Physiology Commons^™

Connectivity Differences Between Gulf War Illness (Gwi) Phenotypes During A Test Of Attention, Tomas Clarke, Jessie Jamieson, Patrick Malone, Rakib U. Rayhan, Stuart Washington, John W. Vanmeter, James N. Baraniuk

Department of Mathematics: Faculty Publications

One quarter of veterans returning from the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War have developed Gulf War Illness (GWI) with chronic pain, fatigue, cognitive and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Exertion leads to characteristic, delayed onset exacerbations that are not relieved by sleep. We have modeled exertional exhaustion by comparing magnetic resonance images from before and after submaximal exercise. One third of the 27 GWI participants had brain stem atrophy and developed postural tachycardia after exercise (START: Stress Test Activated Reversible Tachycardia). The remainder activated basal ganglia and anterior insulae during a cognitive task (STOPP: Stress Test Originated Phantom Perception). Here, the role of attention …

Rising Rural Body-Mass Index Is The Main Driver Of The Global Obesity Epidemic In Adults, Con Burns, Tara Coppinger, Janette Walton, Et Al

Publications

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities1,2. This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity3,4,5,6. Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to …

Development Of A Sonically Powered Biodegradable Nanogenerator For Bone Regeneration, Avi Patel

Honors Scholar Theses

Background: Reconstruction of bone fractures and defects remains a big challenge in orthopedic surgery. While regenerative engineering has advanced the field greatly using a combination of biomaterial scaffolds and stem cells, one matter of difficulty is inducing osteogenesis in these cells. Recent works have shown electricity’s ability to promote osteogenesis in stem cell lines when seeded in bone scaffolds; however, typical electrical stimulators are either (a) externally housed and require overcomplex percutaneous wires be connected to the implanted scaffold or (b) implanted non-degradable devices which contain toxic batteries and require invasive removal surgeries.

Objective: Here, we establish a biodegradable, piezoelectric …

Macrolide Derivatives Reduce Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation And Macrophage‐Mediated Neurotoxicity, Bei Zhang, Timothy J. Kopper, Xiaodong Liu, Zheng Cui, Steven G. Van Lanen, John C. Gensel

Physiology Faculty Publications

Introduction: Azithromycin (AZM) and other macrolide antibiotics are applied as immunomodulatory treatments for CNS disorders. The immunomodulatory and antibiotic properties of AZM are purportedly independent.

Aims: To improve the efficacy and reduce antibiotic resistance risk of AZM‐based therapies, we evaluated the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties of novel AZM derivatives. We semisynthetically prepared derivatives by altering sugar moieties established as important for inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated in vitro with proinflammatory, M1, stimuli (LPS + INF‐gamma) with and without derivative costimulation. Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production, IL‐12 and IL‐10, respectively, was quantified using ELISA. Neuron culture …

Autonomic And Redox Imbalance Correlates With T-Lymphocyte Inflammation In A Model Of Chronic Social Defeat Stress, Cassandra M. Moshfegh, Safwan K. Elkhatib, Christopher W. Collins, Allison J. Kohl, Adam J. Case

Journal Articles: Cellular & Integrative Physiology

Patients diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at a significantly elevated risk of developing comorbid inflammatory conditions, but the mechanisms underlying this predilection remain unclear. Our previous work has shown that T-lymphocytes exposed to elevated levels of norepinephrine (NE) displayed a pro-inflammatory signature reminiscent of an autoreactive phenotype. With this, we hypothesized that the increased sympathetic tone observed during psychological trauma may be promoting pro-inflammatory T-lymphocytes, which causes a predisposition to comorbid inflammatory conditions. Here, we examined the consequences of psychological trauma on splenic T-lymphocytes using a mouse model of repeated social defeat stress. Social defeat led to anxiety-like …

Redox Biology In Physiology And Disease, Matthew C. Zimmerman, Adam J. Case

Journal Articles: Cellular & Integrative Physiology

No abstract provided.

Central Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling Via Brainstem Catecholamine Neurons Counteracts Hypertension In Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Kenichi Katsurada, Masanori Nakata, Toshinobu Saito, Boyang Zhang, Yuko Maejima, Shyam Sundar Nandi, Neeru M. Sharma, Kaushik K. Patel, Kazuomi Kario, Toshihiko Yada

Journal Articles: Cellular & Integrative Physiology

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, widely used to treat type 2 diabetes, reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Whether this action involves central mechanisms is unknown. We here report that repeated lateral ventricular (LV) injection of GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, once daily for 15 days counteracted the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In parallel, it suppressed urinary norepinephrine excretion, and induced c-Fos expressions in the area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of brainstem including the NTS neurons immunoreactive to dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Acute administration of liraglutide into fourth ventricle, the area with easy access to …

Redox-Sensitive Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Iiα In Angiotensin Ii Intra-Neuronal Signaling And Hypertension, Urmi Basu, Adam J. Case, Jinxu Liu, Jun Tian, Yulong Li, Matthew C. Zimmerman

Journal Articles: Cellular & Integrative Physiology

Dysregulation of brain angiotensin II (AngII) signaling results in modulation of neuronal ion channel activity, an increase in neuronal firing, enhanced sympathoexcitation, and subsequently elevated blood pressure. Studies over the past two decades have shown that these AngII responses are mediated, in part, by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the redox-sensitive target(s) that are directly acted upon by these ROS to execute the AngII pathophysiological responses in neurons remain unclear. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is an AngII-activated intra-neuronal signaling protein, which has been suggested to be redox sensitive as overexpressing the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase attenuates AngII-induced activation of …