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Articles 1 - 30 of 1556
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Measurement Reliability For Intentions To Change Behavior, Emily Schlichtig
Measurement Reliability For Intentions To Change Behavior, Emily Schlichtig
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
It is common for researchers to ask participants to associate probabilities with words, often using tools like the Likert scale to measure behavioral intentions and attitudes. However, it remains unclear what specific probabilities participants assign to the response options on a Likert scale, how much variation exists across these options, and whether these probabilities differ across various behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to explore the numeric probabilities that participants associate with different Likert scale points, to understand their perception of the variation at each point, and to compare these perceptions across three behaviors: eating more vegetables, exercising more, …
A Grain Of Hope: Analysis Of The Economic Potential For An Association Of South East Asian Nations (Asean) Rice Futures Market, Richard Nyarko
A Grain Of Hope: Analysis Of The Economic Potential For An Association Of South East Asian Nations (Asean) Rice Futures Market, Richard Nyarko
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The ASEAN (Association of Southeast Nations) region is the world's leading rice producer, yet the region lacks a dedicated rice futures market. In contrast other world grain markets are served by liquid futures contracts, which aid producers through price discovery and risk management. This glaring gap raises a critical question: Can an ASEAN rice futures market be established to unlock the potential economic benefits for the region's rice sector? By predicting ASEAN rice pricing features and analyzing the efficacy of hedging for regional rice market players, this study explores the viability of an ASEAN rice futures contract to service the …
Effects Of Land Cover And Land Change On Monarch Butterfly Presence Across The Conus, Chris R. Burkhart
Effects Of Land Cover And Land Change On Monarch Butterfly Presence Across The Conus, Chris R. Burkhart
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The decline of monarch butterfly populations (Danaus plexippus L.) over the past four decades, particularly in their overwintering habitats, has raised concerns about the species' conservation. Habitat loss and modification, particularly within the contiguous United States, are attributed as one of the key drivers of this decline. However, the specific impact of land use and land cover (LULC) changes on monarch distributions remains inadequately documented. This study integrates monarch observations from multiple sources spanning 2008 to 2019 with LULC data to analyze the relationship between habitat configuration and monarch presence. Using a randomized grid sampling approach, habitat configuration metrics were …
Interactive Effects Between Bluetongue Virus Infection And Insecticide Exposures In Culicoides Sonorensis, Parker Mullins
Interactive Effects Between Bluetongue Virus Infection And Insecticide Exposures In Culicoides Sonorensis, Parker Mullins
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Culicoides biting midges are common pests around the world of humans, livestock, and wildlife. In addition to nuisance blood feeding, they are also able to transmit pathogens to their hosts like bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus, which can be damaging in terms of both production economics and animal welfare. In order to protect humans and livestock from biting pests like Culicoides, a wide array of interventions is recommended, but chemical insecticides and repellent use are ubiquitous. For a multitude of reasons ranging from natural weathering of applied insecticides to the increase in resistance-associated mutations and behaviors in …
Atypical Responses To Sensory Stimuli Or Eating Environments In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Lydia Rockers
Atypical Responses To Sensory Stimuli Or Eating Environments In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Lydia Rockers
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often encounter challenges in processing sensory inputs. Children with ASD may experience feeding difficulties and over- or under- stimulation during food-related activities such as eating or shopping. These have impacts on the health and well-being of individuals with ASD in childhood and throughout their lives. Further research is needed to address the impact of ambient sound levels in a retail or restaurant setting. The main objective of this thesis was to address these gaps by identifying responses to various environmental and food related stimuli. The findings of this research addressed differences in responses between …
Cobblestone Farms, Fayetteville: A Study Of A Non-Profit Teaching Farm’S Volunteer Management Programs, Ariel Scholten
Cobblestone Farms, Fayetteville: A Study Of A Non-Profit Teaching Farm’S Volunteer Management Programs, Ariel Scholten
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Non-profit teaching farms (NPTFs) represent a unique intersection of mission-driven non-profits, agricultural education, and sustainable food production. Despite their growing presence, research on NPTFs, particularly regarding volunteer management, remains limited. This thesis examines volunteer management practices at Cobblestone Farms (CF), a prominent NPTF in Northwest Arkansas, focusing on its strategies to engage and retain volunteers. Through qualitative methods including semi-structured interviews with staff and volunteers, the study identifies, describes, and evaluates key components of CF's volunteer management program. Major findings reveal that CF leverages digital media, online platforms like Give Pulse, and strategic partnerships to recruit and maintain volunteers. The …
Employer's Perceptions Of The Agricultural Leadership Development Program At The University Of Arkansas, Samantha Jones
Employer's Perceptions Of The Agricultural Leadership Development Program At The University Of Arkansas, Samantha Jones
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
A review of the literature revealed a lack of peer-reviewed research on employer perceptions and expectations for agricultural leadership (AGLE) graduates. This study aimed to address this gap by identifying competencies necessary for effective education in AGLE programs. Utilizing a survey design, numerical data and qualitative responses, converted into numeric data to analyze frequency of concept occurrences were reported. A questionnaire, developed based on this study’s objectives and the Program System Model, was distributed to employers at the 2023 Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences Career Fair. The survey assessed employers’ perceptions of agricultural leadership programs, the …
Evaluation Of A Capsule Suspension Formulation Of S-Metolachlor For Use In Fenclorim-Treated Rice And Wheat, Samuel Charles Noe
Evaluation Of A Capsule Suspension Formulation Of S-Metolachlor For Use In Fenclorim-Treated Rice And Wheat, Samuel Charles Noe
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The continued evolution of herbicide resistance is one of the primary concerns facing Arkansas growers today. Problematic weeds such as barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] and Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] have evolved resistance to some of the most used herbicides in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To counteract this resistance, alternative herbicide sites of action should be explored. S-metolachlor is a very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-inhibiting herbicide [Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)/Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) Group 15] commonly used in U.S. row crops to control grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds. …
Diseases Of Cannabis Sativa And The Epidemiology And Molecular Diversity Of Neofusicoccum Parvum, Hannah V. Zima
Diseases Of Cannabis Sativa And The Epidemiology And Molecular Diversity Of Neofusicoccum Parvum, Hannah V. Zima
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Cannabis sativa has been an underutilized agricultural resource in the United States, largely due to federal regulations distinguishing marijuana from hemp. In 2018, Congress passed a Farm Bill, which defined hemp as C. sativa containing a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) level of no more than 0.3%. As a result, commercial hemp production began in most states in 2019, including Arkansas, and was accompanied by numerous challenges like diseases and pests. The research on the epidemiology of diseases affecting C. sativa is limited, and understanding the pathogens is in its early stages in the U.S. For this study, an initial disease survey was …
Alternative Methods For Finishing Beef Cattle: Effects On Performance, Carcass Quality, And Meat Characteristics, Michelle Johnson
Alternative Methods For Finishing Beef Cattle: Effects On Performance, Carcass Quality, And Meat Characteristics, Michelle Johnson
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effects of alternative finishing methods on the live performance, carcass quality, and meat characteristics of beef steers. In study 1, treatments consisted of a conventional feedlot finishing diet with roughage included in the ration (FDLT); a high starch diet fed at 2-2.25% of BW with ad libitum access to bermudagrass pastures (STCH); or a high by-product diet fed at 2-2.25% of BW with ad libitum access to bermudagrass pastures (BYPD). Steers were fed their respective diets once daily and weighed every 28 days until deemed finished. Cattle were then transported and …
Use Of Herbicides Coated Onto Fertilizer And Applied Over-The-Top Of Cotton, Summer Linn
Use Of Herbicides Coated Onto Fertilizer And Applied Over-The-Top Of Cotton, Summer Linn
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production faces numerous challenges, many related to weed management. A herbicide application method that focuses on combing resources that producers already have access to, such as herbicide-coated fertilizers, could be a practical approach for addressing late-season control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) and other problematic weed species. Two main factors would potentially impact the efficiency of utilizing this method: cotton tolerance to the application and weed control provided by the herbicide-coated fertilizers. Some considerations could affect the efficacy of these applications, such as when the treatments are applied and when they are activated by …
The Influence Of Commercial Salmonella Vaccination Programs On Local- And Systemic-Immune Responses And Ceca Microbiome In Egg-Type Chickens, Chrysta Noelle Beck
The Influence Of Commercial Salmonella Vaccination Programs On Local- And Systemic-Immune Responses And Ceca Microbiome In Egg-Type Chickens, Chrysta Noelle Beck
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Salmonella vaccination is a widely accepted practice in the United States poultry industry. These vaccines stimulate a strong humoral response to Salmonella serovars and significantly reduce Salmonella load in the bird. In general, a Salmonella vaccination program for an egg-type pullet flock consists of two administrations of a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine at 1- and 6-wk-of-age followed by one administration of a Salmonella bacterin at 12-wk-of-age. Although these vaccines are regarded as effective against paratyphoid Salmonella infections, there are incidences of breakthrough Salmonella infections and severe injection site reactions after bacterin administration. Therefore, the main objective of this dissertation was …
The Impact Of Ectopic Expression Of A Plant Elicitor Peptide In Bacillus Subtilis On Nematode Resistance In Soybean Through Seed Treatment, Abeer Alnasrawi
The Impact Of Ectopic Expression Of A Plant Elicitor Peptide In Bacillus Subtilis On Nematode Resistance In Soybean Through Seed Treatment, Abeer Alnasrawi
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Soybean (Glycine max) is the most beneficial legume crop because it is a source of protein as well as oil for humans and livestock. Soybean is the second most planted crop in the United States following corn and it is also the fourth planted crop worldwide. However, the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, SCN) is the most damaging pest of soybean in the United States, accounting for more than twice as much yield loss as the following cause of yield loss in soybean. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop alternative management strategies to control SCN infection in soybeans. …
Quantifying Physical Function: Moving Towards A New Definition And Better Assessment, Anthony Campitelli
Quantifying Physical Function: Moving Towards A New Definition And Better Assessment, Anthony Campitelli
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Though poor physical function (PF) and disability are two of the most impactful problems facing older adults today, the field of kinesiology has not yet devised a method of measuring PF, thus limiting investigations with the potential to lead to improved PF interventions and assessments. This dissertation aimed to develop a single, continuous measure of PF using a latent variable modeling approach, and then use the generated scores to evaluate the role of lower body muscular power in PF assessment and to construct an improved PF assessment battery for predicting overall PF. Each aim of this dissertation was addressed through …
Analyzing The Accuracy And Trading Strategy Potential Of Private Analyst Projections Of Usda Wasde Reports, Emmie Noyes
Analyzing The Accuracy And Trading Strategy Potential Of Private Analyst Projections Of Usda Wasde Reports, Emmie Noyes
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the economic impact of private analyst forecasts on trading strategies in agricultural commodities markets. The primary objective is to assess whether private forecasts of world ending stocks contained in the USDA’s WASDE report provide valuable information for forming profitable trading strategies. The study utilizes panel regression models to analyze the relationship between private forecast accuracy and strategic returns derived from trading strategies based on these forecasts. The research employs unbalanced panel data spanning from January 2011 to April 2021, integrating monthly and yearly indicators to capture temporal patterns. The dataset includes observations from multiple firms, allowing for …
Influence Of Invasive Species, Drought, And Stream Permanence On Stream Crayfish Species With A Focus On The Imperiled Mammoth Spring Crayfish (Faxonius Marchandi), Leah Marie Bayer
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Freshwater crayfish constitute one of the most-threatened taxonomic groups in North America. Invasion by other crayfish species as well as habitat degradation through alteration of natural flow regime are two of the most prominent threats to crayfish persistence. Additionally, extreme weather events like droughts can amplify threats posed by other stressors on crayfish populations and are expected to increase in frequency, magnitude, and/or duration in the future, which may negatively influence narrow-ranged endemic crayfish populations typical of the Southeast. The Mammoth Spring Crayfish, Faxonius marchandi, is a narrow-ranged endemic that occurs in the Spring River drainage of Arkansas and Missouri …
Evaluation Of A Diflufenican:Metribuzin:Flufenacet Premixture For Soybean Tolerance And Weed Control, Matthew Coleman Woolard
Evaluation Of A Diflufenican:Metribuzin:Flufenacet Premixture For Soybean Tolerance And Weed Control, Matthew Coleman Woolard
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats.] and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer] ranks among the most troublesome weeds of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], having evolved resistance to multiple herbicide sites of action. Bayer CropScience has announced its intentions to launch Convintro™ brand herbicides, one being a three-way premixture for use preplant until 3 d after planting in soybean. The premixture will include diflufenican (WSSA Group 12), metribuzin (WSSA Group 5), and flufenacet (WSSA Group 15) (DFF-containing premixture), adding a new site of action for use in soybean throughout the United States. In 2022 and 2023, field trials were conducted …
How Local Interactions Give Rise To Large-Scale Conformational Changes In Proteins: A Molecular Dynamics Study, Shadi A. Badiee
How Local Interactions Give Rise To Large-Scale Conformational Changes In Proteins: A Molecular Dynamics Study, Shadi A. Badiee
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Proteins are dynamic entities that undergo conformational changes essential for their biological functions. These structural changes often correspond with chemical events such as lipid interactions or environmental changes like protonation or acidification. Understanding the complex relationship between these chemical perturbations and the resultant mechanical responses is crucial for elucidating protein mechanisms. This dissertation investigates the chemo-mechanical coupling in the conformational dynamics of the bacterial ABC transporter Sav1866 and the impact of protonation on the Influenza virus hemagglutinin HA0. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we explore the conformational landscapes of Sav1866 and HA0. Our study examines how varying lipid compositions affect the …
L-Arabinose Induced Overexpression For Crystallographic Analysis Of The Spoiie Protein From Clostridioides Difficile, Danielle M. Maynard
L-Arabinose Induced Overexpression For Crystallographic Analysis Of The Spoiie Protein From Clostridioides Difficile, Danielle M. Maynard
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The SpoIIE protein plays a crucial role in the sporulation process of Clostridioides difficile, a pathogen responsible for severe gastrointestinal diseases. Understanding the structural and functional aspects of SpoIIE is pivotal for deciphering its role in sporulation and exploring its potential as a therapeutic target. This study investigates the impact of varying concentrations of L-arabinose on the overexpression of SpoIIE in C. difficile, aiming to optimize protein yield and purity for subsequent crystallization and structural determination via X-ray crystallography. Using a recombinant expression system in Escherichia coli, different concentrations of L-arabinose were employed to induce SpoIIE overexpression. Protein purification was …
Understanding The Livelihood Diversification Of Arkansas Women Involved In Agricultural Production, Oluwatoyin Elizabeth Abati
Understanding The Livelihood Diversification Of Arkansas Women Involved In Agricultural Production, Oluwatoyin Elizabeth Abati
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Agriculture as a livelihood activity entails significant risks and uncertainties, which expose agricultural households to a low standard of living, poverty, and a lowering of their food security status. Women's responsibilities in agriculture are expanding and becoming more critical, and farm women are now broadening their duties to include roles off-farm. More research is needed in Arkansas about agricultural women's roles, challenges, and essential job characteristics. Using a quantitative survey, this research aimed to provide a resource on how women involved in agricultural production diversify their livelihoods. Participants were asked to describe their livelihood diversification by identifying their activities on …
Consumer Perceptions Of Hemp-Fed Aquaculture, Jillian Rose Hyink
Consumer Perceptions Of Hemp-Fed Aquaculture, Jillian Rose Hyink
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Global demand for seafood has increased significantly over the past several decades and is projected to continue rising in the future. The volume of aquaculture production has also particularly increased to meet this demand in the United States and globally, offering a relatively sustainable supplement to wild fish supplies. However, conventional fish farming uses unsustainable quantities of fishmeal and fish oil as feed inputs, which raises the cost of production and introduces safety concerns associated with fish consumption. One currently underexplored potential alternative to fishmeal is hemp grain, which can provide an affordable and nutritious feed for carnivorous fish and …
Evaluating Margin Protection (Mp) Crop Insurance As A Risk Management Tool For Rice Producers In Arkansas, Kaleem Azmat Chattha
Evaluating Margin Protection (Mp) Crop Insurance As A Risk Management Tool For Rice Producers In Arkansas, Kaleem Azmat Chattha
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Agricultural producers bear many risks, including production risks stemming from uncertainty in weather and pest pressure and price risks arising from market volatility. Federal Crop Insurance has become one of the most popular tools to manage these risks. While yield and revenue crop insurance tend to be the most popular production and price risk management tools provided by the government, participation in Margin Protection insurance lags far behind despite providing production, crop price, and input price risk protection. This study aims to uncover whether Margin Protection crop insurance is an effective risk management tool by estimating the optimal coverage level …
The Effects Of Cover Crop Adoption On Yield Distributions Under Extreme Drought, Emory Johnson
The Effects Of Cover Crop Adoption On Yield Distributions Under Extreme Drought, Emory Johnson
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events due to climate change negatively impact agriculture output. Of particular concern is the adverse impact of droughts on corn and soybean yields, as these crops represent a significant portion of cash crop receipts in the United States. Cover crops are one practice that has gained attention due to their agronomic benefits and their potential to reduce downside production risk for producers. This study focuses on the impact of cover crop adoption on corn and soybean yields during drought conditions. We use cover crop adoption data from the Operational Tillage Information System, RMA …
Approaches To Controlling Palmer Amaranth And Its Interference In Furrow-Irrigated Rice, Tanner Austin King
Approaches To Controlling Palmer Amaranth And Its Interference In Furrow-Irrigated Rice, Tanner Austin King
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) is the most troublesome and problematic weed in most mid-southern U.S. row crop production systems. With the increased adoption of furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.), there is a greater occurrence of Palmer amaranth due to sustained moist conditions allowing continual emergence of the weed throughout the growing season. Palmer amaranth has previously been shown to negatively affect crop yields when left unmanaged. Therefore, there is a high potential for rice yield loss due to the weed’s ability to emerge over an extended period and interfere with crop development. However, there is a lack of …
Assessment Of The Drivers Of Adoption Of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices Among Field Crop Farmers In Zambia, Faindani Nyirenda
Assessment Of The Drivers Of Adoption Of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices Among Field Crop Farmers In Zambia, Faindani Nyirenda
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Climate smart agriculture (CSA) practiced has been promoted in Zambia since the 1980s to address the declining crop productivity due to increased occurrence of drought or dry spells caused by climate change. Despite considerable research indicating that CSA practices have many potential benefits such as increased yield and income, the adoption rate in southern Africa is still low especially where farmers have stable off farm income. This might be because most of the research and promotion has been directed to the main staple crop maize and other context specific impacts related to agroecological and socioeconomic heterogeneity. In this study we …
Detection Of Fungicide Resistance In Population Of Corynespora Cassiicola From Arkansas Soybean And Cotton Fields, Rafael Zaia
Detection Of Fungicide Resistance In Population Of Corynespora Cassiicola From Arkansas Soybean And Cotton Fields, Rafael Zaia
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Target spot, caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola, has reemerged since 2016 as an economically important disease on soybean and cotton across the Southern U.S. The quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) are important fungicide classes used to control foliar diseases in soybean and cotton. The efficacy of these products is rapidly decreasing, impacting control, and causing significant yield losses. The overall objective of this study was to determine the risks associated with chemical control by screening fungicide sensitivity, evaluating target site alterations, and analysis of disease control efficacy and yield response of fungicides for soybean in …
Consumer Willingness To Pay For Food Products Displaying A Black-Owned Production Label, Logan Gage Moss
Consumer Willingness To Pay For Food Products Displaying A Black-Owned Production Label, Logan Gage Moss
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Black and African Americans have faced historic underrepresentation in the agri-food system (Horst & Marion, 2019). Systemic inequities have hindered food entrepreneurs and economic growth within this community. Recent diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives highlight societal concerns about these imbalances (Darity, 2024). Some consumers aim to address this underrepresentation by purchasing products from Black entrepreneurs, but this requires effective communication, which can increase marketing expenses and risks for producers. However, highlighting Black-owned food products may enhance outcomes for this marginalized community. Credence attributes like Black ownership cannot be evaluated even after consumption, unlike traits such as taste and quality. …
Is All Genetically Modified Maize The Same: South African Consumer Acceptance Of Water Efficient Maize For Africa (Wema), Molly Claire English
Is All Genetically Modified Maize The Same: South African Consumer Acceptance Of Water Efficient Maize For Africa (Wema), Molly Claire English
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) partnership was launched in March 2008 to help maize producers manage drought risk by developing and deploying genetically modified (GM) maize varieties that yield 24 to 35 percent more grain under moderate drought conditions than currently available varieties across Southern Africa. Although the World Bank classifies South Africa as an upper-middle-income country, food insecurity is an ongoing concern that worsens during drought. During the drought of 2014/2015, the price of white maize more than doubled, resulting in 22% of households experiencing food insecurity. While GM maize (herbicide tolerant, Bt, and stacked) is widely …
A Grounded Theory Study Of White Educators' Conceptualizations And Negotiations Of Culturally Centered Practices In Colleges Of Agriculture And Related Sciences, Isabel M. Whitehead-Adams
A Grounded Theory Study Of White Educators' Conceptualizations And Negotiations Of Culturally Centered Practices In Colleges Of Agriculture And Related Sciences, Isabel M. Whitehead-Adams
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The racial and ethnic demographics of higher education are becoming increasingly diverse; however, faculty demographics remain predominantly White. With agriculture being one of the largest economic sectors, often with many roles to fill, recruiting and retaining racially and ethnically diverse students into agricultural and related science post-secondary programs, hereby referred to as agricultural programs, is crucial to drawing talent into the agricultural workforce. However, racial and ethnic demographics among students in post-secondary agricultural programs also remain predominantly White. Established pedagogical approaches for supporting culturally diverse have been established, such as Culturally Responsive Teaching. There is little to no research exploring …
Local And Systemic Inflammatory And Antibody Responses To Salmonella-Killed Vaccines In Egg-Type Pullets, Jossie Mair Santamaria Archbold
Local And Systemic Inflammatory And Antibody Responses To Salmonella-Killed Vaccines In Egg-Type Pullets, Jossie Mair Santamaria Archbold
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Salmonella infection in chickens is a significant and complex challenge to manage, affecting poultry health and food safety. Vaccination against Salmonella is a promising preventative approach to control flock infection and decrease the loads of this pathogen. Vaccination strategies against Salmonella often comprise the application of live attenuated and killed (inactivated) vaccines, including inactivated autogenous vaccines. Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity but can potentially return to a virulent state; meanwhile, inactivated Salmonella vaccines trigger more of a humoral response and are safer since they are entirely rendered inactive. However, there is a lack of information …