Physiology Commons^™

The Effects Of Lower Leg Compression Garments On Lower Extremity Sports Injuries, Subjective Fatigue And Biomechanical Variables: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis, Thierry P.C. Franke, Hetty Hofstede, Anke Van Den Broek, Bionka M.A. Huisstede Dr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(6): 445-467, 2024. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effect of CGs versus non-CGs (such as regular socks) or versus placebo garments on 1) the incidence of lower extremity sports injuries and 2) subjective ratings of fatigue and biomechanical variables in athletes at participating in any sport that required any level of running performance, given that fatigue-related biomechanical alterations may increase the risk of sports injuries. This study was a systematic review with meta-analyses. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, PEDro, and Scopus were searched for eligible studies until 7 …

A New, Simple And Practical Approach To Increase The Effects Of Aerobic Exercise On Serum Levels Of Neurotrophic Factors In Adult Males, Mahdi Bahramnejad, Vahid Valipour Dehnou, Rasoul Eslami

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 932-941, 2023. Environmental enrichment (EE) is defined as a combination of complex inanimate and social stimulation. Physical activity and EE may augment the beneficial effects of each other. This study aimed to assess the effects of running in an enriched environment on neurotrophic factors in adult males. Twelve volunteer adult males (age 26.75 ± 5.34 yrs, body mass 70.72 ± 8.61 kg, height 172.50 ± 5.68 cm, VO_2max 56.8 ± 2.93) completed two sessions, each consisted of one hour of running at an intensity of 12-13 on the Borg Scale. One session was …

Effects Of A Head-Cooling Cap On 5-Km Running Performance In The Heat, Bernhard J. Spannagl, Mark Et Willems, Andrew T. West

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 193-204, 2023. Cooling the head region during exercise can enhance running performance, but this observation is limited to intermittent cooling. This study investigated the effects of continuous head cooling on 5-km running time-trial (TT) performance in hot conditions. Six male and four female triathletes completed two experimental sessions consisting of two 10-minute runs at 50% and 70% O_2max followed by a 5-km TT in the heat (32.0±0.3 °C, 50.1±1.2% RH). In a randomized crossover design, either an ice-filled cooling cap or no cooling cap was provided prior to the 10-minute run at 70%O …

The Effects Of Acute Caffeine Supplementation On Repeated-Sprint Ability In Healthy Young Non-Athletes, Michael D. Belbis, Peter J. Chomentowski 3rd, Clayton L. Camic, Steve M. Howell, Shuqi Zhang

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 846-860, 2022. The ergogenic effects of caffeine supplementation on repeated-sprint ability (RSA) have produced equivocal results. This study aimed to examine the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during repeated-sprint running on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate (BLa) concentration, and sprint time (ST). Thirty-two individuals (males: n = 17, females: n = 15; age: 22 ± 1 years) participated in the study. The study followed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, in which each participant ingested 200 mg of caffeine or placebo on separate visits 60 minutes prior to …

The Relationship Between Eating Disorders, Weight Control Methods, And Body Satisfaction In Elite Female Runners Competing At The 2020 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials, Sophia Charitou, Kelly Pritchett, Dana Ogan, Abigail Larson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 721-732, 2022. Athletes participating in endurance sports report frequent attempts to lose weight and greater training volumes in attempt to gain a competitive advantage. Increased exercise energy expenditure through training, weight periodization, and prevalence of eating disorder (ED) may affect energy availability. Low energy availability (LEA) is associated with negative physiological effects and an increased risk of bone fractures and illness in athletes. This study investigated the relationship between self-reported history of an ED with training, body satisfaction, and weight-control methods among female Olympic marathon trials participants. Female runners (n = 146; 30.8 …

Glycogen Kinetics Of Wistar Rats: Different Exercise Intensities And Tissue Analyzed Influence, Carlos Dellavechia De Carvalho, Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho, Alisson Luiz Da Rocha, Adelino Sanchez Ramos Da Silva, Marcelo Papoti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 289-299, 2022. The aim of this study is to verify the influence of the intensity on muscle and hepatic glycogen depletion and recovery kinetics of Wistar rats, submitted to three acute training sessions with equalized loads. 81 male Wistar rats performed an incremental test to determine maximal running speed (MRS) and divided into 4 groups: baseline group (Control; n = 9); low intensity training session (G_Z1; n = 24; 48 minutes at 50% of MRS); moderate intensity group (G_Z2; n = 24; 32 minutes at 75% of MRS) and high …

Depression In Collegiate Runners And Soccer Players: Relationships With Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Ferritin And Fractures, Devin C. Tomlinson, Evan Eschker, Jade Callan, Tamara Hew-Butler

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(5): 1099-1111, 2021. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between depression versus serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D), serum ferritin (ferritin), and fractures across a competitive season. The authors conducted a prospective observational study (both pre- and post-season testing) on 51 collegiate soccer and cross-country athletes from a Midwest University. Our main outcome measure was depression, measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A CES-D score ≥ 16 represented the threshold value for clinical depression. Secondary outcome variables included vitamin D, ferritin, and fractures. Two athletes (3.9%; one female) …

Training On A Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill With Body Weight Support Does Not Improve Aerobic Capacity, David K. Lee, Natalie Maltz, James Becker, Joshua A. Cotter

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(7): 829-839, 2021. This study examined the physiological changes resulting from training on a lower body positive pressure treadmill (LBPPT) at three different levels of body weight support (BWS). Thirty-three healthy college aged students (22.3 ± 3.1 years) completed the study. Participants performed a graded exercise test (GXT) to exhaustion and were placed into one of three experimental groups corresponding to 100%, 75%, and 50% of their normal BW. Participants trained at their experimental BW levels for eight-weeks. Training speed was monitored by heart rate (HR) and speed was adjusted to elicit approximately 60% of …

Self-Selected Maximum But Not Jogging Speed Decreases With Age In Male And Female Runners, Heather Hamilton, Rumit Singh Kakar

College of Health Sciences Posters

Introduction: Running velocity decreases with age, likely resulting from physiological and musculoskeletal changes associated with aging. Females experience a more rapid decline in physical performance during middle age than males, therefore it is important to consider separate-sex analyses when studying running biomechanics and running-related injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between age and different running speeds separately for female and male runners.

Methods: Male (n=33) and female (n=46) runners (ages 18–65 years) ran at their self-selected JOG (long distance) and MAX (maximal running) pace on a treadmill. Running velocity was recorded. Simple linear regression was …

Effects Of Caffeine On Exercise Duration, Critical Velocity, And Ratings Of Perceived Exertion During Repeated-Sprint Exercise In Physically Active Men, Jesse A. Stein, Heath Gasier, Blake Goodman, Melitza Ramirez, Blanca Delatorre, Cassandra Beattie, Thomas J. Barstow, Katie Heinrich

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 435-445, 2021. Caffeine improves short-to-moderate distance running performance, but the effect of caffeine on repeated sprints are equivocal. This research determined if caffeine improved exercise tolerance during repeated-sprint exercise. iCV is a running velocity that distinguishes intermittent running velocities (velocities ≤ iCV) that are sustainable from those resulting in a predictable time to exhaustion (velocities > iCV). Seven physically active men (age = 21.6 ± 1.5 years, body mass = 72.8 ± 5.1 kg, VO_2max = 56.9 ± 9.8 mL/kg/min) ingested caffeine (5 mg/kg) or placebo (crossover design) 60 min prior to an intermittent …

Lower Limb Graduated Compression Garments Modulate Autonomic Nervous System And Improve Post-Training Recovery Measured Via Heart Rate Variability, Jonathan Hu, Jonathan D. Browne, Jaxon T. Baum, Anthony Robinson, Michael T. Arnold, Sean P. Reid, Eric V. Neufeld, Brett A. Dolezal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(7): 1794-1806, 2020. Prior studies have examined the benefits of graduated compression garments (GCG) with regards to diverse exercise regimens; however, the relationship between GCG and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to examine Heart Rate Variability (HRV) trends—a proxy for ANS modulation—in response to donning GCG during a progressive overload training regimen designed to induce overtraining. Ten college-aged male novice runners were recruited for the 8-week crossover study. After three weeks of monitored free living, participants were randomized and blinded to an intervention group …

Acute Exercise On Memory Function: Open Vs. Closed Skilled Exercise, Justin Cantrelle, Grace Burnett, Paul D. Loprinzi

Faculty and Student Publications

© 2020 The Author(s). Background: Previous studies suggest that acute exercise may improve memory function. Few studies, however, have investigated the differential effect of the acute exercise movement patterns on memory. Such an effect is plausible, as research demonstrates that open-skilled exercise (e.g., racquetball) may have a greater effect on memory-related neurotrophins (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factors) when compared to closed-skilled exercise (e.g. treadmill exercise). A key distinction between open- and closed-skilled exercise is that open-skilled exercises are those that require an individual to react in a dynamic way to a changing, unpredictable environment. Our aim in this study was to …

Hot Training Conditions Inhibit Adequate Ad Libitum Recovery Fluid Intake Of Runners, Brett A. Davis, Eric O'Neal, Samantha Johnson, Richard S. Farley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 1322-1333, 2019. This study examined voluntary fluid intake, hydration descriptors, and sweat loss estimation accuracy following runs in wet bulb globe temperatures of 18 (TEMP) and 26 ºC (HOT). Twelve male runners completed 1-h runs at 65% of VO_{2 max} with access to water during runs and a variety of beverages for the following 24-h. Urine specific gravity (USG), body mass, fluid intake, and urine output were assessed at 12 and 24-h. Runners lost 1.355 ± 0.263 and 1.943 ± 0.485 L during TEMP and HOT, respectively. Sweat loss volume was underestimated by …

The Effect Of Barefoot Running On Emg Activity In The Gastrocnemius And Tibialis Anterior In Active College-Aged Females, Ryan Beierle, Phoebe Burton, Hayden Smith, Michael Smith, Stephen J. Ives

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(1): 1110-1120, 2019. Running is one of the most popular forms of exercise, thus overuse injuries such as plantar fasciitis, shin splints, and tibial stress fractures are also common. Barefoot/forefoot running has shown promise to reduce overuse injuries by decreasing the impact upon contact with the ground. The arch of the foot utilizes a ‘spring’ system that simultaneously reduces impact and propels the stride forward. Increased muscle activity in a particular location is indicative of greater impact forces, suggesting a larger risk for overuse injuries. The current study investigated the role of the barefoot condition …

Comparison Of Varying Heel To Toe Differences And Cushion To Barefoot Running In Novice Minimalist Runners, Daniel C. Moody, Iain Hunter, William J. Myrer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 13-19, 2018. There are many different types of footwear available for runners in today’s market. Many of these shoes claim to help runners run more efficiently by altering an individual’s stride mechanics. Minimalist footwear claims to aid runners run more on their forefeet whereas more traditional footwear provides more cushioning specifically for a heel first landing. The purpose of this paper was to determine if runners, who were accustomed to running in traditional footwear would alter their running mechanics while running acutely in various types of minimalist footwear. Twelve subjects, accustomed to running in …

Physiological And Biomechanical Responses Of Highly Trained Distance Runners To Lower-Body Positive Pressure Treadmill Running, Kyle Barnes, Jessica N. Janecke

Funded Articles

Background: As a way to train at faster running speeds, add training volume, prevent injury, or rehabilitate after an injury, lower-body positive pressure treadmills (LBPPT) have become increasingly commonplace among athletes. However, there are conflicting evidence and a paucity of data describing the physiological and biomechanical responses to LBPPT running in highly trained or elite caliber runners at the running speeds they habitually train at, which are considerably faster than those of recreational runners. Furthermore, data is lacking regarding female runners’ responses to LBPPT running. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the physiological and biomechanical responses to LBPPT …

Pilot Study Of Endurance Runners And Brain Responses Associated With Delay Discounting, Laura E. Martin, Jason-Flor V. Sisante, David R. Wilson, Angela A. Moody, Cary R. Savage, Sandra A. Billinger

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(5): 690-701, 2017. High levels of endurance training have been associated with potentially negative health outcomes and addictive-like symptoms such as exercise in the presence of injury and higher levels of impulsivity. This pilot study examined the relationships among self-report measures of addictive symptoms related to exercise and behavioral and neural measures of impulsivity in endurance runners. We hypothesized endurance runners would have increased preference for immediate rewards and greater activation of cognitive control regions when making decisions involving delayed rewards. Twenty endurance runners (at least 20 miles/week) were recruited to undergo measures of self-report …

Self-Optimization Of Stride Length Among Experienced And Inexperienced Runners, Iain Hunter, James B. Tracy, Jared Ward

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 446-453, 2017. Experienced runners appear to naturally select a stride length which is optimal for minimizing oxygen uptake. However, whether this ability is naturally built into the human body or whether it is learned through experience has not been previously tested. This study investigated whether inexperienced runners are as capable as experienced runners of self-optimizing stride length to minimize oxygen uptake. Thirty-three subjects (nineteen experienced and fourteen inexperienced) ran for twenty-minutes while preferred and economical stride lengths were measured. A t-test checked for differences between the experienced and inexperienced groups in the percent increase …

Sex Differences In Time Perception During Self-Paced Running, Nicholas J. Hanson, Janet Buckworth

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(4): 514-523, 2016. Time perception during exercise may be affected by chosen intensity, and may also affect enjoyment of exercise and subsequent long-term adherence. However, little is known about how individuals perceive the passage of time during exercise, or if factors such as sex are influential. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are sex related differences in perception of time during a bout of exercise in experienced runners. Twenty-two recreational runners (11 men, 11 women) participated in a bout of treadmill running where they were allowed to select their intensity. Sixty …

Changes In Intragastric Temperature Reflect Changes In Heat Stress Following Tepid Fluid Ingestion But Not Ice Slurry Ingestion, Christopher J. Stevens, Ben Dascombe

Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments

This study examined the effects of fluid and ice slurry ingestion on the relationship between intragastric temperature and rectal temperature in humans during physical activity. The purpose was to identify a technique to quantify changes in heat stress in situations when temperature probes are not feasible and when time constraints do not allow for a period long enough for an indigestible temperature capsule to reach the lower gastrointestinal tract. Eight moderately trained male runners inserted a rectal probe and ingested a telemetric capsule before randomized, crossover, pre-exercise ingestion of 7.5 mL x kg^-1 x BM^-1tepid fluid (22°C) …

Derivation Of An Age And Weight Handicap For The 5k Run, Paul M. Vanderburgh, Lloyd L. Laubach

Paul M. Vanderburgh

The adverse effect of increasing age and/or body weight on distance run performance has been well documented. Accordingly, nearly all five kilometer (5K) road races employ age categories and, sometimes, a heavier body weight classification. Problems with such conventions include small numbers of runners within older age categories and the advantage given to the lightest runners within each weight category. We developed a 5K Handicap (5KH), a model that calculates an adjusted run time based on the inputs of actual 5K run time, age, and body weight for men and women. This adjusted time, then, can be compared between runners …

Reflective Blankets Do Not Effect Cooling Rates After Running In Hot, Humid Conditions, Kory A. Reynolds, John Jacob Evanich, Lindsey E. Eberman

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(1) : 97-103, 2015. Reflective blankets (RB) are often provided at the conclusion of endurance events, even in extreme environments. The implications could be dangerous if increased core body temperature (CBT) is exacerbated by RB. To evaluate the effect of RB on cooling rate for individuals walking or sitting after intense running. Pilot, randomized control trial experimental design. Environmental chamber. Recreational runners (age=25±5y; mass=76.8±16.7kg; height=177±9cm) completed an 8km (actual mean distance=7.5±1.1km). We randomly assigned participants into one of four groups: walking with blanket (WB=5), walking without blanket (WNB=5), sitting with blanket (SB=5), or sitting without …

Manuscript Has Been Retracted, Michael Smith, Nicholas Hanson, Alexander Lucas, Steven Devor

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 236-241, 2013. Manuscript has been retracted.

The Effects Of Insoles On Loading Rate In Level Running, Crystal Ruano, Douglas Powell, Doug Renshaw, Elizabeth Chalambaga, Matthew Bice

Doug Renshaw

Introduction: Running is one of the most popular recreational sports in America with over 250 million regular runners. Recreational and competitive runners often experience over-use injuries including plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis and stress fractures. Previous research has shown that the transmission of ground reaction force through the lower extremity leads to these over-use injuries; however, it is not solely the magnitude of vertical ground reaction forces, but also the rate at which these forces are applied that may lead to lower extremity injury. Many recreational runners will use over-the-counter insoles as a method of treating an injury or as a …

Effect Of Gps Feedback On Lactate Threshold Pacing In Intercollegiate Distance Runners, Jacob W. Smith, Matthew F. Moran, John T. Foley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(1) : 74-80, 2013. In their roles as coaches, the authors have observed that first-year collegiate distance runners often have difficulty running at prescribed training paces during lactate threshold (LT) training runs. Previous research has validated the accuracy of global positioning system (GPS) devices in providing distance and velocity feedback during running. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of using the Garmin Forerunner 305 GPS watch (Garmin) to reduce deviations from prescribed training paces during LT runs with first-year collegiate runners. Participants were two groups of varsity cross country runners who …

Variations In Running Technique Between Female Sprinters, Middle, And Distance Runners, Ruthann Cunningham, Iain Hunter, Matthew K. Seeley, Brent Feland

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(1) : 43-51, 2013. In the sport of track and field, runners excel not only due to physiological characteristics but also aspects in running technique. Optimal technique allows runners the perfect the balance between running speed and economy. The ideal movement pattern may vary between events as the goal goes from economy of movement in the long-distance events to speed and power in the sprints. Understanding how each type of runner moves differently will help coaches more effectively train their athletes for each specific running event. This study was conducted to determine if sprinters, middle-distance, …

The Use Of The Blood Lactate Curve To Develop Training Intensity Guidelines For The Sports Of Track And Field And Cross-Country, Chris P. Belcher, Cynthia L. Pemberton

International Journal of Exercise Science

Int J Exerc Sci 5(2) : 148-159, 2012. The purpose of this study was to develop and field test a standardized system of training intensity guidelines for the sport of track and field/cross country, modeled after the standardized system of training intensity guidelines developed, adopted, and in use by U.S.A. Swimming. This study was quantitative and focused on the development and field-testing of standardized training intensity guidelines, based on the blood lactate curve and energy metabolism. The findings showed that as intensity increased so did participants’ blood lactate concentration, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion. A Pearson product-moment correlation …

Exercise Blood Pressures Are Lower After Aquatic Compared To Land Treadmill Training, Alex T. Carradine, Brad S. Lambert, Nicolas P. Greene, Travis W. Constanzo, Steven E. Martin, Stephen F. Crouse

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise blood pressures are lower after aquatic compared to land treadmill training

Alex T. Carradine¹, Brad S. Lambert¹, Nicolas P. Greene², Travis W. Constanzo¹, Steven E. Martin¹, Stephen F. Crouse (FACSM)¹. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. ²University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.

Traditional treadmill training has been shown to moderately decrease exercise blood pressures but the degree to which aquatic running alters exercise blood pressures has not been fully investigated. PURPOSE: To compare the exercise blood pressure responses after land treadmill (LTM) training to an equivalent …

Validating The Adidas Micoach For Estimating Pace, Distance, And Energy Expenditure During Outdoor Over-Ground Exercise Accelerometer, Justin P. Porta, Derek J. Acosta, Angelica N. Lehker, Sean T. Miller, Joe Tomaka, George A. King

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Adidas miCoach was developed as a personal training system to estimate pace, distance and energy expenditure (EE) but has yet to be validated.

PURPOSE: To validate the Adidas miCoach for estimating pace (min/km), distance (km) and EE (kcal/min) during outdoor over-ground walking and running for two different sensor configurations.

METHODS: Six male and 8 female moderately endurance trained participants (mean ± SD age: 28.2 ± 8.5 y; height: 167.4 ± 7.8 cm; mass: 60.9 ± 11.1 kg; VO_2max: 54.4 ± 5.5 mL/kg/min) completed this validation study. The protocol consisted of walking at 53.6, 80.4, and 107.2 m/min …

Effects Of A Training Season Of Master Runners On Maximal And Sub-Maximal Prescription Parameters, Lucas Samuel Tessutti, Lúcio Muramatsu, Danilo Lopes Ferrucci, Charles Ricardo Lopes

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is considered an important physiological parameter to determinate cardiorespiratory capacity and has been used to predict the performance in middle and long-distance running athletes. Also the ventilatory threshold speed (sVT) and respiratory compensation point speed (sRCP) are important tools to predict performance and for training prescription. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the changes in sVO2max, sVT, sRCP and running performance during the 2008 training season. Seven master runners (50.4 ± 8.4 years), six men and one woman, with more than five years experience running training were selected. The training period was divided …