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Articles 1 - 30 of 66
Full-Text Articles in Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Detecting Structure In Glass Patterns: An Interocular Transfer Study, Dawn Vreven, Jarrod Berge
Detecting Structure In Glass Patterns: An Interocular Transfer Study, Dawn Vreven, Jarrod Berge
Dawn L Vreven
Glass patterns are visual stimuli used here to study how local orientation signals are spatially integrated into global pattern perception. We measured a form aftereffect from adaptation to both static and dynamic Glass patterns and calculated the amount of interocular transfer to determine the binocularity of the detectors responsible for the perception of global structure. Both static and dynamic adaptation produced significant form aftereffects and showed a very high degree of interocular transfer, suggesting that Glass-pattern perception involves cortical processing beyond primary visual cortex. Surprisingly, dynamic adaptation produced significantly greater interocular transfer than static adaptation. Our results suggest a functional …
Association Of Ubqln1 Mutation With Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome But Not Typical Als, Paloma Gonzalez-Perez, Yubing Lu, Ru-Ju Chian, Peter Sapp, Rudolph Tanzi, Lars Bertram, Diane Mckenna-Yasek, Fen-Biao Gao, Robert Brown
Association Of Ubqln1 Mutation With Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome But Not Typical Als, Paloma Gonzalez-Perez, Yubing Lu, Ru-Ju Chian, Peter Sapp, Rudolph Tanzi, Lars Bertram, Diane Mckenna-Yasek, Fen-Biao Gao, Robert Brown
Dr Robert Brown
Genetic variants in UBQLN1 gene have been linked to neurodegeneration and mutations in UBQLN2 have recently been identified as a rare cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). OBJECTIVE: To test if genetic variants in UBQLN1 are involved in ALS. METHODS: 102 and 94 unrelated patients with familial and sporadic forms of ALS were screened for UBQLN1 gene mutations. Single nucleotide variants were further screened in a larger set of sporadic ALS (SALS) patients and unrelated control subjects using high-throughput Taqman genotyping; variants were further assessed for novelty using the 1000Genomes and NHLBI databases. In vitro studies tested the effect of …
Dsarm/Sarm1 Is Required For Activation Of An Injury-Induced Axon Death Pathway, Jeannette Osterloh, Jing Yang, Timothy Rooney, A. Fox, Robert Adalbert, Eric Powell, Amy Sheehan, Michelle Avery, Rachel Hackett, Mary Logan, Jennifer Macdonald, Jennifer Ziegenfuss, Stefan Milde, Ying-Ju Hou, Carl Nathan, Aihao Ding, Robert Brown, Laura Comforti, Michael Coleman, Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Stephan Zuchner, Marc Freeman
Dsarm/Sarm1 Is Required For Activation Of An Injury-Induced Axon Death Pathway, Jeannette Osterloh, Jing Yang, Timothy Rooney, A. Fox, Robert Adalbert, Eric Powell, Amy Sheehan, Michelle Avery, Rachel Hackett, Mary Logan, Jennifer Macdonald, Jennifer Ziegenfuss, Stefan Milde, Ying-Ju Hou, Carl Nathan, Aihao Ding, Robert Brown, Laura Comforti, Michael Coleman, Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Stephan Zuchner, Marc Freeman
Dr Robert Brown
Axonal and synaptic degeneration is a hallmark of peripheral neuropathy, brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease. Axonal degeneration has been proposed to be mediated by an active autodestruction program, akin to apoptotic cell death; however, loss-of-function mutations capable of potently blocking axon self-destruction have not been described. Here, we show that loss of the Drosophila Toll receptor adaptor dSarm (sterile alpha/Armadillo/Toll-Interleukin receptor homology domain protein) cell-autonomously suppresses Wallerian degeneration for weeks after axotomy. Severed mouse Sarm1 null axons exhibit remarkable long-term survival both in vivo and in vitro, indicating that Sarm1 prodegenerative signaling is conserved in mammals. Our results provide direct …
Homologous Recombination Mediates Functional Recovery Of Dysferlin Deficiency Following Aav5 Gene Transfer, William E. Grose, K. Reed Clark, Danielle Griffin, Vinod Malik, Kimberly M. Shontz, Chrystal L. Montgomery, Sarah Lewis, Robert H. Brown Jr., Paul M. L. Janssen, Jerry R. Mendell, Louise R. Rodino-Klapac
Homologous Recombination Mediates Functional Recovery Of Dysferlin Deficiency Following Aav5 Gene Transfer, William E. Grose, K. Reed Clark, Danielle Griffin, Vinod Malik, Kimberly M. Shontz, Chrystal L. Montgomery, Sarah Lewis, Robert H. Brown Jr., Paul M. L. Janssen, Jerry R. Mendell, Louise R. Rodino-Klapac
Dr Robert Brown
The dysferlinopathies comprise a group of untreatable muscle disorders including limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, Miyoshi myopathy, distal anterior compartment syndrome, and rigid spine syndrome. As with other forms of muscular dystrophy, adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer is a particularly auspicious treatment strategy, however the size of the DYSF cDNA (6.5 kb) negates packaging into traditional AAV serotypes known to express well in muscle (i.e. rAAV1, 2, 6, 8, 9). Potential advantages of a full cDNA versus a mini-gene include: maintaining structural-functional protein domains, evading protein misfolding, and avoiding novel epitopes that could be immunogenic. AAV5 has demonstrated unique …
How Theories Evolved Concerning The Mechanism Of Action Of Barbiturates, Wolfgang Löscher, Michael A. Rogawski
How Theories Evolved Concerning The Mechanism Of Action Of Barbiturates, Wolfgang Löscher, Michael A. Rogawski
Michael A. Rogawski
The barbiturate phenobarbital has been in use in the treatment of epilepsy for 100 years. It has long been recognized that barbiturates act by prolonging and potentiating the action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on GABA-A) receptors and at higher concentrations directly activating the receptors. A large body of data supports the concept that GABA-A) receptors are the primary central nervous system target for barbiturates, including the finding that transgenic mice with a point mutation in the β3 GABA-A)-receptor subunit exhibit diminished sensitivity to the sedative and immobilizing actions of the anesthetic barbiturate pentobarbital. Although phenobarbital is only modestly less potent …
Paradoxical Results Of Adaptive False Discovery Rate Procedures In Neuroimaging Studies, Philip T. Reiss, Armin Schwartzman, Feihan Lu, Lei Huang, Erika Proal
Paradoxical Results Of Adaptive False Discovery Rate Procedures In Neuroimaging Studies, Philip T. Reiss, Armin Schwartzman, Feihan Lu, Lei Huang, Erika Proal
Philip T. Reiss
Adaptive false discovery rate (FDR) procedures, which offer greater power than the original FDR procedure of Benjamini and Hochberg, are often applied to statistical maps of the brain. When a large proportion of the null hypotheses are false, as in the case of widespread effects such as cortical thinning throughout much of the brain, adaptive FDR methods can surprisingly reject more null hypotheses than not accounting for multiple testing at all—i.e., using uncorrected p-values. A straightforward mathematical argument is presented to explain why this can occur with the q-value method of Storey and colleagues, and a simulation study shows that …
Step Regulation Of Seizure Thresholds In The Hippocampus, Janice R. Naegele
Step Regulation Of Seizure Thresholds In The Hippocampus, Janice R. Naegele
Janice R Naegele
Purpose: To investigate whether striatal enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) influences ictogenesis. Methods: STEP knockout mice were compared to wild-type (WT) mice in pilocarpine-induced seizures. Hippocampal slices were also prepared from these two mouse populations, allowing the examination of ictal-like stimulation in these slices using calcium imaging and electrophysiologic recordings. Key Findings: To examine seizure thresholds, increasing doses of pilocarpine were administered to adult mice and seizures were scored behaviorally. Significantly fewer STEP knockout mice developed seizures that progressed to the stage of status epilepticus compared to WT mice. To examine potential differences in neural circuits that might account for …
Migration Of Transplanted Neural Stem Cells In Experimental Models Of Neurodegenerative Diseases., Janice Naegele
Migration Of Transplanted Neural Stem Cells In Experimental Models Of Neurodegenerative Diseases., Janice Naegele
Janice R Naegele
No abstract provided.
Tangled Roots: Digging Deeper Into Astrocyte Or Interneuron Dysfunction In Temporal Lobe Epilepsy., Janice R. Naegele
Tangled Roots: Digging Deeper Into Astrocyte Or Interneuron Dysfunction In Temporal Lobe Epilepsy., Janice R. Naegele
Janice R Naegele
No abstract provided.
Epilepsy And The Plastic Mind, Janice Naegele
The Doublecortin-Related Gene Zyg-8 Is A Microtubule Organizer In Caenorhabditis Elegans Neurons, Jean Bellanger, Juan Cueva, Renee Baran, Garland Tang, Miriam Goodman, Anne Debant
The Doublecortin-Related Gene Zyg-8 Is A Microtubule Organizer In Caenorhabditis Elegans Neurons, Jean Bellanger, Juan Cueva, Renee Baran, Garland Tang, Miriam Goodman, Anne Debant
Renee Baran
Doublecortin-domain containing (DCDC) genes play key roles in the normal and pathological development of the human brain cortex. The origin of the cellular specialisation and the functional redundancy of these microtubule (MT)-associated proteins (MAPs), especially those of Doublecortin (DCX) and Doublecortin-like kinase (DCLKs) genes, is still unclear. The DCX domain has the ability to control MT architecture and bundling. However, the physiological significance of such properties is not fully understood. To address these issues, we sought post-mitotic roles for zyg-8, the sole representative of the DCX–DCLK subfamily of genes in C. elegans. Previously, zyg-8 has been shown to control anaphase-spindle …
Mental Reversal Of Imagined Melodies: A Role For The Posterior Parietal Cortex, R.J. Zatorre, Andrea Halpern, M. Bouffard
Mental Reversal Of Imagined Melodies: A Role For The Posterior Parietal Cortex, R.J. Zatorre, Andrea Halpern, M. Bouffard
Andrea Halpern
Two fMRI experiments explored the neural substrates of a musical imagery task that required manipulation of the imagined sounds: temporal reversal of a melody. Musicians were presented with the first few notes of a familiar tune (Experiment 1) or its title (Experiment 2), followed by a string of notes that was either an exact or an inexact reversal. The task was to judge whether the second string was correct or not by mentally reversing all its notes, thus requiring both maintenance and manipulation of the represented string. Both experiments showed considerable activation of the superior parietal lobe (intraparietal sulcus) during …
Identification Of Speeded And Slowed Familiar Melodies By Younger, Middle-Aged, And Older Musicians And Nonmusicians, M.W. Andrews, W.J. Dowling, J.C. Bartlett, Andrea Halpern
Identification Of Speeded And Slowed Familiar Melodies By Younger, Middle-Aged, And Older Musicians And Nonmusicians, M.W. Andrews, W.J. Dowling, J.C. Bartlett, Andrea Halpern
Andrea Halpern
There is a range of tempos within which listeners can identify familiar tunes (around 0.8 to 6.0 notes/s). Faster and slower tunes are difficult to identify. The authors assessed fast and slow melody-identification thresholds for 80 listeners ages 17–79 years with expertise varying from musically untrained to professional. On fast-to-slow (FS) trials the tune started at a very fast tempo and slowed until the listener identified it. Slow-to-fast (SF) trials started slow and accelerated. Tunes either retained their natural rhythms or were stylized isochronous versions. Increased expertise led to better performance for both FS and SF thresholds (r = .45). …
Contextual Information And Memory For Unfamiliar Tunes In Older And Younger Adults, S.A. Deffler, Andrea Halpern
Contextual Information And Memory For Unfamiliar Tunes In Older And Younger Adults, S.A. Deffler, Andrea Halpern
Andrea Halpern
We examined age differences in the effectiveness of multiple repetitions and providing associative facts on tune memory. For both tune and fact recognition, three presentations were beneficial. Age was irrelevant in fact recognition, but older adults were less successful than younger in tune recognition. The associative fact did not affect young adults' performance. Among older people, the neutral association harmed performance; the emotional fact mitigated performance back to baseline. Young adults seemed to rely solely on procedural memory, or repetition, to learn tunes. Older adults benefitted by using emotional associative information to counteract memory burdens imposed by neutral associative information.
Absolute Pitch And Planum Temporale, J.P. Keenan, V. Thangaraj, Andrea Halpern, G.S. Schlaug
Absolute Pitch And Planum Temporale, J.P. Keenan, V. Thangaraj, Andrea Halpern, G.S. Schlaug
Andrea Halpern
An increased leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale (PT) in absolute-pitch (AP) musicians has been previously reported, with speculation that early exposure to music influences the degree of PT asymmetry. To test this hypothesis and to determine whether a larger left PT or a smaller right PT actually accounts for the increased overall PT asymmetry in AP musicians, anatomical magnetic resonance images were taken from a right-handed group of 27 AP musicians, 27 nonmusicians, and 22 non-AP musicians. A significantly greater leftward PT asymmetry and a significantly smaller right absolute PT size for the AP musicians compared to the two …
Melody Recognition At Fast And Slow Tempos: Effects Of Age, Experience, And Familiarity, W.J. Dowling, J.C. Bartlett, Andrea Halpern, M.W. Andrews
Melody Recognition At Fast And Slow Tempos: Effects Of Age, Experience, And Familiarity, W.J. Dowling, J.C. Bartlett, Andrea Halpern, M.W. Andrews
Andrea Halpern
Eighty-one listeners defined by three age ranges (18–30, 31–59, and over 60 years) and three levels of musical experience performed an immediate recognition task requiring the detection of alterations in melodies. On each trial, a brief melody was presented, followed 5 sec later by a test stimulus that either was identical to the target or had two pitches changed, for a same–different judgment. Each melody pair was presented at 0.6 note/sec, 3.0 notes/sec, or 6.0 notes/sec. Performance was better with familiar melodies than with unfamiliar melodies. Overall performance declined slightly with age and improved substantially with increasing experience, in agreement …
Recognition Of Familiar And Unfamiliar Music In Normal Aging And Alzheimer's Disease, J.C. Bartlett, Andrea Halpern, W.J. Dowling
Recognition Of Familiar And Unfamiliar Music In Normal Aging And Alzheimer's Disease, J.C. Bartlett, Andrea Halpern, W.J. Dowling
Andrea Halpern
We tested normal young and elderly adults and elderly Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients on recognition memory for tunes. In Experiment 1, AD patients and age-matched controls received a study list and an old/new recognition test of highly familiar, traditional tunes, followed by a study list and test of novel tunes. The controls performed better than did the AD patients. The controls showed the “mirror effect” of increased hits and reduced false alarms for traditional versus novel tunes, whereas the patients false-alarmed as often to traditional tunes as to novel tunes. Experiment 2 compared young adults and healthy elderly persons using …
Hearing In The Mind's Ear: A Pet Investigation Of Musical Imagery And Perception, Robert J. Zatorre, Andrea R. Halpern, David W. Perry, Ernst Meyer, Alan C. Evans
Hearing In The Mind's Ear: A Pet Investigation Of Musical Imagery And Perception, Robert J. Zatorre, Andrea R. Halpern, David W. Perry, Ernst Meyer, Alan C. Evans
Andrea Halpern
Neuropsychological studies have suggested that imagery processes may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms similar to those used in perception. To test this hypothesis, and to explore the neural basis for song imagery, 12 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) during the performance of three tasks. In the control condition subjects saw pairs of words on each trial and judged which word was longer. In the perceptual condition subjects also viewed pairs of words, this time drawn from a familiar song; simultaneously they heard the corresponding song, and their task was to …
Behavioral And Neural Correlates Of Perceived And Imagined Musical Timbre, Andrea Halpern, R.J. Zattore, M. Bouffard, J.A. Johnson
Behavioral And Neural Correlates Of Perceived And Imagined Musical Timbre, Andrea Halpern, R.J. Zattore, M. Bouffard, J.A. Johnson
Andrea Halpern
The generality of findings implicating secondary auditory areas in auditory imagery was tested by using a timbre imagery task with fMRI. Another aim was to test whether activity in supplementary motor area (SMA) seen in prior studies might have been related to subvocalization. Participants with moderate musical background were scanned while making similarity judgments about the timbre of heard or imagined musical instrument sounds. The critical control condition was a visual imagery task. The pattern of judgments in perceived and imagined conditions was similar, suggesting that perception and imagery access similar cognitive representations of timbre. As expected, judgments of heard …
Prediction Accuracy Of Young And Middle-Aged Adults In Memory For Familiar And Unfamiliar Texts, S.K. Johnson, Andrea Halpern
Prediction Accuracy Of Young And Middle-Aged Adults In Memory For Familiar And Unfamiliar Texts, S.K. Johnson, Andrea Halpern
Andrea Halpern
This study investigated the influence of age, familiarity, and level of exposure on the metamemorial skill of prediction accuracy on a future test. Young (17 to 23 years old) and middle-aged adults (35 to 50 years old) were asked to predict their memory for text material. Participants made predictions on a familiar text and an unfamiliar text, at three different levels of exposure to each. The middle-aged adults were superior to the younger adults at predicting performance. This finding indicates that metamemory may increase from youth to middle age. Other findings include superior prediction accuracy for unfamiliar compared to familiar …
I Know What I Like: Stability Of Aesthetic Preference In Alzheimer's Disease, Andrea Halpern, J. Ly, S. Elkin-Franklin, M.G. O'Connor
I Know What I Like: Stability Of Aesthetic Preference In Alzheimer's Disease, Andrea Halpern, J. Ly, S. Elkin-Franklin, M.G. O'Connor
Andrea Halpern
Two studies explored the stability of art preference in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and age-matched control participants. Preferences for three different styles of paintings, displayed on art postcards, were examined over two sessions. Preference for specific paintings differed among individuals but AD and non-AD groups maintained about the same stability in terms of preference judgments across two weeks, even though the AD patients did not have explicit memory for the paintings. We conclude that aesthetic responses can be preserved in the face of cognitive decline. This should encourage caregivers and family to engage in arts appreciation activities with patients, and …
Aging And Experience In The Recognition Of Musical Transpositions, Andrea Halpern, J.C. Bartlett, W.J. Dowling
Aging And Experience In The Recognition Of Musical Transpositions, Andrea Halpern, J.C. Bartlett, W.J. Dowling
Andrea Halpern
The authors examined the effects of age, musical experience, and characteristics of musical stimuli on a melodic short-term memory task in which participants had to recognize whether a tune was an exact transposition of another tune recently presented. Participants were musicians and nonmusicians between ages 18 and 30 or 60 and 80. In 4 experiments, the authors found that age and experience affected different aspects of the task, with experience becoming more influential when interference was provided during the task. Age and experience interacted only weakly, and neither age nor experience influenced the superiority of tonal over atonal materials. Recognition …
The Effects Of Aging And Musical Experience On The Representation Of Tonal Hierarchies, Andrea Halpern, S.Y. Kwak, J.C. Bartlett, W.J. Dowling
The Effects Of Aging And Musical Experience On The Representation Of Tonal Hierarchies, Andrea Halpern, S.Y. Kwak, J.C. Bartlett, W.J. Dowling
Andrea Halpern
Two experiments explored the representation of the tonal hierarchy in Western music among older (aged 60 to 80) and younger (aged 15 to 22) musicians and nonmusicians. A probe tone technique was used: 4 notes from the major triad were presented, followed by 1 note chosen from the 12 notes of the chromatic scale. Whereas musicians had a better sense of the tonal hierarchy than nonmusicians, older adults were no worse than younger adults in differentiating the notes according to musical principles. However, older adults were more prone than younger adults to classify the notes by frequency proximity (pitch height) …
Dementia And Music: Challenges And Future Directions, Andrea Halpern
Dementia And Music: Challenges And Future Directions, Andrea Halpern
Andrea Halpern
No abstract provided.
Perception Of Mode, Rhythm, And Contour In Unfamiliar Melodies: Effects Of Age And Experience, Andrea R. Halpern, J.C. Bartlett, W.J. Dowling
Perception Of Mode, Rhythm, And Contour In Unfamiliar Melodies: Effects Of Age And Experience, Andrea R. Halpern, J.C. Bartlett, W.J. Dowling
Andrea Halpern
We explored the ability of older (60-80 years old) and younger (18-23 years old) musicians and nonmusicians to judge the similarity of transposed melodies varying on rhythm, mode, and/or contour (Experiment 1) and to discriminate among melodies differing only in rhythm, mode, or contour (Experiment 2). Similarity ratings did not vary greatly among groups, with tunes differing only by mode being rated as most similar. In the same/different discrimination task, musicians performed better than nonmusicians, but we found no age differences. We also found that discrimination of major from minor tunes was difficult for everyone, even for musicians. Mode is …
Effects Of Timbre And Tempo Change On Memory For Music, Andrea Halpern, D. Mullensiefen
Effects Of Timbre And Tempo Change On Memory For Music, Andrea Halpern, D. Mullensiefen
Andrea Halpern
We investigated the effects of different encoding tasks and of manipulations of two supposedly surface parameters of music on implicit and explicit memory for tunes. In two experiments, participants were first asked to either categorize instrument or judge familiarity of 40 unfamiliar short tunes. Subsequently, participants were asked to give explicit and implicit memory ratings for a list of 80 tunes, which included 40 previously heard. Half of the 40 previously heard tunes differed in timbre (Experiment 1) or tempo (Experiment 2) in comparison with the first exposure. A third experiment compared similarity ratings of the tunes that varied in …
Levels-Of-Processing Effects On "Remember" Responses In Recognition For Familiar And Unfamiliar Tunes, E. Mungan, Z. Peynircioglu, Andrea Halpern
Levels-Of-Processing Effects On "Remember" Responses In Recognition For Familiar And Unfamiliar Tunes, E. Mungan, Z. Peynircioglu, Andrea Halpern
Andrea Halpern
We investigated the effect of level-of-processing manipulations on “remember” and “know” responses in episodic melody recognition (Experiments 1 and 2) and how this effect is modulated by item familiarity (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, participants performed 2 conceptual and 2 perceptual orienting tasks while listening to familiar melodies: judging the mood, continuing the tune, tracing the pitch contour, and counting long notes. The conceptual mood task led to higher d' rates for “remember” but not “know” responses. In Experiment 2, participants either judged the mood or counted long notes of tunes with high and low familiarity. A level-of-processing effect emerged …
Hearing With The Mind's Eye, G. Schlaug, C. Chen, D. Press, Andrea Halpern, A. Warde, Q. Chen, A. Pascual-Leone
Hearing With The Mind's Eye, G. Schlaug, C. Chen, D. Press, Andrea Halpern, A. Warde, Q. Chen, A. Pascual-Leone
Andrea Halpern
No abstract provided.
The Persistence Of Musical Memories: A Descriptive Study Of Earworms, Andrea Halpern, J.C. Bartlett
The Persistence Of Musical Memories: A Descriptive Study Of Earworms, Andrea Halpern, J.C. Bartlett
Andrea Halpern
We describe some characteristics of persistent musical and verbal retrieval episodes, commonly known as "earworms." In Study 1, participants first filled out a survey summarizing their earworm experiences retrospectively. This was followed by a diary study to document each experience as it happened. Study 2 was an extension of the diary study with a larger sample and a focus on triggering events. Consistent with popular belief, these persistent musical memories were common across people and occurred frequently for most respondents, and were often linked to recent exposure to preferred music. Contrary to popular belief, the large majority of such experiences …
Brain Activation During Anticipation Of Sound Sequences, A.M. Leaver, J. Van Lare, B. Zielinski, Andrea Halpern, J.P. Rauschecker
Brain Activation During Anticipation Of Sound Sequences, A.M. Leaver, J. Van Lare, B. Zielinski, Andrea Halpern, J.P. Rauschecker
Andrea Halpern
Music consists of sound sequences that require integration over time. As we become familiar with music, associations between notes, melodies, and entire symphonic movements become stronger and more complex. These associations can become so tight that, for example, hearing the end of one album track can elicit a robust image of the upcoming track while anticipating it in total silence. Here, we study this predictive “anticipatory imagery” at various stages throughout learning and investigate activity changes in corresponding neural structures using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Anticipatory imagery (in silence) for highly familiar naturalistic music was accompanied by pronounced activity in …