Nutrition Commons^™

Translational Potential Of Mouse Models Of Human Metabolic Disease, I Sadaf Farooqi, Yong Xu

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Obesity causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. Research in the last three decades has delivered a step-change in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis, building on foundational discoveries in mouse models of metabolic disease. However, not all findings made in rodents have translated to humans, hampering drug discovery in this field. Here, we review how studies in mice and humans have informed our current framework for understanding energy homeostasis, discuss their challenges and limitations, and offer a perspective on how human studies may play an increasingly important role in the discovery of disease mechanisms and identification …

Molecular Mechanisms Of Exercise-Stimulated Resolution Of Inflammation And Its Dietary Dependence., Ernesto H. Pena Calderin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation that ensues sets the stage for systemic metabolic inflammation, disrupted insulin signaling, and eventual type 2 diabetes (T2D) development. At the center of this pathology lies a disruption in endogenous inflammation resolution pathways characterized by an imbalance in lipid mediator production (greater abundance of pro-inflammatory to pro-resolving lipids). Additionally, obese states are characterized by adrenergic deficiency, especially in response to physical activity. Inflammatory processes have been experimentally mitigated by either the pharmacological inhibition of pro-inflammatory signals (i.e., Leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) and its receptor BLT1, which establishes a potent chemotactic stimulus …

Impact Of Sustained Calorie Restriction And Weight Cycling On Body Composition In High-Fat Diet-Fed Male And Female C57bl/6j Mice, Daniel L Smith, Yongbin Yang, Luis M Mestre, Beate Henschel, Erik Parker, Stephanie Dickinson, Amit Patki, David B Allison, Tim R Nagy

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate body composition changes with weight cycling (WC) among adult C57BL/6J mice with diet-induced obesity.

Methods: A total of 555 single-housed mice were fed a high-fat diet ad libitum (AL) from 8 to 43 weeks of age. The 200 heaviest mice of each sex were randomized to the following four groups: ever obese (EO, continued AL feeding); obese weight loser (OWL, calorie-restricted); obese weight loser moderate (OWLM, body weight halfway between EO and OWL); and WC (diet restricted to OWL followed by AL refeeding cycles). Body weight and composition data were collected. …

An Estrogen Receptor Α-Derived Peptide Improves Glucose Homeostasis During Obesity, Wanbao Yang, Wen Jiang, Wang Liao, Hui Yan, Weiqi Ai, Quan Pan, Wesley A Brashear, Yong Xu, Ling He, Shaodong Guo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a crucial role in regulating glucose and energy homeostasis during type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here we find a ligand-independent effect of ERα on the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Deficiency of ERα in the liver impairs glucose homeostasis in male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. Mechanistic studies reveal that ERα promotes hepatic insulin sensitivity by suppressing ubiquitination-induced IRS1 degradation. The ERα 1-280 domain mediates the ligand-independent effect of ERα on insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, we identify a peptide based on ERα 1-280 domain and find that ERα-derived peptide …

Leptin Reduction As A Required Component For Weight Loss, Shangang Zhao, Na Li, Wei Xiong, Guannan Li, Sijia He, Zhuzhen Zhang, Qingzhang Zhu, Nisi Jiang, Christian Ikejiofor, Yi Zhu, May-Yun Wang, Xianlin Han, Ningyang Zhang, Carolina Solis-Herrera, Christine Kusminski, Zhiqiang An, Joel K Elmquist, Philipp E Scherer

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Partial leptin reduction can induce significant weight loss, while weight loss contributes to partial leptin reduction. The cause-and-effect relationship between leptin reduction and weight loss remains to be further elucidated. Here, we show that FGF21 and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist liraglutide rapidly induced a reduction in leptin. This leptin reduction contributed to the beneficial effects of GLP-1R agonism in metabolic health, as transgenically maintaining leptin levels during treatment partially curtailed the beneficial effects seen with these agonists. Moreover, a higher degree of leptin reduction during treatment, induced by including a leptin neutralizing antibody with either FGF21 or …

Weighing The Mind: Cognitive And Emotional Influences On Weight Loss Maintenance In Obesity, Rachel Sochocki

Wayne State University Dissertations

Obesity is a multifaceted and complex disease. Weight loss in efforts to combat obesity often result in weight regain, posing a significant challenge to long-term weight management. This dissertation investigates the cognitive, emotional, and physiological factors contributing to weight loss maintenance, emphasizing the roles of eating behaviors, depressive symptoms, and inflammation. In a retrospective cohort study, data was collected on individuals enrolled in the Michigan Weight Management Program who consented to involvement in this research. The data was collected at baseline, post-weight loss (after 10% weight loss at 6 months), and on one-year and two-year follow-ups. The Yale Three Factor …

Investigation Of Setmelanotide, An Mc4r Agonist, For Obesity In Individuals With Smith-Magenis Syndrome, Julia Lazareva, Stephanie R Sisley, Sheila M Brady, Ann C M Smith, Sarah H Elsea, Jeremy J Pomeroy, Christian L Roth, Jennifer E Sprague, Martin Wabitsch, Jill Garrison, Jack A Yanovski

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Smith Magenis Syndrome (SMS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by RAI1 haploinsufficiency. Obesity in people with SMS is believed partially due to dysfunction of the proximal melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) pathway. We therefore studied effects of treatment with the MC4R agonist setmelanotide on obesity and hunger, as well as metabolic, cardiac and safety, in individuals with SMS.

Methods: People with SMS received once-daily setmelanotide injections, with the dose titrated bi-weekly to a maximum of 3 mg over ∼1 month; and a full-dose treatment duration of 3mo. The primary outcome was percent change in body weight. Secondary outcomes included …

Rose Nourish To Flourish Obesity Prevention Program Targeting Children At Risk For Food Insecurity In Jacksonville, Florida, Jamie Marchio

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The Nourish to Flourish study aimed to decrease the prevalence of obesity among food insecure children in Jacksonville, FL. Specifically, the program focused on nutrition education and access to healthy foods. The study consisted of a 4-week nutrition education series emphasizing the major determinants of healthy weight known as 5-2-1-0! This includes expanding knowledge of fruit and vegetable intake to achieve a target intake of five servings a day, screen time reduction to no more than two hours a day, achieving a physical activity goal of one hour a day outside of school hours, and limiting sugar sweetened beverage consumption …

Design, Analysis, And Interpretation Of Treatment Response Heterogeneity In Personalized Nutrition And Obesity Treatment Research, Roger S Zoh, Bridget H Esteves, Xiaoxin Yu, Amanda J Fairchild, Ana I Vazquez, Andrew G Chapple, Andrew W Brown, Brandon George, Derek Gordon, Douglas Landsittel, Gary L Gadbury, Greg Pavela, Gustavo De Los Campos, Luis M Mestre, David B Allison

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

It is increasingly assumed that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to dietary recommendations for the management and treatment of chronic diseases such as obesity. This phenomenon that not all individuals respond uniformly to a given treatment has become an area of research interest given the rise of personalized and precision medicine. To conduct, interpret, and disseminate this research rigorously and with scientific accuracy, however, requires an understanding of treatment response heterogeneity. Here, we define treatment response heterogeneity as it relates to clinical trials, provide statistical guidance for measuring treatment response heterogeneity, and highlight study designs that can quantify treatment response …

Hyperleptinemia Contributes To Antipsychotic Drug-Associated Obesity And Metabolic Disorders, Shangang Zhao, Qian Lin, Wei Xiong, Li Li, Leon Straub, Dinghong Zhang, Rizaldy Zapata, Qingzhang Zhu, Xue-Nan Sun, Zhuzhen Zhang, Jan-Bernd Funcke, Chao Li, Shiuhwei Chen, Yi Zhu, Nisi Jiang, Guannan Li, Ziying Xu, Steven C Wyler, May-Yun Wang, Juli Bai, Xianlin Han, Christine M Kusminski, Ningyan Zhang, Zhiqiang An, Joel K Elmquist, Olivia Osborn, Chen Liu, Philipp E Scherer

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Despite their high degree of effectiveness in the management of psychiatric conditions, exposure to antipsychotic drugs, including olanzapine and risperidone, is frequently associated with substantial weight gain and the development of diabetes. Even before weight gain, a rapid rise in circulating leptin concentrations can be observed in most patients taking antipsychotic drugs. To date, the contribution of this hyperleptinemia to weight gain and metabolic deterioration has not been defined. Here, with an established mouse model that recapitulates antipsychotic drug-induced obesity and insulin resistance, we not only confirm that hyperleptinemia occurs before weight gain but also demonstrate that hyperleptinemia contributes directly …

See Me, Hear Me, Know Me: Perspectives On Diet And Physical Activity Influences Among Teens Living In Rural Texas Communities, Debbe Thompson, Julie Miranda, Chishinga Callender, Jayna M Dave, Godlove Appiah, Salma M A Musaad

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Teens in rural communities are at greater risk of obesity than teens in urban areas. Diet and physical activity influence obesity risk. Understanding their perspectives is an important step in intervention design. This qualitative investigation explored teen perspectives on how living in a rural community influenced their diet and physical activity choices. Forty parent-teen pairs were recruited. Data collection included surveys and telephone interviews. This paper reports teen perspectives identified in the first interview. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyze the data. Findings revealed that the primary factor driving teens' diet and physical activity behaviors was the teens …

A Qualitative Study On Parenting Practices To Sustain Adolescent Health Behaviors In American Indian Families, Christine Hodgson, Dylan Decker, Teresia M O'Connor, Melanie Hingle, Francine C Gachupin

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

American Indian (AI) adolescents who practice healthy behaviors of sleep, nutrition, physical activity, and limited screen time can lower their lifetime risk of diet-sensitive disease. Little is known about how AI parenting practices influence the health behaviors of youth. The objective of this qualitative study was to explore how a group of AI parents of youths at risk of disease influenced their youth’s health behaviors after a family intervention. A secondary objective was to understand the role of AI parents in supporting and sustaining health behavior change in their youths following the intervention. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with AI …

Characterizing How Food Advertising And Genetic Obesity Risk Factors Affect Neural Reward Reactivity And Eating In The Absence Of Hunger In Children, Dabin Yeum

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

The complex and multifactorial etiology of obesity involves the interaction of numerous risk factors. Assessing the gene-environment interaction of pediatric obesity can provide valuable insights for the characterization of key factors contributing to obesity and identification of potential points of intervention. The data used in this thesis comes from a single sample of young children recruited from the communities surrounding Dartmouth College. The primary objective of this thesis is to assess the impacts of complicated gene-environment interaction on pediatric obesity. First, we assessed the dynamic and static advertising of food cues to examine they lead to differential neural reward responsivity. …

Peer Influence As The Dominant Factor In Coffee Drink Consumption Among Non-Health Major University Of Indonesia Students In 2023, Patrisha Ramadhiani, Triyanti Triyanti, Sandra Fikawati

Indonesian Journal of Public Health Nutrition (IJPHN)

Coffee drinks are sugar-sweetened beverages made from coffee powder, sugar, and water through heating. High consumption of coffee drinks is associated with sugar content, which can increase the risk of obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in coffee drink consumption levels based on individual characteristics and environmental factors among non-health undergraduate students at the University of Indonesia in 2023. This quantitative study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 181 active undergraduate non-health students in 2023. Data were collected in June 2023 through a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed that 52.5% of the respondents …

Causal Models And Causal Modelling In Obesity: Foundations, Methods And Evidence, Roger S Zoh, Xiaoxin Yu, Philip Dawid, George Davey Smith, Stephen J French, David B Allison

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Discussing causes in science, if we are to do so in a way that is sensible, begins at the root. All too often, we jump to discussing specific postulated causes but do not first consider what we mean by, for example, causes of obesity or how we discern whether something is a cause. In this paper, we address what we mean by a cause, discuss what might and might not constitute a reasonable causal model in the abstract, speculate about what the causal structure of obesity might be like overall and the types of things we should be looking …

Neutralizing Anti-Rbd Fraction For Sars-Cov-2 Is Associated With The Interaction Waist Circumference And Sex. An Esfuerso Preliminary Report On University Students, Juan C. Lopez-Alvarenga, Esperanza M. Garcia-Oropeza, Adriana L. Perales-Torres, Alvaro Diaz-Badillo, Lucia M. Perez-Navarro, Estrella Martinez-Lopez, Marisol Rosas-Diaz, Octelina Castillo-Ruiz, Laura Yanneth Ramirez-Quintanilla, Jacquelynne Cervantes, Edda Sciutto, Beatriz Tapia, Leonel Vela, Claudia Munguia-Cisneros, Carlos Ramirez-Pfeiffer

Research Symposium

In a previous study we reported that 25% of college students had a family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and 39% of hypertension. Interestingly, between 17 to 47% reported not knowing about T2D or hypertension, neither the existing obesity-metabolic problems (ESFUERSO study). The COVID-19 pandemic forced confinement and modifications in food intake, physical activity, and psychological stress. This study aimed to analyze if the immune Ig-G anti-RBD (protective epitope in S protein) response associated with type of vaccination, metabolic risk, perceived stress, and history of COVID-19 contacts.

We included 116 students at the 3th year of follow up in …

Association Between Alcohol Consumption And Ectopic Fat In The Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis, Richard Kazibwe, Parag A Chevli, Joni K Evans, Matthew Allison, Erin D Michos, Alexis C Wood, Jingzhong Ding, Michael D Shapiro, Morgana Mongraw-Chaffin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background The relationship between alcohol consumption and ectopic fat distribution, both known factors for cardiovascular disease, remains understudied. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between alcohol consumption and ectopic adiposity in adults at risk for cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results In this cross-sectional analysis, we categorized alcohol intake among participants in MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) as follows (drinks/day): <1 >(light drinking), 1 to 2 (moderate drinking), >2 (heavy drinking), former drinking, and lifetime abstention. Binge drinking was defined as consuming ≥5 drinks on 1 occasion in the past month. Visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular fat area, pericardial fat volume, and …

Preface: Causes Of Obesity, Theories, Conjectures And Evidence, David B Allison, Thorkild I A Sørensen, Kevin D Hall, John R Speakman

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Unraveling The Serotonin Saga: From Discovery To Weight Regulation And Beyond – A Comprehensive Scientific Review, Kristine Conde, Shuzheng Fang, Yong Xu

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide, while the development of effective obesity therapies lags behind. Although new therapeutic targets to alleviate obesity are identified every day, and drug efficacy is improving, adverse side effects and increased health risks remain serious issues facing the weight-loss industry. Serotonin, also known as 5-HT, has been extensively studied in relation to appetite reduction and weight loss. As a result, dozens of upstream and downstream neural targets of 5-HT have been identified, revealing a multitude of neural circuits involved in mediating the anorexigenic effect of 5-HT. Despite the rise and fall of several …

Auricularia Auricula Polysaccharides Attenuate Obesity In Mice Through Gut Commensal Papillibacter Cinnamivorans, Xin Zong, Hao Zhang, Luoyi Zhu, Edward C. Deehan, Jie Fu, Yizhen Wang, Mingliang Jin

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Introduction: Auricularia auricula is a well-known traditional edible and medical fungus with high nutritional and pharmacological values, as well as metabolic and immunoregulatory properties. Nondigestible fermentable polysaccharides are identified as primary bioactive constituents of Auricularia auricula extracts. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the effects of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides (AAP) on obesity and related metabolic endpoints, including the role of the gut microbiota, remain insufficiently understood.

Methods: The effects of AAP on obesity were assessed within high-fat diet (HFD)-based mice through obesity trait analysis and metabolomic profiling. To determine the mechanistic role of the gut microbiota in observed anti-obesogenic …

Factors Associated With Choice Of Behavioural Weight Loss Program By Adults With Obesity, Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, Susan B Roberts, Stephanie Dickinson, Arthur Owora, Jon Agley, Roger S Zoh, Xiwei Chen, David B Allison

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

We assessed the preference for two behavioural weight loss programs, Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and Healthy Weight for Living (HWL) in adults with obesity. A cross-sectional survey was fielded on the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Eligibility criteria included reporting BMI ≥30 and at least two chronic health conditions. Participants read about the programs, selected their preferred program, and answered follow-up questions. The estimated probability of choosing either program was not significantly different from .5 (N = 1005, 50.8% DPP and 49.2% HWL, p = .61). Participants' expectations about adherence, weight loss magnitude, and dropout likelihood were associated with their choice (p <  .0001). Non-White participants (p = .040) and those with monthly income greater than $4999 (p = .002) were less likely to choose DPP. Participants who had postgraduate education (p = .007), did not report high serum cholesterol (p = .028), and reported not having tried losing weight before (p = .025) were more likely to choose DPP. Those who chose HWL were marginally more likely to report that being offered two different programs rather than one would likely affect their decision to enrol in one of the two (p = .052). The enrolment into DPP and HWL was balanced, but race, educational attainment, income, previous attempt to lose weight, and serum cholesterol levels had significant associations with the choice of weight loss program.

Assessment Of The Immune Response In Patients With Insulin Resistance, Obesity, And Diabetes To Covid-19 Vaccination, Jędrzej Warpechowski, Paula Leszczyńska, Dominika Juchnicka, Adam Olichwier, Łukasz Szczerbiński, Adam Jacek Krętowski

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

The SARS-CoV-19 pandemic overwhelmed multiple healthcare systems across the world. Patients with underlying medical conditions such as obesity or diabetes were particularly vulnerable, had more severe symptoms, and were more frequently hospitalized. To date, there have been many studies on the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with metabolic disorders, but data on the efficiency of vaccines against COVID-19 are still limited. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in individuals with diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity. A comparison is made between the immune response after vaccination in patients with and without metabolic comorbidities. …

Creativity In Energy Balance, Obesity And Feeding Behavior Research, Some Thoughts, Stephen J French, David B Allison

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

This review provides an overview of examples of especially creative work related to the fields of ingestive behavior, energetics (defined as the study of the acquisition, storage, and use of metabolizable energy by biological organisms and the causes and consequences of such acquisition, storage, and use), and nutrition, focusing on both individual works and discoveries, as well as bodies of works and in some cases the working styles of particular scientists. The paper then discusses some principles extracted from our observations as well as from the literature on creativity pointing out some factors that seem to make for more creative …

Birth Weight Moderates The Association Between Obesity And Mortality Rate, Gregory Pavela, Nengjun Yi, Luis Mestre, Pengcheng Xun, David B Allison

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Purpose: The strength of the association between obesity and mortality rate (MR) varies by body mass index (BMI) and sociodemographic groups. We test the hypothesis that the association between obesity and MR varies, in part, due to the moderating effect of parental BMI and birth weight.

Methods: Data come from the 1958 National Child Development Study, an ongoing longitudinal dataset initiated in 1958 with baseline measures of birth weight from 18,059 infants born in Great Britain over 1 week. We tested whether the association between BMI and MR was moderated by parental BMI and birth weight using generalized additive proportional …

Lateral Septum As A Melanocortin Downstream Site In Obesity Development, Yuanzhong Xu, Zhiying Jiang, Hongli Li, Jing Cai, Yanyan Jiang, Joshua Otiz-Guzman, Yong Xu, Benjamin R Arenkiel, Qingchun Tong

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The melanocortin pathway is well established to be critical for body-weight regulation in both rodents and humans. Despite extensive studies focusing on this pathway, the downstream brain sites that mediate its action are not clear. Here, we found that, among the known paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) neuron groups, those expressing melanocortin receptors 4 (PVHMc4R) preferably project to the ventral part of the lateral septum (LSv), a brain region known to be involved in emotional behaviors. Photostimulation of PVHMc4R neuron terminals in the LSv reduces feeding and causes aversion, whereas deletion of Mc4Rs or disruption of glutamate release from LSv-projecting PVH neurons …

Effect Of Obesity And Insulin Resistance On Glucose And Fatty Acid Metabolism, Chao Cao

WUSM Theses and Dissertations – All Programs

In people with obesity, insulin resistance of glucose and fatty acid metabolism is common and it is thought that insulin resistance of fatty acid metabolism is involved in causing insulin resistance of glucose metabolism and subsequently hyperglycemia through a mechanism referred to as “lipotoxicity”. However, in many individuals with obesity and insulin resistance fasting plasma glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations are not elevated. It is widely believed that pancreatic beta-cells detect the need to increase insulin secretion in order to compensate for the impaired insulin action caused by insulin resistance in these people, whereas beta-cell dysfunction results in …

(Pro)Renin Receptor And Its Soluble Form In Metabolic Dysfunction: Friend Or Foe?, Gertrude Arthur

Journal of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences

(Pro)renin receptor is component of the renin angiotensin system which has been shown to be involved in several physiological and pathophysiological processes including blood pressure regulation and hypertension, water and electrolyte balance, kidney injury, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. Enzymatic cleavage of prorenin receptor produces soluble prorenin receptor which can also activate the renin angiotensin system stimulate similar pathophysiological process like its full form receptor. This review explores findings on the role of prorenin receptor and soluble prorenin receptor in metabolic dysfunction and discusses the conflicting findings on soluble prorenin receptor in metabolic dysfunction.

Determining The Effects Of Maternal Adiposity On Preterm Neonatal Microbiome And Short Chain Fatty Acid Profiles, Dalton James, William A. Clark Phd, Kristy L. Thomas

Undergraduate Honors Theses

The gut microbiota and its metabolites have vast impacts on the human digestive system, immune system, and health outcomes. Short chain volatile fatty acids (SCVFAs) present in feces can be representative of the interactions of the microbiota present in the gut. Low microbiota diversity in the human gut is highly associated with obesity and adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, the maternal microbiome has a direct impact on neonatal microbiota through various pathways such as environment, skin flora, breast milk composition, and vaginal secretions. This study is aimed to further understand the associations between various factors (maternal adiposity, gestational time, length of …

Analysis Of Energy Balance In Obese Healthcare Workers, Nani Cahyani Sudarsono, Ria Lestari, Tiffany Georgine T’Sidkenu Widjaja

Indonesian Journal of Public Health Nutrition (IJPHN)

Obesity is a global health challenge that seriously affects developing countries, including Indonesia. It is important to discover the energy balance calculated from energy intake and energy expenditure in obese individuals, especially in obese healthcare workers. This study aimed to analyze the balance of energy intake and expenditure, body composition, and physical activity level in obese healthcare workers at the Exercise Center of Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI FKUI). A cross-sectional study was held at Exercise Center IMERI FKUI. Total sampling was the sampling method utilized in the study. Study participants (aged above 18 years) were screened by …

The Impact Of Nutrition On The Mental And Physical Health Of Young Adults, Dareena El-Far

WRIT: Journal of First-Year Writing

Upon close examination by nutritional professionals, concern has arisen regarding the typical contents of a young adult diet. In terms of the rate at which young adults choose to consume nutritionally-dense food items, the rate at which nutrition-deficient junk food items are chosen over the former is significantly higher. Among further examinations of this issue by researchers, it has become evident that the nutritional decisions made by young adults are increasingly associated with several social, commercial, mental, educational, and economic influences. As a consequence of these factors, research has uncovered a connection between the consumption of a poor diet and …