darbush.] and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) form the basis for the known science and ecology of mutualistic, fungal endophytes, and especially their impact on livestock. In the USA, millions of acres are endophyte infected today due mainly to planting ‘Kentucky 31’ to reduce soil erosion. Health problems emerged later among animals grazing the grass. These toxicity symptoms were listed under the general term ‘Fescue Toxicosis’. Research demonstrated that ergot alkaloids produced by the mutualism were mainly responsible. Developing endophyte-free versions of major varieties reduced host grass persistence …

Development Of Seed Production Of Important Grass And Legume Species In Poland In Relation To The European Market, Barbara Golińska, Piotr Goliński

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

An analysis was carried out on the status of seed production of most important grass and legume species in Poland in terms of the area of seed crops and their seed yield on the background of the European market. Particular attention in the analysis was paid to the dominant species in the reproductive area of varieties of forage and turfgrasses and small-seeded legumes in Poland and in Europe, i.e. Lolium perenne L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Festuca rubra L. and Trifolium pratense L. For analysis the ESCAA and Polish Main Inspectorate of Plant Health and Seed Inspection data from 2004‒2021 were …

Differential Responses Of Yield And Shoot Traits Of Five Tropical Grasses To N And Distance To Trees In Silvopastoral Systems, L. S. Pontes, Emilio A. Laca

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Light intensity and nitrogen (N) availability are important factors influencing the growth of C₄ forage species. Trade-offs may occur in the adaptive responses of species to shading and N inputs, and functional shoot traits can help to explain the consequences of these responses for species performance. Our objective was to gain understanding of the mechanisms between traits of five C₄ perennial grasses determining above-ground dry matter yield (DMY) when both resources, light and N, vary. Forage grasses were grown in six shading conditions (full sunlight vs. five positions between Eucalyptus dunnii rows) with two N levels (0 vs. …

Addition Of Red Clover Or Birdsfoot Trefoil In Alfalfa-Based Mixtures To Improve The Forage Energy To Protein Balance, Philippe Seguin, Gaëtan F. Tremblay, M. Thériault, X. Godin, Shabtai Bittman, D. Hunt, J. Hakl, Gilles Bélanger, M.-N. Thivierge, Annick Bertrand, A. Claessens

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The low ratio of sugars (S) to crude proteins (CP) in alfalfa (AL, Medicago sativa L.) leads to inefficient use of nitrogen by ruminants. The objective was to determine if adding red clover (RC, Trifolium pratense L.) or birdsfoot trefoil (BT, Lotus corniculatus L.) with or without a grass species to AL improved the forage S/CP ratio. Treatments were 100% AL (control) or AL-based mixtures with RC or BT in three proportions (75, 50, or 25% of seeded legumes) with either no grass or with timothy (Phleum pratense L.) or tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb. Dumort.), resulting in …

Cool-Season Perennials And Stability In Year-Round Forage Production Systems, C. D. Teutsch

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Changes in long-term climate normals have resulted in warmer and wetter summers and milder winters in the humid eastern United States. This will likely impact regional forage species adaptation in the long-term and varietal adaptation in the short term. Variety evaluation has been occurring at the University of Kentucky for almost 100 years. There are several considerations for selecting forage species and varieties including regional and local adaptation, productivity, distribution of growth, palatability, nutritive value, anti-quality factors, tolerance to stress, and persistence. Two of the most important criteria are long-term productivity and persistence under grazing, both of which are currently …

Comparison Of Compositional Changes In Multi-Species Grass/Legume Mixture Experiments Across Three Nordic Countries (Iceland, Sweden And Finland) Over Two Years, Caroline Brophy, Anne-Maj Gustavsson, A. Helgadottir, Oiva Nissinen, J. Connolly

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

A multi-site experiment was established at 39 sites across Europe, Australia and Canada within COST Action 852 to: (1) assess the benefits of grass/legume mixtures over monocultures, (2) test the stability of mixtures and (3) evaluate the consistency of the observed patterns over broad environmental gradients. This paper compares the results from 3 Nordic sites using the same plant species: Korpa Experimental Station in Iceland, Lapland Research Station in Finland and Piteå in Sweden to investigate if compositional changes in mixtures are consistent across the sites.

The Effect Of Npk Fertilisation On Structure And Species Composition Of Grasslands, Frantisek Hrabě, Jiří Skládanka

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Long-term research into the effect of N+PK nutrition enables an objective evaluation of the trend and rate of succession and a prediction of changes including production development in permanent grassland (Hrabě et al., 1991). Former research (Hrabě & Halva, 1993) and evaluation within an eco-system concept (Rychnovská et al., 1994) demonstrated marked changes in the species composition of grass communities with the application of N+PK fertilisation that did not correspond to the sward type and site conditions.

The Effect Of Grazing On Rare And Common Grasses And Forbs In The Mediterranean Coastal Desert Of Egypt, A. El-Keblawy, A. Ramadan

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Large parts of the rangelands in the Arab countries are either overgrazed or gradually deteriorating due to large numbers of livestock and unrestricted grazing (Assaeed, 1997). Protection of vegetation against grazing in desert environments has been suggested as a feasible approach to halting land degradation and rehabilitating rangelands (El-Keblawy, 2003). However, little is known about the response of different plant life forms and life cycles to grazing. The objectives of this study were to address this point and to test the response of rare and common forbs and grasses to protection against grazing.

Accumulation And Decomposition Rates And N, P And K Returned To The Soil By The Litter Of Tropical Legumes And Grasses, Gustavo Crespo, I. Rodríguez, M. F. Días, Sandra Lok

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The return of plant nutrients through litter decomposition of legumes and grasses is important for the sustainability of grassland ecosystems (Sánchez et al., 1989). Therefore, the selection of species that produce high amounts of decomposable litter is important . The objective of the present work was to study the production and decomposition rates of litter from various legumes and grasses in Cuba.

Contribution Of Grasses To Soil Fertility And Improved Livelihoods, G. P. Ojha, B. K. Dhital

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Vegetable farming is increasing in Nepal as it provides better economic returns than growing other crops, especially in areas that have easy access to markets. Vegetable farming demands intensive care and balanced supplies of nutrients. Therefore, farmers cultivate vegetables near their residence and because vegetable growing is more profitable, farmers allocate more resources, including organic manure, for its cultivation. In general, using more organic manure on vegetables means that less organic manure is available for non-vegetable crops and farms, unless alternative arrangements are made for producing more organic manure or manure of higher quality.

Variation Of Ldmc And Sla Relationship Between Growth Forms In Natural Grasslands, J. Viégas, P. Cruz, J. P. Theau, C. Jouany, P. Ansquer, R. Al Haj Khaled, O. Therond, M. Duru

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

In agro-ecological studies, there is a growing interest in measuring both leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and specific leaf area (SLA). This interest lies on the fact that leaf traits are linked to gradients of environmental factors and ecosystem functions. Working with three contrasting wild species, Garnier et al. (2001) proposed a model linking these two traits. The model shows a relatively simple non linear and negative correlation between LDMC and SLA. Nevertheless, none of the species used to build the model were grasses (GRA) or forb rosettes (ROS = i.e. dicotyledonous with large entire leaves and absence of …

Productive Longevity And Yield Quality Of Galega-Grass Swards, Aleksandr Adamovich

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is an early maturing, very productive perennial forage legume that fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Unlike other legumes, pure stands of fodder galega provide stable yields of green feed and seeds and do not thin out between the years. The symbiotic potential of fodder galega to grow in mixtures with grasses can be exploited to produce ecologically safe forage and animal products.

Differences Of Energy Density From Plant Species Found In Permanent Grassland Using The Cellulase Method In Comparison To The Crude Nutrient Method, Renate Bockholt, K. Friedel, F. Buske

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

If no special instructions have been given, the metabolic energy (MJ/kg DM) and the energy density (MJ NEL/kg DM) of grass samples are calculated by the agricultural test institute using a standard valuation formula as regards crude nutrients, crude fiber content, crude protein contents and crude ash. On the other hand, it is well known from feeding tests that permanent grassland grasses and herbs, which may be dominant under semi-intensive or extensive management, can have low digestibility and low energy density.

Effects Of Forage Species And Stage Of Maturity On In Situ Disappearance Of Organic Matter And Fibre Fractions, H. S. Hussein

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Nutrient utilisation by ruminants is altered by the forage species and its maturity. Maturity is the major factor affecting forage morphology and quality. Forage quality is reduced with maturity due to a decrease in the leaf:stem ratio and an increase in fibre components (Ugherughe, 1986). Improving forage utilisation by ruminants depends on accurate measurements of their nutritive value by using in vitro and in situ methods. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritive value (i.e., extent of in situ disappearance of organic matter [OM], neutral detergent fibre [NDF], and acid detergent fibre [ADF]) of four grass species …

Polyphenol Oxidase Activity And In Vitro Proteolytic Inhibition In Grasses, J. M. Marita, R. D. Hatfield, G. E. Brink

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Harvesting and storing high quality forage in the cool humid regions remains a challenge due to the potential for protein degradation during ensiling. Red clover is an exception as high protein levels are maintained during ensiling. Decreased proteolytic activity in red clover is due to polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and appropriate o-diphenol substrates (Jones et al., 1995, Sullivan et al., 2004). This project was undertaken to determine if PPO activity is present in a range of grasses and the potential role in proteolytic inhibition in the presence of the o-diphenol caffeic acid.

The Effect Of Blue Light On Leaf Growth And Plant Development In Two Morphologically Contrasted Perennial Ryegrass Genotypes: Cellular Basis And Ecological Implications, F. Gastal, A. Verdenal, P. Barre

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Several major plant responses to competition for light are determined by responses to light signals, in particular to red/far-red ratio (R/FR) and blue light, besides responses mediated through photosynthesis and carbon assimilation (Gautier et al., 1999). These responses to light signals allow plants to react to the presence of neighbours and to anticipate the impact of light competition on photosynthesis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of blue light on leaf growth and its cellular basis, on two short and long leaved populations (FC and FL respectively), which were shown to have different competitive ability …

Establishment Of Wildflower Islands To Enhance Roadside Health, Ecological Value, And Aesthetics Phase Ii, Jackson Ebbers, Heidi L. Hillhouse, John A. Guretsky, Thomas J. Weissling

Nebraska Department of Transportation: Research Reports

No abstract provided.

Application Of Molecular Technologies In Forage Plant Breeding, K. F. Smith, J. W. Forster, M. P. Dobrowolski, N. O. I. Cogan, N. R. Bannan, E. Van Zijll De Jong, M Emmerling, G. C. Spangenberg

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Key points

1. A range of molecular breeding technologies have been developed for forage plant species including both transgenic and non-transgenic methodologies.
2. The application of these technologies has the potential to greatly increase the range of genetic variation that is available for incorporation into breeding programs and subsequent delivery to producers in the form of improved germplasm.
3. Further developments in detailing the phenotypic effect of genes and alleles both through research in target species and through inference from results from model species will further refine the delivery of new forage cultivars.

Polyphenol Oxidase Activity And In Vitro Proteolytic Inhibition In Grasses, J. M. Marita, R. D. Hatfield, G. E. Brink

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Harvesting and storing high quality forage in the cool humid regions remains a challenge due to the potential for protein degradation during ensiling. Red clover is an exception as high protein levels are maintained during ensiling. Decreased proteolytic activity in red clover is due to polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and appropriate o-diphenol substrates (Jones et al., 1995, Sullivan et al., 2004). This project was undertaken to determine if PPO activity is present in a range of grasses and the potential role in proteolytic inhibition in the presence of the o-diphenol caffeic acid.

Mineral Profile Of Panicum Maximum Var. Ntchisi As Influenced By Organic Nitrogen Rate And Age At Harvest, P. Dele, B. Akinyemi, O. Oyeleke, C. Anotaenwere, F. Salawu, S. O. Onifade

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The study was aimed at profiling the mineral contents of Panicum maximum var Ntchisi as influenced by organic (poultry) nitrogen rate and age at harvest. The study was carried out at the organic research farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria in 2016. The experiment was laid in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement in a split plot design with four (4) organic nitrogen rate (0, 100, 200 and 300 kgNha^-1) as the main plot and three (3) age at harvest (4, 8 and 12 weeks after cutback) as the subplot which amounts to twelve (12) …

Farmers’ Perceptions On Different Forage Types In Southern Highlands Of Tanzania, B. Nzogela, S. W. Mwendia, A. J. Mwilawa, J. Kizima, J. Bwire, A. O. Notenbaert

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Feed and forages take the bulk of inputs required in livestock production. Inadequate forages in quality and quantity in sub-Saharan Africa is responsible for low livestock productivity. Addressing livestock feed requirements presents quick wins in livestock productivity compared to breeding and health. In a Climate Smart Dairy project implemented in Tanzania, we demontrated several forage options to farmers including, two cultivars of Pennisetum purpureum, two Urochloa hybrids, Chrloris gayana and Tripsacum andersonii (control). Where applicable, the grasses were intercropped with either one of the following forage legume, Desmodium intortum, Lablab purpureus or Stylosanthes guiyanensis. Fourteen forage treaments …

Herbaceous Vegetation Dynamic After Cut And Burn Shrub Plants In Southern Brazil, A. M. Girardi-Deiro, M. L. Porto, J. Riboldi

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

A savanna area at "Serra do Sudeste" in southern Brazil, was studied during four years to evaluate the influence of cutting and burning shrub plants on dynamic of herbaceous vegetation. The cover of each species in 44 permanent quadrats (0,25 m²) and in each area (cut and burned) was evaluated. The results suggested that grasses and legumes were favored by cutting shrub plants. Burning favored forbs in the first years after disturbance and retarded the development of native forage species desirable for grazing.

Production And Quality Of Paspalum Forage In State Of São Paulo, L. A. R. Batista, A. Regitano Neto, Rodolfo Godoy

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Biomass produced by accessions of 26 species, belonging to 12 botanical groups of the genus Paspalum, collected in the south and central regions of Brazil, were evaluated during the first year of establishment for quantitative characteristics: production of dry biomass (DMY), percentage of dry matter (PDM) and regrowth score and qualitative traits: concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), “in vitro” dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude protein percentage in dry matter (CPPDM) -, in the central area of the state of São Paulo, in a completely randomized block design with two replications. The largest averages of DMY were obtained …

Genetic Resources For Temperate Areas - Achievements And Perspectives, Mónica Rebuffo, T. Abadie

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The processes of natural evolution and domestication of temperate forage genetic resources resulted in a build-up of genetic diversity, being remarkable in natural populations of grasses and legumes from Central Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Worldwide utilization of few species caused further increment in intraspecific genetic differentiation, meanwhile landraces became adapted to local agricultural production systems. Highlights are given to the risk of genetic erosion of indigenous grasslands as a consequence of the ecosystem modifications imposed by agriculture, as well as the drastic reduction of intraspecific genetic diversity caused by the process of plant breeding and environmental leveling in modern …

Forage Genetic Resources In Brazil, Liana Jank, Mateus F. Santos, Cacilda B. Do Valle, Sanzio C. L. Barrios, Rosangela M. Simeão

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

To maintain the largest herd in the world, 214 million heads of beef cattle grazing exclusively on pastures (only 14% finished in feed-lots), Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) in Brazil, has intensely invested on forage breeding programs since the 1980s. Nowadays, there are circa thirteen forage grass and legume species being bred at different Embrapa Units around the country and other six Units focusing on collection and research of regional native forages. Breeding depends on good germplasm sources. Therefore, breeding activities in Brazil will remain highly dependent on exotic and native genetic basis maintained in the Germplasm Banks. Despite the …

Chlorophyll Concentration (Spad Values) As An Indicator Of Crude Protein Content And As A Selection Criterion In Grass Breeding, N. Gáborèík

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The main aim of the study was to analyse chlorophyll a + b content (SPAD values) determined by portable chlorophyllmeter (SPAD- 502, Minolta, Japan) and crude protein content in leaves of timothy, coocksfoot, perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue (total 24 cultivars). Differences between both parameters were confirmed and a close relationship between chlorophyll content (SPAD values) and crude protein concentration was found. Correlation coefficient between SPAD and crude protein varied from 0.541⁺⁺ for ryegrass to 0.906⁺⁺ for timothy. This fact should be used for selection of grasses with higher crude protein content and/or better use of mineral soil …

Effect Of Soil Ph On Emergence And Survival Of Austrodanthonia Spp., M. A. Islam, P. M. Dowling, B. C. Jacobs, P. J. Milham, D. L. Garden, M. K. Conyers, R. Van De Ven

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

We evaluated the effects of soil acidity on seedling emergence and seedling persistence of several ecotypes of Austrodanthonia spp. collected from the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales (NSW) in southern temperate Australia. A pot experiment was conducted outdoors to identify the most promising material tolerant to soil acidity for domestication. In the experiment, 183 ecotypes and two commercial cultivars of Austrodanthonia were grown in pots at three levels of pH_Ca (3.9, 4.4 and 5.3). The pH treatments were achieved by adding either aluminium sulphate or lime to an acid earthy sandy loam soil collected from …

Adapting Tropical Forages To Low-Fertility Soils, Idupulapati M. Rao

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Tropical forages growing in low-fertility acid soils usually increase the amount of dry matter partitioned to roots at the expense of shoot growth, but substantially different adaptive attributes to such soils have been found, both between and within species. By possessing the C₄ pathway of photosynthesis, grasses are more efficient than legumes in using N, Ca, and P, whereas legume roots are more efficient in extracting nutrients from low-fertility soils. Phosphorus uptake efficiency (mg of P uptake in shoot biomass per unit root length) of the legume Arachis pintoi is several times higher than that of the grass Brachiaria …

The Forage Selection Program At The Cerrados Research Center--33 Years Of Contributions For The Tropics, Marcelo A. Carvalho, Claudio T. Karia, A. O. Barcellos, G. G. Leite, Lourival Vilela, Allan K. B. Ramos, Francisco Duarte Fernandes, S. V. Paula-Moraes, G. B. Martha Júnior, R. Guimarães Júnior

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Impacts Of Agroforestry Production Systems With Ruminants In Cuba, M. Milera, S. Sánchez, G. Martín, J. Iglesias, J. Arece, G. Pentón, O. Alonso

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.