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Articles 1 - 13 of 13
Full-Text Articles in Physiology
Phenylalanyl-Trna Synthetase Editing Defects Result In Efficient Mistranslation Of Phenylalanine Codons As Tyrosine, Jiqiang Ling, Srujana S. Yadavalli, Michael Ibba
Phenylalanyl-Trna Synthetase Editing Defects Result In Efficient Mistranslation Of Phenylalanine Codons As Tyrosine, Jiqiang Ling, Srujana S. Yadavalli, Michael Ibba
Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research
Translational quality control is monitored at several steps, including substrate selection by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), and discrimination of aminoacyl-tRNAs by elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and the ribosome. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) misactivates Tyr but is able to correct the mistake using a proofreading activity named editing. Previously we found that overproduction of editing-defective PheRS resulted in Tyr incorporation at Phe-encoded positions in vivo , although the misreading efficiency could not be estimated. This raised the question as to whether or not EF-Tu and the ribosome provide further proofreading mechanisms to prevent mistranslation of Phe codons by Tyr. Here we show that, …
An Aminoacyl-Trna Synthetase: Elongation Factor Complex For Substrate Channeling In Archaeal Translation, Corinne D. Hausmann, Mette Praetorius-Ibba, Michael Ibba
An Aminoacyl-Trna Synthetase: Elongation Factor Complex For Substrate Channeling In Archaeal Translation, Corinne D. Hausmann, Mette Praetorius-Ibba, Michael Ibba
Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research
Translation requires the specific attachment of amino acids to tRNAs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and the subsequent delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome by elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α). Interactions between EF-1α and various aaRSs have been described in eukaryotes, but the role of these complexes remains unclear. To investigate possible interactions between EF-1α and other cellular components, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed for the archaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. EF-1α was found to form a stable complex with leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS; KD = 0.7 μ M). Complex formation had little effect on EF-1α activity, but increased the kcat …
Fully Codon-Optimized Luciferase Uncovers Novel Temperature Characteristics Of The Neurospora Clock, Van D. Gooch, Arun Mehra, Luis F. Larrondo, Julie Fox, Melissa Touroutoutoudis, Jennifer J. Loros, Jay C. Dunlap
Fully Codon-Optimized Luciferase Uncovers Novel Temperature Characteristics Of The Neurospora Clock, Van D. Gooch, Arun Mehra, Luis F. Larrondo, Julie Fox, Melissa Touroutoutoudis, Jennifer J. Loros, Jay C. Dunlap
Dartmouth Scholarship
We report the complete reconstruction of the firefly luciferase gene, fully codon optimized for expression in Neurospora crassa. This reporter enhances light output by approximately 4 log orders over that with previously available versions, now producing light that is visible to the naked eye and sufficient for monitoring the activities of many poorly expressed genes. Time lapse photography of strains growing in race tubes, in which the frq or eas/ccg-2 promoter is used to drive luciferase, shows the highest levels of luciferase activity near the growth front and newly formed conidial bands. Further, we have established a sorbose medium colony …
Inhibition Of Nitric Oxide And Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Signaling Affects Olfactory Neuron Activity In The Moth, Manduca Sexta, Caroline H. Wilson, Thomas A. Christensen, Alan J. Nighorn
Inhibition Of Nitric Oxide And Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Signaling Affects Olfactory Neuron Activity In The Moth, Manduca Sexta, Caroline H. Wilson, Thomas A. Christensen, Alan J. Nighorn
Health Sciences and Kinesiology Faculty Articles
Nitric oxide is emerging as an important modulator of many physiological processes including olfaction, yet the function of this gas in the processing of olfactory information remains poorly understood. In the antennal lobe of the moth, Manduca sexta, nitric oxide is produced in response to odor stimulation, and many interneurons express soluble guanylyl cyclase, a well-characterized nitric oxide target. We used intracellular recording and staining coupled with pharmacological manipulation of nitric oxide and soluble guanylyl cyclase to test the hypothesis that nitric oxide modulates odor responsiveness in olfactory interneurons through soluble guanylyl cyclase-dependent pathways. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition resulted …
Parasites Alter Community Structure, Chelsea L. Wood, James E. Byers, Kathryn L. Cottingham, Irit Altman
Parasites Alter Community Structure, Chelsea L. Wood, James E. Byers, Kathryn L. Cottingham, Irit Altman
Dartmouth Scholarship
Parasites often play an important role in modifying the physiology and behavior of their hosts and may, consequently, mediate the influence hosts have on other components of an ecological community. Along the northern Atlantic coast of North America, the dominant herbivorous snail Littorina littorea structures rocky intertidal communities through strong grazing pressure and is frequently parasitized by the digenean trematode Cryptocotyle lingua. We hypothesized that the effects of parasitism on host physiology would induce behavioral changes in L. littorea, which in turn would modulate L. littorea's influence on intertidal community composition. Specifically, we hypothesized that C. lingua …
Similarities Between Etiological Models Of Eating Disorder Symptomatology And Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology, Jennifer Jonda
Similarities Between Etiological Models Of Eating Disorder Symptomatology And Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology, Jennifer Jonda
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) has recently been conceptualized as the male form of Eating Disorders (ED), although it is not currently classified as an ED. The current study compares etiological models of MD symptomatology (based on Grieve's [2007] conceptual model of MD) and ED symptomatology (based on Stice's [1994] conceptual model of Bulimia Nervosa). In both models, it was hypothesized that sociocultural influences on appearance (SIA) would predict body dissatisfaction (BD), and that this relationship would be mediated by self-esteem (SE) and perfectionism (P); that BD would predict negative affect (NA); and that NA would predict MD and ED symptomatology. Two-hundred-forty-seven …
Gender-Specific Effects Of Hiv Protease Inhibitors On Body Mass In Mice, Melinda E. Wilson, Kimberly F. Allred, Elizabeth M. Kordik, Deana K. Jasper, Amanda N. Rosewell, Anthony J. Bisotti
Gender-Specific Effects Of Hiv Protease Inhibitors On Body Mass In Mice, Melinda E. Wilson, Kimberly F. Allred, Elizabeth M. Kordik, Deana K. Jasper, Amanda N. Rosewell, Anthony J. Bisotti
Physiology Faculty Publications
Protease inhibitors, as part of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), have significantly increased the lifespan of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. Several deleterious side effects including dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy, however, have been observed with HAART. Women are at a higher risk of developing adipose tissue alterations and these alterations have different characteristics as compared to men. We have previously demonstrated that in mice the HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, caused a reduction in weight gain in females, but had no effect on male mice. In the present study, we examined the potential causes of this difference in weight gain. Low-density …
Direct Comparison Of Feature Tracking And Autocorrelation For Velocity Estimation, Gregory R. Bashford, Derek J. Robinson
Direct Comparison Of Feature Tracking And Autocorrelation For Velocity Estimation, Gregory R. Bashford, Derek J. Robinson
Biomedical Imaging and Biosignal Analysis Laboratory
Feature tracking is an algorithm for estimating tissue motion and blood flow using pulse-echo ultrasound. It was proposed as a computationally simpler alternative to other techniques such as autocorrelation and time-domain cross correlation. The advantage of feature tracking is that it selectively extracts easily identifiable parts of the speckle signal (e.g., the local maxima), reducing the amount of information being processed. Studies on feature tracking to date have used stationary, specklegenerating targets to simulate blood flow. Also, feature tracking has not been compared with accepted commercial methods. This study directly compares feature tracking performance with the complex autocorrelation method, which …
Derivation Of An Age And Weight Handicap For The 5k Run, Paul M. Vanderburgh, Lloyd L. Laubach
Derivation Of An Age And Weight Handicap For The 5k Run, Paul M. Vanderburgh, Lloyd L. Laubach
Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications
The adverse effect of increasing age and/or body weight on distance run performance has been well documented. Accordingly, nearly all five kilometer (5K) road races employ age categories and, sometimes, a heavier body weight classification. Problems with such conventions include small numbers of runners within older age categories and the advantage given to the lightest runners within each weight category. We developed a 5K Handicap (5KH), a model that calculates an adjusted run time based on the inputs of actual 5K run time, age, and body weight for men and women. This adjusted time, then, can be compared between runners …
Avpv Neurons Containing Estrogen Receptor-Beta In Adult Male Rats Are Influenced By Soy Isoflavones, Edwin D. Lephart, Lihong H. Bu
Avpv Neurons Containing Estrogen Receptor-Beta In Adult Male Rats Are Influenced By Soy Isoflavones, Edwin D. Lephart, Lihong H. Bu
Faculty Publications
Background Isoflavones, the most abundant phytoestrogens in soy foods, are structurally similar to 17beta-estradiol. It is known that 17beta-estradiol induces apoptosis in anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in rat brain. Also, there is evidence that consumption of soy isoflavones reduces the volume of AVPV in male rats. Therefore, in this study, we examined the influence of dietary soy isoflavones on apoptosis in AVPV of 150 day-old male rats fed either a soy isoflavone-free diet (Phyto-free) or a soy isoflavone-rich diet (Phyto-600). Results: The occurrence of apoptosis in AVPV was examined by TUNEL staining. The incidence of apoptosis was about 10 times …
Following Temperature Stress, Export Of Heat Shock Mrna Occurs Efficiently In Cells With Mutations In Genes Normally Important For Mrna Export, Christiane Rollenhagen, Christine A. Hodge, Charles N. Cole
Following Temperature Stress, Export Of Heat Shock Mrna Occurs Efficiently In Cells With Mutations In Genes Normally Important For Mrna Export, Christiane Rollenhagen, Christine A. Hodge, Charles N. Cole
Dartmouth Scholarship
Heat shock leads to accumulation of polyadenylated RNA in nuclei of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, transcriptional induction of heat shock genes, and efficient export of polyadenylated heat shock mRNAs. These studies were conducted to examine the requirements for export of mRNA following heat shock. We used in situ hybridization to detect SSA4 mRNA (encoding Hsp70) and flow cytometry to measure the amount of Ssa4p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) produced following heat shock. Npl3p and Yra1p are mRNA-binding proteins recruited to nascent mRNAs and are essential for proper mRNA biogenesis and export. Heat shock mRNA was exported efficiently in temperature-sensitive npl3, yra1 …
A Proposal For Robust Temperature Compensation Of Circadian Rhythms, Christian I. Hong, Emery D. Conrad, John J. Tyson
A Proposal For Robust Temperature Compensation Of Circadian Rhythms, Christian I. Hong, Emery D. Conrad, John J. Tyson
Dartmouth Scholarship
The internal circadian rhythms of cells and organisms coordinate their physiological properties to the prevailing 24-h cycle of light and dark on earth. The mechanisms generating circadian rhythms have four defining characteristics: they oscillate endogenously with period close to 24 h, entrain to external signals, suffer phase shifts by aberrant pulses of light or temperature, and compensate for changes in temperature over a range of 10°C or more. Most theoretical descriptions of circadian rhythms propose that the underlying mechanism generates a stable limit cycle oscillation (in constant darkness or dim light), because limit cycles quite naturally possess the first three …
Correction Factors For Body Mass In Military Physical Fitness Tests, Paul M. Vanderburgh
Correction Factors For Body Mass In Military Physical Fitness Tests, Paul M. Vanderburgh
Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications
Recent research findings combined with the theoretical laws of biological similarity make the compelling case that all physical fitness test items for the Army, Air Force, and Navy impose a 15-20% physiologic bias against heavier, not fatter, men and women. Using the published findings that actual scores of muscle and aerobic endurance scale by body mass raised to the 1/3 power, correction factor tables were developed. This correction factor can be multiplied by one’s actual score (e.g., push-ups, sit-ups, abdominal crunches, or curl-ups repetitions or distance run time) to yield adjusted scores that are free of body mass bias. These …