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Cranes Of The World: 8. Cranes In Myth And Legend, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Wherever cranes occur in the world, their stature, intelligence, wariness, and sociality have captured the human imagination and have given rise to a variety of legends, myths, and folktales. Among the best sources of such information for England and southern Europe are the manuscript writings of Edward Topsell (1572-1625), which have been edited and recently republished (1972). Topsell reported that "when fables ruled the world" it was believed that a proud queen of Pygmies named Oenoe or Gerania was turned into a crane by Juno and Diana, because she taught her people to neglect other gods and worship her. Gerania …

Cranes Of The World: 1. Classification And Evolution, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes and their relatives the limpkins and trumpeters are fairly closely related members of the order of birds (Gruiformes) that also includes rails, gallinules, coots, and other marsh-adapted birds. Cranes, limpkins, and trumpeters are usually included within a superfamily, Gruoidea, although at least one recent authority (Cracraft, 1973) has suggested that the three groups all be included within a single family, Gruidae. However, traditionally only the cranes have been included within the Gruidae, and only the cranes will be dealt with in detail in this book. Nevertheless, the limpkins and trumpeters must be considered if the evolution of cranes is …

Cranes Of The World: Crowned Crane (Balearica Pauonina), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Blue-necked or gray crowned crane (regulorum and gibbericeps), Black-necked or dark crowned crane (pavonina and ceciliae); Ma-hem (Afrikaan); Grue couronnee, Grue ronnee du Cap (French); Konigskranich (German); Minima kanmuri-zuru (Japanese); Makoka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla corona (Spanish); I-hem (Xhosa); U-Nohemu (Zulu).

Range:
Resident in open country over most of Africa south of the Sahara, excepting the Congo Basin and the driest portions of southwestern Africa.

Cranes Of The World: Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides Virgo), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
None in General English use; Shuai-yu-hao (Chinese); Grue demoisella, Demoiselle de Numidae (French); Jungfernkranich (German); Karkarra (Hindi); Aneha-zuru (Japanese); Krasavka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla damisela, Grulla moruria (Spanish).

Range:
Bred at least formerly in northwestern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, possibly northern Morocco); currently breeds in Europe from the southern IJkraine and the Crimea through southeastern Russia (north to the region of Volgograd and south to the steppes to the east of the lower Volga), eastward through the steppes of the Kirghiz, western Siberia, southern Minusinsk, and the Altai, Lake Baikal, and of southern Transbaikalia, to the steppes of northwestern …

Cranes Of The World: 4. Ecology And Population Dynamics, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Like other animals, cranes exist as natural populations that are dependent upon particular environmental conditions and that vary in population density between the absolute minimum numbers that have permitted survival to relatively dense populations that may approach or even temporarily exceed the carrying capacity of the habitat. Each species may also have an upper species-typical limit on population density, or "saturation point," which is independent of the carrying capacity of the habitat but which may be determined by such social adaptations as territorial requirements or individual distance characteristics. Within crane populations, individual birds or families remain within home ranges or …

Cranes Of The World: Epilogue, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

And as wee see strange Crane are won’t to doe
First stalke a while ere they their wings can finde,
Then soare from ground not past a yard or two,
Till in their wings they gathered have the winde;
At last they mount the very cloudes unto,
Trianglewise according to their kind.
-Topsell, 1972

Cranes Of The World: Hooded Crane (Grus Monachus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
None in general English use; Huan-has (Chinese); Grue-moine (French); Monchskranich (German); Nabe-zuru (Japanese); Chernyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla capachina (Spanish).

Range:
Breeding range not well known, but currently known to breed only in a few isolated areas of the USSR, including the Ussuri River and the lower Amur, in the basin of the middle reaches of the Vilyuy, and in the Olekma-Chara uplands. Breeding probably also occurs in the upper Nizhnaya Tunguska River and its tributary the Nyepa, along the Chona River, in the lower Amur along the In and Mukhen rivers, in the basin of the Evur …

Cranes Of The World: 2. Individualistic And Social Behavior, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Like all higher organisms, cranes perform a variety of behavior patterns throughout their lives that have evolved to fulfill diverse functions. Much of their time is spent in self-directed activities necessary to maintain life and health. These individualistic or "egocentric" activities include such fundamental behaviors as breathing, eating, defecation, drinking, and sleeping or resting. Other activities, while not vital to life, are usually performed during "leisure time"; these include preening, shaking, stretching, oiling, and other actions that fall within a general umbrella of "comfort" activities. Still other activities, such as foraging and the seeking of shelter, result in aggregations of …

Cranes Of The World: Japanese Crane (Grus Japonensis), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Manchurian crane, Redcrowned crane; Tan-ting ho, Hsien-ho (Chinese); Grue de Mandchourie (French); Mandschuren- Kranich (German): Tancho, Tozuro (Japanese); Manshuskiy zhuravl, Ussuriskii zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanc (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in northeastern Mongolia on the border of Manchuria (Hahlin Basin) and eastwards through northern and central Manchuria to Lake Khanka and along the Ussuri to its mouth, and in the middle Amur Valley west to the Bureya or Gorin River. An essentially resident population also occurs in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. The continental population is migratory, wintering in Korea and in eastern China (north of the Gulf of Chihli, and …

Cranes Of The World: Origins Of Scientific And Vernacular Names Of Cranes, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Origins of scientific and vernacular names of cranes

Cranes Of The World: References, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

The following list of more than 400 references is by no means a complete bibliography of cranes, but does include a few titles that for various reasons were not specifically cited in the text. Walkinshaw's (1973) monograph contains a large number of citations not found in the present list, and he additionally has recently (1981c) updated and supplemented his earlier bibliography. All told, his two citation lists include nearly 2,500 citations. Nearly 40 percent of the 1973 list deals with the whooping crane, 20 percent with the sandhill crane, 15 percent with the Eurasian crane, and 8 percent with the …

Cranes Of The World: Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Canadian crane, Little brown crane; Grue du Canada (French); Kanadischer Kranich (German); Kanada-zuru (Japanese): Kanadaski zhuravl (Russian); Grulla del Canada (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in extreme northeastern Siberia and in North America from Alaska to Baffin Island, south to northeastern Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Additional nonmigratory populations exist in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. The migratory races winter from California and Baja California eastward to New Mexico, Texas, and Florida. The breeding range was formerly much more extensive in the United States, extending south to Nebraska, Indiana, and Ohio.

Cranes Of The World: Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Sharpe's crane; Khur-sang, Korchan (Assam); Grue antigone tropicale, Grue á collier (French); Sarus-kranich, Halsbandkranich (German); Saras, Sirhans (Hindi); O-O zuru (Japanese); Belyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanco cue110 (Spanish).

Range:
Resident in northern India, east to Burma, on the Malay Peninsula, and in Indo-Chinese countries, and in northern Australia. Probably extirpated from the Philippine Islands, and perhaps also from Burma, Thailand, and Malaysia.

Cranes Of The World: Siberian Crane (Bugeranus Leucogeranus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Siberian white crane, Asiatic White Crane; Grue nonne, Grue blanche d'Asie (French); Nonnenkranich, Schnee-Kranich, Weisse indische Kranich (German); Sod egura-zuru (Japanese); Sterch, Belyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla siberiana, Grulla blanco (Spanish).

Range:
Known breeding areas are currently only two. The first is from about the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh rivers north to the region of Berezovo, and the second is from the basin of the Indigirka (from its mouth south to the Moma River) west to the Khroma River and the lower Yana. Other possible breeding areas may extend the second range east to the lower …

Cranes Of The World: Wattled Crane (Bugeranus Carunculatus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Great African wattled crane; Grue caroncule (French); Glockenkranich, Klunkerkranich (German); Hooka Zuru (Japanese); Asbrikanskiy Sorodavachaty (Russian); Mothlathomo (Sotho, Sesuto); Grulla zarzo (Spanish); Makalanga (Zambian).

Range:
Resident in eastern and southern Africa, from Ethiopia in the north southward discontinuously through southern Tanzania (apparently absent from Kenya and northern Tanzania) and Mozambique to the Transvaal and Natal, and westward to southern Angola and Namibia (South West Africa), in the latter area breeding locally only. Now extirpated from Cape Province and Orange Free State, and probably declining elsewhere (West, 1976)

Cranes Of The World: White-Naped Crane (Grus Vipio), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Japanese white-necked crane; Ts-ang-kua (Chinese); Grue á cour blanc (French); Weissnacken-Kranich (German); Mana-zuru (Japanese); Dachkai zhuravl (Russian); Grulla de cuelle blanco (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds on the Transbaikalian steppes probably from the Onon and Argun rivers eastward through northwestern and central Manchuria to the southern Ussuri Valley, the basin of Lake Khanka, and in southwestern Ussuriland. Known recent breeding areas (Yamashina, 1978) include the marshlands around the central part of the Primorskiy Kraj (Maritime Territory), the middle drainage of the Amur River (from the upper Zeya to the Bureya and the Archara), and in northwestern Manchuria (Jaranton). Also …

Cranes Of The World: Whooping Crane (Grus Americana), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Whooper; Big white crane; Grue de Amerique, Grue blanche Americaine (French); Schreikranich, Trompeterkranich (German); Amerikanishiy krikpivy zhuravl (Russian); Grulla griteria, Grulla blanca (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in Wood Buffalo National Park, Northwest Territories. Migratory, wintering at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, coastal Texas. Formerly much more widespread, breeding south to North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois, and reported from as far west as Utah, east to Cape May New Jersey, and south to coastal Louisiana. Birds hatched from eggs recently transported to Grays Lake, southeastern Idaho, have been reared by greater sandhill cranes and now winter with them in …

Cranes Of The World: Black And White Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Black and white Photographs

1. West African crowned crane, adult. Photo by L. H. Walkinshaw.
2. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
3. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
4. Blue crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
5. Demoiselle crane, adult. Photo by author.
6. Wattled crane, adult incubating. Photo by W. Tarboton.
7. Wattled crane, adults at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
8. Siberian cranes, adults taking off. Photo by G. W. Archibald.
9. White-naped cranes, adults in flight. Photo by Eizi Takabayashi, courtesy International Crane Foundation. …

Cranes Of The World: Color Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Color photographs:

1. South African crowned crane, adult. Photo by K. B. Newman.
2. West African crowned crane, adults. Photo by author.
3. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. R. Tarboton.
4. Blue crane, adult incubating. Photo by K. B. Newman.
5. Blue crane, adults at nest. Photo by K. B. Newman.
6. Demoiselle crane, adult. Photo by author.
7. Wattled crane, adult incubating. Photo by W. R. Tarboton.
8. Wattled crane, adult. Photo by author.
9. Siberian crane, adult. Photo by author.
10. Siberian crane, adult. Photo by author.
11. Australian crane, adult. Photo by …

Cranes Of The World: 7. Endangered Species And Conservation, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Few families of birds, other than some associated with small island archipelagos, have such a large proportion of their species in danger of extinction as does the crane family. Of the 14 extant species of cranes, King (1979) regards two full species (whooping crane and Siberian crane) as endangered, three more (Japanese, hooded, and white-naped) as vulnerable, and the black-necked crane as of indeterminate status. Additionally, one race (the Mississippi) of the sandhill crane is classified as endangered, and the Cuban race is regarded as rare and local. Thus, more than a third of the world's crane species are currently …

Cranes Of The World: Eurasian Crane (Grus Grus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Common crane, Crane; Huiho (Chinese); Grue cendree (French); Kranich (German); Kuro-zuru, Kurotsuru (Japanese); Seryi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla comun (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in northern Eurasia from Scandinavia east to at least the Indigirka River, and probably to the Kolyma, and south to northern Germany, the Ukraine, the Kirghiz Steppes, Russian and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia, and northern Manchuria, with isolated colonies in the Dobrogea, Turkey, and Transcaucasia. Migratory, wintering in the Mediterranean region to northwestern and northeastern Africa, the Persian Gulf region, peninsular India, and from southern China to northern Indo- China, Burma, and Assam (Vaurie, 1965).

Cranes Of The World: Index, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

This index is limited to the English vernacular and Latin names of crane species and subspecies, including fossil terms. Complete indexing is limited to entries for the English vernacular names of species as used in this book. The principal account of each species or genus is indicated by italics.

Cranes Of The World: Key To The Species And Subspecies Of Cranes Of The World, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Key to the Families of Gruoidea
Key to Cranes of the World

Cranes Of The World: 3. Vocalizations, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Of all avian sounds, few have the power to catch the human imagination and thrill the senses as much as does the bugling of a flock of distant cranes. Leopold (1949) referred to the progressively louder sounds of an approaching flock of sandhill cranes as “a tinkling of little bells,” the “baying of some sweet-throated hound,” and finally as “a pandemonium of trumpets, rattles, croaks, and cries.” The Greeks called it “iangling,” and most recent writers have compared the calls of typical Grus cranes to trumpets or bugles. In doing so, they have inadvertently drawn attention to the similarity of …

Results Of The Eleventh International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery Grown In 1979, S. L. Kuhr, V. A. Johnson, P. J. Mattern, J. W. Schmidt

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins

This is the eleventh report of results from an International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery (IWWPN) organized in 1968 by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, under contract number AID/ta-C-1093 with the U.S. International Development Corporation, Agency for International Development. The Nursery was designed to (1) test the adaptation and stability of winter wheat cultivars in a range of latitudes, daylengths, fertility conditions, water management regimes, and disease complexes; (2) identify superior winter cultivars to serve as recipient genotypes for high protein and high lysine genes; (3) test the degree …

Water Conservation Of The Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys Ordii, W. Sue Fairbanks, David Greegor, Leonard Staudinger, Erik Bitterbaum

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) have long been known for their water-conserving abilities. Dipodomys ordii is the most widely distributed kangaroo rat in the United States and its range extends through many climates. Five D. ordii from the Nebraska Sand Hills were used in this experiment. The results of this study indicate that Dipodomys ordii is not independent of free water, but does have a urine concentrating ability comparable to D. merriami, a desert-dwelling species. The individuals showed variability in their response to water deprivation.

The Harold W. Manter Laboratory A National Resource Center For Parasitology, Mary Hanson Pritchard

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

On its tenth anniversary the Harold W. Manter Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum, was designated by the American Society of Parasitologists as one of four National Resource Centers for Parasitology in the United States. Collections include more than 80,000 lots of animal parasites many of which are primary types, more than 40,000 reprints, 250 taxonomic notebooks containing original and emended morphological descriptions of digenetic trematodes, runs of 18 parasitological journals, and books of historical and contemporary interest. Collections are of state, regional, national, and international scope, with special emphasis on marine parasitology. The Laboratory is fulfilling …

An Assessment Of The Nebraska City Power Station Impingement Effects Relative To The Fishery Dynamics Of The Missouri River, J. Patrick Rhone, I. Cherko, L. G. Harrow, Allen B. Schlesinger

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Pursuant to National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit No. NE 0111635, the Omaha Public Power District conducted an environmental monitoring program at the Nebraska City station. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of the station's cooling-water intake structure upon the aquatic biota of the Missouri River as required by Section 316(b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. It included a study of fishes impinged on the intake structure's six traveling screens. From 29 May 1979 to 31 May 1982, daily fish impingement sampling occurred at 1200 and 2400 ± 2 hr. One of the traveling screens, …

G83-652 Seeding And Renovating Alfalfa, Bruce Anderson, James T. Nichols

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses alfalfa production, including site selection and preparation, fertilization, variety selection, seeding, companion crops, stand management, weed control and stand renovation.

Alfalfa can produce more protein per acre than any other crop in Nebraska. Up to 100 percent of the protein needs of most livestock can be supplied by alfalfa in addition to large amounts of vitamins, minerals, and energy.

G83-664 Space Heaters: Safe Or Unsafe? (Revised June 1992), Gerald R. Bodman, David Morgan

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses safety problems associated with using space heaters, and provides precautions for use and recommendations on what to look for when purchasing one.

Space heaters or portable heaters--no matter what they are called--must be used correctly to avoid personal injury. Anyone using these heating devices should know about their wide range of safety problems.