Nutrition Commons^™

Clinical Characterization Of Pediatric Gastroparesis Using A Four-Hour Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy Standard, Sharon Wolfson, Zoe Wilhelm, Antone R Opekun, Robert Orth, Robert J Shulman, Bruno P Chumpitazi

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Objectives: Four-hour gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) is the recommended method to identify both adult and childhood gastroparesis (GP). Previous pediatric studies have, however, not used this standard. We sought to determine the characteristics and outcomes of children versus adolescents with GP using the 4-hour GES evaluation.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with GP by 4-hour GES (>10% retention at 4 hours). Demographics, body mass index, GP-related symptoms, comorbidities, etiologies, therapies (eg, medications), healthcare utilization, and response to therapy were captured systematically. Symptoms were compared from the initial versus last gastroenterology visit. Outcomes were …

Cell Lineage Tracing Links Erα Loss In Erbb2-Positive Breast Cancers To The Arising Of A Highly Aggressive Breast Cancer Subtype, Yunfeng Ding, Yonghong Liu, Dong-Kee Lee, Zhangwei Tong, Xiaobin Yu, Yi Li, Yong Xu, Rainer B Lanz, Bert W O'Malley, Jianming Xu

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancers (BrCs) contain approximately equal numbers of ERα+HER2+ and ERα−HER2+ cases. An enduring obstacle is the unclear cell lineage-related characteristics of these BrCs. Although ERα+HER2+ BrCs could lose ERα to become ERα−HER2+ BrCs, direct evidence is missing. To investigate ERα dependencies and their implications during BrC growth and metastasis, we generated ERαCreRFP-T mice that produce an RFP-marked ERα+ mammary gland epithelial cell (MGEC) lineage. RCAS virus-mediated expression of Erbb2, a rodent Her2 homolog, first produced comparable numbers of ERα+RFP+Erbb2+ and ERα−RFP−Erbb2+ MGECs. Early hyperplasia developed mostly from ERα+RFP+Erbb2+ cells and ERα−RFP−Erbb2+ cells in these lesions were rare. …

Perceptions Of Family-Level Social Factors That Influence Health Behaviors In Latinx Adolescents And Young Adults At High Risk For Type 2 Diabetes, Erica G Soltero, Neeku Navabi, Felipe G Castro, Stephanie L Ayers, Jenny Mendez, Deborah I Thompson, Gabriel Q Shaibi

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Given that health behaviors occur within the context of familial social relationships, a deeper understanding of social factors that influence health behaviors in Latinx families is needed to develop more effective diabetes prevention programming. This qualitative study identified perceived family-level social factors that influence health behaviors in Latinx adolescents (12–16 years; N = 16) and young adults (18–24 years; N = 15) with obesity and explored differences in perceptions across sex and age. Participants completed an in-depth interview that was recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic content analysis. Emergent themes central to health behaviors included: perceived parental roles and responsibilities, …

A Neural Basis For Brain Leptin Action On Reducing Type 1 Diabetic Hyperglycemia, Shengjie Fan, Yuanzhong Xu, Yungang Lu, Zhiying Jiang, Hongli Li, Jessie C Morrill, Jing Cai, Qi Wu, Yong Xu, Mingshan Xue, Benjamin R Arenkiel, Cheng Huang, Qingchun Tong

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Central leptin action rescues type 1 diabetic (T1D) hyperglycemia; however, the underlying mechanism and the identity of mediating neurons remain elusive. Here, we show that leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing neurons in arcuate (LepRArc) are selectively activated in T1D. Activation of LepRArc neurons, Arc GABAergic (GABAArc) neurons, or arcuate AgRP neurons, is able to reverse the leptin’s rescuing effect. Conversely, inhibition of GABAArc neurons, but not AgRP neurons, produces leptin-mimicking rescuing effects. Further, AgRP neuron function is not required for T1D hyperglycemia or leptin’s rescuing effects. Finally, T1D LepRArc neurons show defective nutrient sensing and signs of cellular energy deprivation, which are …

Consumption Of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Compared With Sucrose Promotes Adiposity And Increased Triglyceridemia But Comparable Nafld Severity In Juvenile Iberian Pigs, Magdalena Maj, Brooke Harbottle, Payton A Thomas, Gabriella V Hernandez, Victoria A Smith, Mark S Edwards, Rob K Fanter, Hunter S Glanz, Chad Immoos, Douglas G Burrin, Tasha M Santiago-Rodriguez, Michael R La Frano, Rodrigo Manjarín

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Fructose consumption has been linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. However, the effect of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) compared with sucrose in pediatric NAFLD has not been investigated.

Objectives: We tested whether the isocaloric substitution of dietary sucrose by HFCS would increase the severity of NAFLD in juvenile pigs, and whether this effect would be associated with changes in gut histology, SCFA production, and microbial diversity.

Methods: Iberian pigs, 53-d-old and pair-housed in pens balanced for weight and sex, were randomly assigned to receive a mash diet top-dressed with increasing amounts of sucrose (SUC; n = …

Identifying And Predicting Food Parenting Practice Profiles Among Canadian Parents, Claire N Tugault-Lafleur, Olivia De-Jongh González, Teresia M O'Connor, Sheryl O Hughes, Louise C Mâsse

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Food parenting practices (FPP) can affect children's eating behaviours, yet little is known about how various FPP co-occur. The primary aim was to identify profiles of FPPs use among Canadian parents. Secondary aims included examining sociodemographic correlates of FPP profiles and evaluating whether children's eating behaviours differed across FPP profiles.

Methods: Parents (n = 799) of 5-12-year-old children completed a validated FPP Item Bank and the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify distinct FPP profiles. Regression analyses were used to explore associations between FPP profiles, sociodemographic variables (race, sex and education) and children's …

N-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers And Incident Type 2 Diabetes: An Individual Participant-Level Pooling Project Of 20 Prospective Cohort Studies, Frank Qian, Andres V Ardisson Korat, Fumiaki Imamura, Matti Marklund, Nathan Tintle, Jyrki K Virtanen, Xia Zhou, Julie K Bassett, Heidi Lai, Yoichiro Hirakawa, Kuo-Liong Chien, Alexis C Wood, Maria Lankinen, Rachel A Murphy, Cecilia Samieri, Kamalita Pertiwi, Vanessa D De Mello, Weihua Guan, Nita G Forouhi, Nick Wareham, Interact Consortium Frank B Hu, Ulf Riserus, Lars Lind, William S Harris, Aladdin H Shadyab, Jennifer G Robinson, Lyn M Steffen, Allison Hodge, Graham G Giles, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Matti Uusitupa, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Jaana Lindström, Markku Laakso, David S Siscovick, Catherine Helmer, Johanna M Geleijnse, Jason H Y Wu, Amanda Fretts, Rozenn N Lemaitre, Renata Micha, Dariush Mozaffarian, Qi Sun

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Objective: Prospective associations between n-3 fatty acid biomarkers and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk are not consistent in individual studies. We aimed to summarize the prospective associations of biomarkers of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with T2D risk through an individual participant-level pooled analysis.

Research design and methods: For our analysis we incorporated data from a global consortium of 20 prospective studies from 14 countries. We included 65,147 participants who had blood measurements of ALA, EPA, DPA, or DHA and were free of diabetes at baseline. De novo harmonized analyses were performed …

A Hindbrain Dopaminergic Neural Circuit Prevents Weight Gain By Reinforcing Food Satiation, Yong Han, Guobin Xia, Yanlin He, Yang He, Monica Farias, Yong Xu, Qi Wu

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

The neural circuitry mechanism that underlies dopaminergic (DA) control of innate feeding behavior is largely uncharacterized. Here, we identified a subpopulation of DA neurons situated in the caudal ventral tegmental area (cVTA) directly innervating DRD1-expressing neurons within the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). This neural circuit potently suppresses food intake via enhanced satiation response. Notably, this cohort of DAcVTA neurons is activated immediately before the cessation of each feeding bout. Acute inhibition of these DA neurons before bout termination substantially suppresses satiety and prolongs the consummatory feeding. Activation of postsynaptic DRD1LPBN neurons inhibits feeding, whereas genetic deletion of Drd1 within the …

Unraveling Host-Gut Microbiota Dialogue And Its Impact On Response To Immune Checkpoint Blockade, Alexandria Cogdill

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Cancer is a disease with only one degree of separation, affecting one in two men and one in three women in their lifetimes; accounting for 1 of every 6 deaths. While cancer mortality rates continue to improve, incidence rates are expected to rise and shift through 2050 due to epidemiological and demographic transitions worldwide. As such, it is imperative to continue to investigate and improve our understanding of both disease etiology and hallmarks of response to treatment. Currently, conventional therapies include, but are not limited to, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, within the past decade, major advances have been made …

Blood N-3 Fatty Acid Levels And Total And Cause-Specific Mortality From 17 Prospective Studies, William S Harris, Nathan L Tintle, Fumiaki Imamura, Frank Qian, Andres V Ardisson Korat, Matti Marklund, Luc Djoussé, Julie K Bassett, Pierre-Hugues Carmichael, Yun-Yu Chen, Yoichiro Hirakawa, Leanne K Küpers, Federica Laguzzi, Maria Lankinen, Rachel A Murphy, Cécilia Samieri, Mackenzie K Senn, Peilin Shi, Jyrki K Virtanen, Ingeborg A Brouwer, Kuo-Liong Chien, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Nita G Forouhi, Johanna M Geleijnse, Graham G Giles, Vilmundur Gudnason, Catherine Helmer, Allison Hodge, Rebecca Jackson, Kay-Tee Khaw, Markku Laakso, Heidi Lai, Danielle Laurin, Karin Leander, Joan Lindsay, Renata Micha, Jaako Mursu, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Wendy Post, Bruce M Psaty, Ulf Risérus, Jennifer G Robinson, Aladdin H Shadyab, Linda Snetselaar, Aleix Sala-Vila, Yangbo Sun, Lyn M Steffen, Michael Y Tsai, Nicholas J Wareham, Alexis C Wood, Jason H Y Wu, Frank Hu, Qi Sun, David S Siscovick, Rozenn N Lemaitre, Dariush Mozaffarian, Fatty Acids And Outcomes Research Consortium (Force)

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

The health effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been controversial. Here we report the results of a de novo pooled analysis conducted with data from 17 prospective cohort studies examining the associations between blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk for all-cause mortality. Over a median of 16 years of follow-up, 15,720 deaths occurred among 42,466 individuals. We found that, after multivariable adjustment for relevant risk factors, risk for death from all causes was significantly lower (by 15-18%, at least p < 0.003) in the highest vs the lowest quintile for circulating long chain (20-22 carbon) omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids). Similar relationships were seen for death from cardiovascular disease, cancer and other causes. No associations were seen with the 18-carbon omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid. These findings suggest that higher circulating levels of marine n-3 PUFA are associated with a lower risk of premature death.

Sirt3 Is Required For Liver Regeneration But Not For The Beneficial Effect Of Nicotinamide Riboside, Sarmistha Mukherjee, James Mo, Lauren M Paolella, Caroline E Perry, Jade Toth, Mindy M Hugo, Qingwei Chu, Qiang Tong, Karthikeyani Chellappa, Joseph A Baur

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Liver regeneration is critical to survival after traumatic injuries, exposure to hepatotoxins, or surgical interventions, yet the underlying signaling and metabolic pathways remain unclear. In this study, we show that hepatocyte-specific loss of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 drastically impairs regeneration and worsens mitochondrial function after partial hepatectomy. Sirtuins, including SIRT3, require NAD as a cosubstrate. We previously showed that the NAD precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) promotes liver regeneration, but whether this involves sirtuins has not been tested. Here, we show that despite their NAD dependence and critical roles in regeneration, neither SIRT3 nor its nuclear counterpart SIRT1 is required for …

Meal-Induced Symptoms In Children With Dyspepsia-Relationships To Sex And The Presence Of Gastroparesis, Liz Febo-Rodriguez, Bruno P Chumpitazi, Salma Musaad, Andrew C Sher, Robert J Shulman

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that in children with dyspepsia, prospective symptom severity following ingestion of a meal would correlate with percent gastric retention, and those ultimately diagnosed with gastroparesis would report worse symptoms.

Study design: Prospective, single-center study with 104 children with dyspepsia completing a prospective dyspepsia symptom questionnaire before and after eating a standardized Tougas meal during gastric emptying scintigraphy. Main outcomes included correlation between gastric retention and symptoms and comparison of symptom severity between those with and without gastroparesis.

Results: Fifty-two children (50%) had gastroparesis (gastroparesis: 12.5 ± 2.9 years, 65% female; nongastroparesis: 13.0 ± 2.9 years, …

An Arabidopsis Oxalyl-Coa Decarboxylase, Atoxc, Is Important For Oxalate Catabolism In Plants, Justin Foster, Ninghui Cheng, Vincent Paris, Lingfei Wang, Jin Wang, Xiaoqiang Wang, Paul A Nakata

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Considering the widespread occurrence of oxalate in nature and its broad impact on a host of organisms, it is surprising that so little is known about the turnover of this important acid. In plants, oxalate oxidase is the most well-studied enzyme capable of degrading oxalate, but not all plants possess this activity. Recently, acyl-activating enzyme 3 (AAE3), encoding an oxalyl-CoA synthetase, was identified in Arabidopsis. This enzyme has been proposed to catalyze the first step in an alternative pathway of oxalate degradation. Since this initial discovery, this enzyme and proposed pathway have been found to be important to other plants …

Stakeholder Perspectives And Sustainability Of An Integrated Care Model For The Prevention And Management Of Obesity: The Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (Cord) Project, Rebecca E Lee, Nathan H Parker, Allen M Hallett, Dennis Kao, Maria J Modelska, Hanadi S Rifai, Erica G Soltero, Daniel P O'Connor

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Although reliable strategies exist to promote healthy habits that reduce childhood obesity, the sustainability of these strategies remains an ongoing public health challenge. This study aimed to identify factors experienced in a large, multisite project aimed at reducing childhood obesity that might contribute to project sustainability. Hypothesized constructs underpinning sustainability included replicability, continuation of benefits, institutionalization, and community capacity. Key informants (n = 27) completed 60 min, in-depth interviews, which were audio recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were first coded using a combined deductive and inductive approach. Four major themes emerged (with numerous subthemes): developing partnerships, challenges to the sustainability …

Prematurity Blunts The Insulin- And Amino Acid-Induced Stimulation Of Translation Initiation And Protein Synthesis In Skeletal Muscle Of Neonatal Pigs, Marko Rudar, Jane K Naberhuis, Agus Suryawan, Hanh V Nguyen, Barbara Stoll, Candace C Style, Mariatu A Verla, Oluyinka O Olutoye, Douglas G Burrin, Marta L Fiorotto, Teresa A Davis

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Extrauterine growth restriction in premature infants is largely attributed to reduced lean mass accretion and is associated with long-term morbidities. Previously, we demonstrated that prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation signaling and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. The objective of the current study was to determine whether the blunted feeding response is mediated by reduced responsiveness to insulin, amino acids, or both. Pigs delivered by cesarean section preterm (PT; 103 days,

Perfluorooctanoic Acid (Pfoa) Or Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (Pfos) And Dna Methylation In Newborn Dried Blood Spots In The Upstate Kids Cohort, Sonia L Robinson, Xuehuo Zeng, Weihua Guan, Rajeshwari Sundaram, Pauline Mendola, Diane L Putnick, Robert A Waterland, Chathura J Gunasekara, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Chongjing Gao, Erin M Bell, Edwina H Yeung

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are persistent organic pollutants which may alter prenatal development, potentially through epigenetic modifications. Prior studies examining PFOS/PFOA and DNA methylation have relatively few subjects (n < 200) and inconsistent results. We examined relations of PFOA/PFOS with DNA methylation among 597 neonates in the Upstate KIDS cohort study. PFOA/PFOS were quantified in newborn dried blood spots (DBS) using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. DNA methylation was measured using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip with DNA extracted from DBS. Robust linear regression was used to examine the associations of PFOA/PFOS with DNA methylation at individual CpG sites. Covariates included sample plate, estimated cell type, epigenetically derived ancestry, infant sex and plurality, indicators of maternal socioeconomic status, and prior pregnancy loss. In supplemental analysis, we restricted the analysis to 2242 CpG sites previously identified as Correlated Regions of Systemic Interindividual Variation (CoRSIVs) which include metastable epialleles. At FDR90th percentile was related to DNA methylation at cg15557840, near SCRT2, SRXN1; PFOS>90th percentile was related to 2 CpG sites in a sex-specific manner (cg19039925 in GVIN1 in boys and cg05754408 in ZNF26 in girls). When analysis was restricted to CoRSIVs, log-scaled, continuous PFOS concentration was related to DNA methylation at cg03278866 within PTBP1. In conclusion, there was limited evidence of an association between high concentrations of PFOA/PFOS and DNA methylation in newborn DBS in the Upstate KIDS cohort. These …

Metabolic Flexibility Across The Spectrum Of Glycemic Regulation In Youth, Fida Bacha, Sara Klinepeter Bartz, Maurice Puyau, Anne Adolph, Susan Sharma

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

BACKGROUNDMetabolic flexibility (MF) refers to the relative ability to utilize lipid and carbohydrate substrates and to transition between them. It is not clear whether MF is impaired in obese youth and what the determining factors are.METHODSWe investigated the determinants of MF (increased respiratory exchange ratio [ΔRER] under insulin-stimulated conditions) in pubertal youth (n = 104; 15.6 ± 1.8 years) with obesity across the spectrum of glucose tolerance compared with normal weight (NW) controls, including body composition (fat-free mass [FFM], %body fat), visceral adipose fat (VAT) (MRI), glycemia, and insulin sensitivity (IS) [3-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with measurement of lipolysis ([2H5] glycerol), …

A Standard Calculation Methodology For Human Doubly Labeled Water Studies, John R Speakman, Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Elena S F Berman, Philip N Ainslie, Lene F Andersen, Liam J Anderson, Lenore Arab, Issaad Baddou, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Ellen E Blaak, Stephane Blanc, Alberto G Bonomi, Carlijn V C Bouten, Pascal Bovet, Maciej S Buchowski, Nancy F Butte, Stefan G J A Camps, Graeme L Close, Jamie A Cooper, Seth A Creasy, Sai Krupa Das, Richard Cooper, Lara R Dugas, Cara B Ebbeling, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Terrence Forrester, Barry W Fudge, Annelies H Goris, Michael Gurven, Catherine Hambly, Asmaa El Hamdouchi, Marije B Hoos, Sumei Hu, Noorjehan Joonas, Annemiek M Joosen, Peter Katzmarzyk, Kitty P Kempen, Misaka Kimura, William E Kraus, Robert F Kushner, Estelle V Lambert, William R Leonard, Nader Lessan, David S Ludwig, Corby K Martin, Anine C Medin, Erwin P Meijer, James C Morehen, James P Morton, Marian L Neuhouser, Theresa A Nicklas, Robert M Ojiambo, Kirsi H Pietiläinen, Yannis P Pitsiladis, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Guy Plasqui, Ross L Prentice, Roberto A Rabinovich, Susan B Racette, David A Raichlen, Eric Ravussin, Rebecca M Reynolds, Susan B Roberts, Albertine J Schuit, Anders M Sjödin, Eric Stice, Samuel S Urlacher, Giulio Valenti, Ludo M Van Etten, Edgar A Van Mil, Jonathan C K Wells, George Wilson, Brian M Wood, Jack Yanovski, Tsukasa Yoshida, Xueying Zhang, Alexia J Murphy-Alford, Cornelia U Loechl, Edward L Melanson, Amy H Luke, Herman Pontzer, Jennifer Rood, Dale A Schoeller, Klaas R Westerterp, William W Wong

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living subjects. Several equations are used to convert isotopic data into TEE. Using the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) DLW database (5,756 measurements of adults and children), we show considerable variability is introduced by different equations. The estimated rCO2 is sensitive to the dilution space ratio (DSR) of the two isotopes. Based on performance in validation studies, we propose a new equation based on a new estimate of the mean DSR. The DSR is lower at low body masses (<10 kg). Using data for 1,021 babies and infants, we show that the DSR varies non-linearly with body mass between 0 and 10 kg. Using this relationship to predict DSR from weight provides an equation for rCO2 over this size range that agrees well with indirect calorimetry (average difference 0.64%; SD = 12.2%). We propose adoption of these equations in future studies.

Genetic Variants And Physical Activity Interact To Affect Bone Density In Hispanic Children, Ruixue Hou, Shelley A Cole, Mariaelisa Graff, Yujie Wang, Karin Haack, Sandra Laston, Nitesh R Mehta, Roman J Shypailo, Margaret L Gourlay, Anthony G Comuzzie, Kari E North, Nancy F Butte, Venkata Saroja Voruganti

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Our aim was to investigate if moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), calcium intake interacts with bone mineral density (BMD)-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to influence BMD in 750 Hispanic children (4-19y) of the cross-sectional Viva La Familia Study.

Methods: Physical activity and dietary intake were measured by accelerometers and multiple-pass 24 h dietary recalls, respectively. Total body and lumbar spine BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was computed based on SNPs identified in published literature. Regression analysis was conducted with PRSs, MVPA and calcium intake with total body and lumbar spine …

Fructan-Sensitive Children With Irritable Bowel Syndrome Have Distinct Gut Microbiome Signatures, Bruno P Chumpitazi, Kristi L Hoffman, Daniel P Smith, Ann R Mcmeans, Salma Musaad, James Versalovic, Joseph F Petrosino, Robert J Shulman

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Dietary fructans may worsen gastrointestinal symptoms in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Aim: To determine whether gut microbiome composition and function are associated with childhood IBS fructan-induced symptoms.

Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 38 children aged 7-17 years with paediatric Rome III IBS, who previously completied a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled crossover (fructan vs maltodextrin) trial. Fructan sensitivity was defined as an increase of ≥30% in abdominal pain frequency during the fructan diet. Gut microbial composition was determined via 16Sv4 rDNA sequencing. LEfSe evaluated taxonomic composition differences. Tax4Fun2 predicted microbial fructan metabolic pathways.

Results: At baseline, 17 fructan-sensitive …

Rationale And Design Of The Baylor Infant Twin Study-A Study Assessing Obesity-Related Risk Factors From Infancy, Shabnam R Momin, Mackenzie K Senn, Scott Buckley, Neil R M Buist, Manisha Gandhi, Amy B Hair, Sheryl O Hughes, Kelly R Hodges, William C Lange, Maria A Papaioannou, Mimi Phan, Robert A Waterland, Alexis C Wood

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Early childhood (0-3 years) is a critical period for obesity prevention, when tendencies in eating behaviors and physical activity are established. Yet, little is understood about how the environment shapes children's genetic predisposition for these behaviors during this time. The Baylor Infant Twin Study (BITS) is a two phase study, initiated to study obesity risk factors from infancy. Data collection has been completed for Phase 1 in which three sub-studies pilot central measures for Phase 2. A novel infant temperament assessment, based on observations made by trained researchers was piloted in Behavior Observation Pilot Protocol (BOPP) study, a new …

Overview Of Breath Testing In Clinical Practice In North America, Buford L Nichols, Robert D Baker, Susan S Baker

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Human breath is an easily, noninvasively obtained substance. It offers insight into metabolism and is used to diagnose disaccharide malabsorption, infection, small bowel bacterial over growth, and transit times. Herein, we discuss the readily available clinical breath tests, how they function, how they are administered and interpreted and some pitfalls in their use.

Parenteral Lipid Emulsions Induce Unique Ileal Fatty Acid And Metabolomic Profiles But Do Not Increase The Risk Of Necrotizing Enterocolitis In Preterm Pigs, William Yakah, Pratibha Singh, Joanne Brown, Barbara Stoll, Doug Burrin, Muralidhar H Premkumar, Hasan H Otu, Xuesong Gu, Simon T Dillon, Towia A Libermann, Steven D Freedman, Camilia R Martin

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a manifestation of maladaptive intestinal responses in preterm infants centrally medicated by unattenuated inflammation. Early in the postnatal period, preterm infants develop a deficit in arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid, both potent regulators of inflammation. We hypothesized that the fatty acid composition of parenteral lipid emulsions uniquely induces blood and intestinal fatty acid profiles which, in turn, modifies the risk of NEC development. Forty-two preterm pigs were randomized to receive one of three lipid emulsions containing 100% soybean oil (SO), 15% fish oil (MO15), or 100% fish oil (FO100) with enteral feedings over an 8-day protocol. Blood …

Parenteral Fish-Oil Containing Lipid Emulsions Limit Initial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Host Immune Responses In Preterm Pigs, William Yakah, David Ramiro-Cortijo, Pratibha Singh, Joanne Brown, Barbara Stoll, Madhulika Kulkarni, Berthe C Oosterloo, Doug Burrin, Krishna Rao Maddipati, Raina N Fichorova, Steven D Freedman, Camilia R Martin

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Multicomponent lipid emulsions are available for critical care of preterm infants. We sought to determine the impact of different lipid emulsions on early priming of the host and its response to an acute stimulus. Pigs delivered 7d preterm (n = 59) were randomized to receive different lipid emulsions for 11 days: 100% soybean oil (SO), mixed oil emulsion (SO, medium chain olive oil and fish oil) including 15% fish oil (MO15), or 100% fish oil (FO100). On day 11, pigs received an 8-h continuous intravenous infusion of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS—lyophilized Escherichia coli) or saline. Plasma was collected for …

Agrp Neurons Trigger Long-Term Potentiation And Facilitate Food Seeking, Chunmei Wang, Wenjun Zhou, Yang He, Tiffany Yang, Pingwen Xu, Yongjie Yang, Xing Cai, Julia Wang, Hesong Liu, Meng Yu, Chen Liang, Tingting Yang, Hailan Liu, Makoto Fukuda, Qingchun Tong, Qi Wu, Zheng Sun, Yanlin He, Yong Xu

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Sufficient feeding is essential for animals' survival, which requires a cognitive capability to facilitate food seeking, but the neurobiological processes regulating food seeking are not fully understood. Here we show that stimulation of agouti-related peptide-expressing (AgRP) neurons triggers a long-term depression (LTD) of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) in adjacent pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and in most of their distant synaptic targets, including neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). The AgRP-induced sEPCS LTD can be enhanced by fasting but blunted by satiety signals, e.g. leptin and insulin. Mice subjected to food-seeking tasks develop similar neural plasticity in AgRP-innervated …

Science Dialogue Mapping Of Knowledge And Knowledge Gaps Related To The Effects Of Dairy Intake On Human Cardiovascular Health And Disease, Andrew W Brown, Kathryn A Kaiser, Andrew Keitt, Kevin Fontaine, Madeline Gibson, Barbara A Gower, James M Shikany, Colby J Vorland, Donald C Beitz, Dennis M Bier, J Thomas Brenna, David R Jacobs, Penny Kris-Etherton, Kevin Maki, Michael Miller, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Margarita Teran-Garcia, David B Allison

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Dairy has been described as everything from a superfood to a poison; yet, arguments, assumptions, and data justifying these labels are not always clear. We used an issue-based information system, “dialogue mapping™,” to summarize scientific points of a live panel discussion on the putative effects of dairy on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) from a day-long session among experts in nutrition and CVD. Dialogue mapping captures relations among ideas to explicitly, logically, and visually connect issues/questions, ideas, pro/con arguments, and agreements, even if discussed at different times. Experts discussed two propositions: for CVD risk, consumption of full-fat dairy products, 1) should be …

Food/Non-Food Classification Of Real-Life Egocentric Images In Low- And Middle-Income Countries Based On Image Tagging Features, Guangzong Chen, Wenyan Jia, Yifan Zhao, Zhi-Hong Mao, Benny Lo, Alex K Anderson, Gary Frost, Modou L Jobarteh, Megan A Mccrory, Edward Sazonov, Matilda Steiner-Asiedu, Richard S Ansong, Thomas Baranowski, Lora Burke, Mingui Sun

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Malnutrition, including both undernutrition and obesity, is a significant problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In order to study malnutrition and develop effective intervention strategies, it is crucial to evaluate nutritional status in LMICs at the individual, household, and community levels. In a multinational research project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, we have been using a wearable technology to conduct objective dietary assessment in sub-Saharan Africa. Our assessment includes multiple diet-related activities in urban and rural families, including food sources (e.g., shopping, harvesting, and gathering), preservation/storage, preparation, cooking, and consumption (e.g., portion size and nutrition analysis). …

Hypothalamic Perineuronal Nets Are Regulated By Sex And Dietary Interventions, Nan Zhang, Zili Yan, Hailan Liu, Meng Yu, Yang He, Hesong Liu, Chen Liang, Longlong Tu, Lina Wang, Na Yin, Junying Han, Nikolas Scarcelli, Yongjie Yang, Chunmei Wang, Tianshu Zeng, Lu-Lu Chen, Yong Xu

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are widely present in the hypothalamus, and are thought to provide physical protection and ion buffering for neurons and regulate their synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling. Recent evidence indicates that PNNs in the mediobasal hypothalamus play an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. However, whether and how hypothalamic PNNs are regulated are not fully understood. In the present study, we examined whether PNNs in various hypothalamic regions in mice can be regulated by sex, gonadal hormones, dietary interventions, or their interactions. We demonstrated that gonadal hormones are required to maintain normal PNNs in the arcuate …

Associations Between Independent Assessments Of Child Appetite Self-Regulation: A Narrative Review, Maria A Papaioannou, Nilda Micheli, Thomas G Power, Jennifer O Fisher, Sheryl O Hughes

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

A variety of eating behaviors among children have been associated with obesity risk and are thought to broadly reflect child appetite self-regulation (ASR). While ASR is thought to occur on cognitive, emotional, motivational, biological, and behavioral levels, the inter-relatedness of ASR constructs as assessed by different methods/measures is not well-characterized. This narrative review describes the correspondence between different methods/measures of child ASR constructs as assessed by self-report questionnaires and/or observational tasks and their relationship to child standardized body mass index (BMIz). Research involving at least two different methods/measures is presented including observational tasks such as the Eating in the Absence …

Crucial Role Of Mammalian Glutaredoxin 3 In Cardiac Energy Metabolism In Diet-Induced Obese Mice Revealed By Transcriptome Analysis, Ninghui Cheng, Qianxing Mo, Jimmonique Donelson, Lingfei Wang, Ghislain Breton, George G Rodney, Jin Wang, Kendal D Hirschi, Xander H T Wehrens, Paul A Nakata

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Obesity is often associated with metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress with the latter serving as a possible unifying link between obesity and cardiovascular complications. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) comprise one of the major antioxidant systems in the heart. Although Grx3 has been shown to act as an endogenous negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, its metabolic impact on cardiac function in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice remains largely unknown. In the present study, analysis of Grx3 expression indicated that Grx3 protein levels, but not mRNA levels, were significantly increased in the hearts of DIO mice. Cardiac-specific Grx3 deletion (Grx3 CKO) mice …