Life Sciences Commons^™

Nitric Oxide And The Biological Cascades Underlying Increased Neurogenesis, Enhanced Learning Ability, And Academic Ability As An Effect Of Increased Bouts Of Physical Activity, Samuel Hunt, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 5(3) : 245-275, 2012. The consummate principle underlying all physiological research is corporeal adaptation at every level of the organism observed. With respect to humans, the body learns to function based on the external stimuli from the environment, beginning in the womb, throughout the developmental stages of life. Nitric Oxide (NO) appears to be the governor of the plasticity of several systems in mammals implicit in their proper development. It is the purpose of this review to describe the physiological pathways that lead to plasticity of not only the vasculature but also of the brain …

Exercise Ameliorates Disruption Of The Dystrophin-Associated Glycoprotein Complex And Fibrosis In The Aging Rat Heart, Yang Lee, Jeffrey M. Hord, Hyo-Bum Kwak, Jong-Hee Kim, John M. Lawler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) is localized and integrated into the cell membrane. The DGC provides a mechanical link between the cellular cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM). In cardiac muscle, disruption of DGC might be involved in mediating cardiac remodeling that occurs with aging, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß). Decorin is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan closely related to the DGC component that binds to collagen. Decorin reduces fibrosis via inhibition of TGF-ß and myofibroblast formation. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that exercise training (ET) would alleviate age-related disruption of localization in DGC proteins (dystrophin, α-syntrophin, and …

Influence Of Fitness And Adiposity On Melanocortin-1 And Melanocortin-3 Receptors On Monocytes., Matthew Unthank, Jonathan Woodson, Jason Butler, Gregory Bratton, James Barbee, Michael Chumley, Dennis Cheek, Joel Mitchell, Melody Phillips

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Purpose: While it is known that exercise improves health by reducing systemic inflammation, potential mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of fitness and adiposity on the anti-inflammatory melanocortin system as a potential mechanism by which exercise reduces inflammation. Methods: Forty-one men and women (35-55yr), who were free from cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, and not taking medications that affect inflammation, were recruited. Participants were questioned about exercise habits and medical history; then completed testing for body composition and aerobic fitness (VO₂max). Subjects were classified as lean/fit (LF, n=14), overweight/fit (OF, …

Changes In Markers Of Muscle Damage After Half-Ironman Triathlon, Marcos Bürger-Mendonça, Fernanda Coutinho Retondaro-Barbosa, Raquel Carius Da Silveira, Denisvaldo Vieira Silveira

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Triathlon is a unique endurance sport that comprises a sequential swim, swim-to cycle transition, cycle, cycle-to-run transition, and run. The aim of present was to analyze the effect of half-ironman triathlon over biochemistry parameters related of muscle damage. Six well-trained male amateurs’ triathletes who completed the 2004 half-ironman triathlon participated in the study. Blood samples from six athletes were collected before and immediately after the triathlon competition. Creatinine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Pre and post race values were compared by paired t-tests. Significant changes after triathlon completion were found for CK (P= 0.001) and LDH (P= …

Plasmatic E-Selectin Levels Were Decreased In Young Women With Metabolic Syndrome After Exercise Training, M Rosety-Rodriguez, I Rosety, G Fornieles-Gonzalez, J Meletis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) such as E-selectin are involved in the rolling, adhesion and extravasation of monocytes into the atherosclerotic plaque. Fortunately regular exercise may improve pro-inflammatory status in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Accordingly, this study was designed to determine the influence of exercise on soluble plasmatic E-selectin levels in women with metabolic syndrome. Sixty adult women with metabolic syndrome according to the criteria reported by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III volunteered for this study. Fourty-five were randomly included in experimental group to perform a 12-weeks aerobic training program, 3 days/week, consisting of warm up (10-min), …

Reduced Lipoperoxidation In High-Performance Athletes With Mental Retardation By A Mixed Protocol Based On Exercise And Supplementation, J F. Ordoñez, I Rosety, A Diaz, M A. Rosety

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Individuals with mental retardation generally present high levels of oxidative stress. Further it is widely accepted that high physical performance may be associated to oxidative damage. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the influence of a mixed protocol based on regular exercise and antioxidant supplementation in lipoperoxidation in athletes with mental retardation. Fifty-five high-performance athletes with mental retardation from Special Olympics volunteered for this study (21.6±1.8 years-old). Fourty were randomly included in experimental group to perform a 6-weeks protocol, including exercise (low-moderate intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast 3 times per week) and supplementation (1g ascorbic acid + 400 UI …

A Previous Note Regarding The Influence Of A 6-Weeks Mixed Protocol On Plasmatic Carbonyl Groups In High-Performance Athletes With Mental Retardation, J F. Ordonez, I Rosety, M Bernardi, A Diaz

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

It is widely accepted that high physical performance may be associated to oxidative damage. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the influence of a mixed protocol based on regular exercise and antioxidant supplementation in plasmatic carbonyl group content in athletes with mental retardation. Mainly if we take into account individuals with mental retardation generally present high levels of oxidative damage. Fifty-five high-performance athletes with mental retardation from Special Olympics volunteered for this study (21.6±1.8 years-old). Fourty were randomly included in experimental group to perform a 6-weeks protocol including exercise (low-moderate intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast 3 times per week) …

Exercise Improves Endothelial Dysfunction In Young Women With Metabolic Syndrome, G Fornieles-Gonzalez, I Rosety, J Meletis, M A. Rosety

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Recent studies have reported that regular exercise reduces pro-inflammatory biomarkers in women with metabolic syndrome. However, to date little information is available on the influence of exercise on endothelial dysfunction, despite its important role during the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Accordingly, this study was designed to determine the influence of exercise on soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) in women with metabolic syndrome. Sixty adult women with metabolic syndrome according to the criteria reported by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III volunteered for this study. Fourty-five were randomly included in experimental group to perform a 12-weeks aerobic …

Influences On Pulmonary And Muscular V’O2-Kinetics, Uwe Drescher, Uwe Hoffmann

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction

Muscular and respiratory V’O2-kinetics are influenced by many factors. At cellular level muscular V’O2 (V’O2musc) is affected by O2-delivery and O2-consumption. Further, these factors can be divided into muscle perfusion, capillary density, enzyme activity, mitochondrial proliferation, muscle fiber composition and some more.

Focusing on the difference between V’O2resp and V’O2musc the venous blood volume, the venous O2-stores and the dynamics of cardiac output can be identified as influences. These influences result in a time delay and a distortion of V’O2resp. Usually exercise step responses are used for estimating V’O2resp-kinetics. But it has to be recognized, that V’O2resp may be …

Impact Of Exercise Partner Attractiveness On Mood, Enjoyment, And Exertion, Thomas G. Plante, Sarah Gregg, Jaclyn Rubbo, Thomas Favero, Ashley Morisako, Jessica Cuadra

International Journal of Exercise Science

Social comparison theory was used to examine if males exercising with a female research confederate posing as either attractive or unattractive would alter their exercise mood, exertion, and enjoyment. A total of 101 college students (51 males and 51 females) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: biking alone, biking with an attractive female confederate, or biking with the same female confederate appearing unattractive. All participants were instructed to complete 20 minutes of exercise at 60%-70% of their maximum target heart rate. Standard exercise mood measures (e.g., Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List) were administered immediately prior to and immediately following …

A Call To (Physical) Activity, A Call To Action, Karen Richardson, Sam Baumgarten

Bridgewater Review

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Hsv-1 Infection On The Exercise-Induced Mobilization Of T-Cell Subsets, Emily C.P. Lavoy, J. Austin Bigley, Mark R. Morrison, Guillaume Spielmann, Jerrald L. Rector, Richard J. Simpson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Acute exercise mobilizes highly-differentiated memory and senescent T-cells into the blood compartment, which could have important implications for post-exercise immune surveillance. This response differs in individuals with latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (a herpesvirus), but it is unknown if other latent herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), also influence this exercise-induced immune response. As HSV-1 infects 50% of the US population, this could have implications for many athletes. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of an acute bout of exercise on the frequency and relative proportion of naïve, memory, and senescent T-cells in the peripheral blood in HSV-1 infected …

Cognitive Behavior Modification And Exercise + Group Counseling For Patients After Bariatric Surgery, Janet Buckworth, Caroline Carducci, Shirley Kindrick, Dean Mikami, Dara Schuster, Katharine Stough, Bradley Needleman

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The growing obesity epidemic is paralleled by an increasing number of bariatric surgeries. Patients lose significant weight within the first 12-18 months post-surgery with corresponding resolution of many co-morbidities. However, weight loss stabilizes after 18-24 months and 50% or more of patients eventually regain weight (Bond, Phelan, Leahey, Hill, & Wing, 2009; Magro, et al., 2008). Weight regain after loss is associated with return of co-morbidities and deteriorations in health-related quality of life and mood (Karlsson, Taft, Ryden, Sjostrom, & Sullivan, 2007). The purpose of this pilot study was to analyze the effects of a post-surgical behavioral plus counseling intervention …

A Phenomenological Investigation Of Women's Experiences With Personal Training, Melissa N. Madeson, Cherilyn Hultquist, Amy Church, Leslee A. Fisher

International Journal of Exercise Science

Personal training is a rapidly growing industry in a country that is in dire need of physical fitness and health improvements. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to better understand women’s experiences with personal training. To address the research question, eight female participants ages 24 to 54 years were interviewed using the following phenomenological question: “When you think about your current experience with personal training what stands out for you?” The interviews were conducted, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed to identify themes in participants’ responses. The ground that emerged was positive experience within which existed four figural themes: Relationships, trainer …

Delayed Wound Healing: Can Exercise Accelerate It?, K Todd Keylock, Hilary Young

International Journal of Exercise Science

Poorly healing wounds affect millions around the world, yet preventive methods and low-cost, effective treatments are few. Wounds heal quickly through well-coordinated phases in those who are healthy and active but can become chronically nonhealing as a result of disease and inactivity. Recently it has been reported that moderate aerobic exercise accelerated healing rates in the aged. High levels of inflammation are known to delay wound healing, and aging and disease are associated with chronically increased inflammation. Therefore, exercise may help speed healing by reducing inflammation to healthier levels not only in the aged, but also in other populations with …

Effect Of The E3 Fitness Grips On Running Economy, Julie A. Szabo*, Brian B. Parr‡, Jarod A. Holt*, Christopher M. Dewitt‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

Int J Exerc Sci 3(2) : 64-67, 2010. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the E3 Fitness Grips (BioGrip, Inc., Rancho Cordova, CA) on running economy, as measured by oxygen uptake (VO2), and heart rate (HR) during submaximal treadmill running. Eleven subjects, seven female and four male, completed a submaximal running test on a treadmill while VO2 and HR were measured continuously. After achieving steady-state at a speed and grade that elicited a VO2 equivalent to 70% VO2max, the subjects ran for five minutes holding the E3 Fitness Grips (G) and five minutes without the …

The Impact Of Latent Cmv Infection On Nk-Cell Mobilization And Expression Of Klrg1 And Cd57 In Response To Acute Exercise., Austin B. Bigley, Guillaume Spielmann, Jerrald L. Rector, Richard J. Simpson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic effectors of the innate immune system that are able to distinguish healthy autologous cells from tumors and virally infected cells. NK-cells kill the targeted cells by releasing cytotoxic proteins, a process that is governed by inhibitory surface receptors, such as KLRG1. Additionally, activated NK-cells are able to proliferate in response to immunological stimuli, a process that is inhibited in NK-cells expressing the senescence marker CD57. Acute bouts of exercise are known to mobilize NK cells into the blood compartment, which could alter immunity; however, whether or not exercise alters NK-cell KLRG1 and CD57 expression …

Psychosocial Correlates Of Physical Activity In Children And Adolescents In A Rural Community Setting, Kelly Crimi†, Larry D. Hensley‡, Kevin J. Finn‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between selected psychosocial factors and the physical activity behaviors of children (grade 4-8) and adolescents (grades 9-12) in a rural community setting. The Children’s Physical Activity Scale (CPAC)was used to measure the psychosocial factors of physical activity, The Physical Activity Questionnaire-Children (PAQ-C), and Physical Activity Questionnaire-Adolescents (PAQ-A) were used to measure the physical activity behaviors of the 167 participants. Results indicated that male and female physical activity behaviors were not significantly different. However, physical activity declined with age [F(8,147) = 5.44, p < 0.05, ES = 0.23]. All psychosocial factors were significantly correlated with physical activity in youth with the single highest correlation for males being “liking of exercise” (r = .61) and the highest correlation for females was “liking of games and sports”(r = .44). Stepwise regression analyses identified three subscales (liking of games and sport, liking of exercise, and parental support) in a significant prediction model of physical activity in both genders. The results indicate that children's physical activity is associated with a variety of psychosocial variables that represent import predisposing and reinforcing factors.

Predictors Of Adl Disability In Culturally Diverse Older Adults, Fernanda Winchester†, Rebecca Ellis‡, Maria Kosma‡, Katie E. Cherry‡, Priscilla D. Allen‡, Pamela A. Monroe‡, Robert H. Wood‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to utilize the disablement pathway model to examine the contribution of physical function, dyspnea, and pain to disability in activities-of-daily-living (ADL) in culturally diverse older adults. Participants were 51 older adults (age = 69.0 years ± 9.7; 76.5% African-American, 51.0% < high school education, 52.9% < $20,000 annual income) from an urban community center and an independent living housing facility for seniors. Participants completed the Functional Status Index (FSI), which provides ratings of need for assistance (FSIA) and pain (FSIP) with ADL, the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance 10-item Test (CS-PFP10), and an analog dyspnea scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that facility, physical function, pain, and dyspnea accounted for 50.5% of the variance in disability and that pain (β = .43, p < .01) and physical function (β = -.39, p < .01) were the only significant predictors. In the second model, facility, dyspnea, and pain explained 27.6% of the variance in physical function, and facility (β = .39, p < .01) and dyspnea (β = -.26, p = .05) were the only significant predictors. Based on the disablement pathway model, physical functional improvement and pain prevention and management should be targeted when designing culturally appropriate strategies for delaying disability and maintaining independent life.

Anthropometric And Physiological Predictors Of Flat-Water 1000 M Kayak Performance In Young Adolescents And The Effectiveness Of A High Volume Training Camp., Scott C. Forbes†, Daniel L. Fuller†, Joel R. Krentz†, Jonathon P. Little†, Phillip D. Chilibeck‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

Our purpose was to determine the relationship of anthropometric and physiological variables with 1000m flat-water kayak (K1000) performance. A secondary purpose was to determine the effectiveness of a high volume training camp. High performance young adolescent kayakers (n=13, 8 males, 5 females, 15±1 yrs) participated in this study. Testing before and after the 3-4 week training camp included anthropometric measurements (height, sitting height, arm span, and body mass), strength (1-RM: bench press and bench pull), flexibility (sit and reach), and an incremental kayak ergometer test to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and anaerobic threshold, and an open water K1000 time …

Short-Term Changes In Ldl Density And Lipoprotein Particle Number In Trained Men After 3 Different Modes Of Exercise, Jonathan M. Oliver

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Short-Term Changes in LDL Density and Lipoprotein Particle Number in Trained Men After 3 Different Modes of Exercise Jonathan M. Oliver, Steven E. Martin, Shawn P. Glowacki, Wade Womack, John S. Green, FACSM, and Stephen F. Crouse, FACSM, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, (Sponsor: S. F. Crouse) PURPOSE: To determine the short-term changes in LDL density and lipoprotein particle number after three different modes of exercise in trained men. METHODS: Twenty seven subjects were randomly assigned to complete either (resistance [RE], endurance [EE], or combination resistance/endurance [CE]) exercise. Fasting blood samples were obtained 24 h before (baseline) and 24 h …

Changes In Pparδ Protein Content Following Acute Aerobic Exercise In Human Vastus Lateralis Muscle., Nicholas P. Greene, Mats I. Nilsson, Bradley S. Lambert, Steven E. Riechman, James D. Fluckey, Stephen F. Crouse

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PPARδ is a transcription factor which functions in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, and may be implicated as a therapeutic target for several metabolic diseases. Exercise training has previously been shown to increase PPARδ protein content, but the response of PPARδ to acute exercise is not yet understood. PURPOSE: To explore changes in PPARδ protein content following an acute bout of aerobic exercise in untrained obese adults. METHODS: 8 men and 4 women participated in the study. Subjects’ mean age, weight, VO2MAX (Bruce treadmill GXT), and body composition (DEXA) were 44 yr, 93.2 kg, 28.2 mL/kg/min, and 40.5% …

Influence Of Caloric Expenditure On Postprandial Triglyceride And Glucose Responses Following A High-Carbohydrate Meal, James Rowe, Heidi Bistrup, Kelley Henry, Melinda Villarreal, Kyle D. Biggerstaff, Vic Ben-Ezra

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Purpose: To examine the effects of aerobic exercise expending 350 and 700 kcal of energy on postprandial triglyceride (Tg) and glucose responses following a high carbohydrate (CHO) meal. Methods: Non-active individuals (n=9 women/4 men; age=22.8±3.7 yrs; Ht=169±10.4 cm; Wt=75.7± 22.4 kg; BMI=26.1±5.8 kg/m2; VO2 max=34.1±6.9 ml/kg/min) completed three trials in a random order: 1) control trial, 2) single exercise session expending 350 kcal (EX350), and 3) single exercise session expending 700 kcal (EX700). Exercise consisted of treadmill walking at 60% VO2 max until 350 and 700 kcal of energy had been expended. The control session consisted of seated rest. The …

Exercise Induced Alterations In Rat Monocyte Number, Morphology, And Function, Marcia Guereschi†, Jonato Prestes‡, Felipe Donatto‡, Rodrigo Dias‡, Anelena Frollini‡, Clílton Ferreira‡, Claudia Cavaglieri‡, Adrianne Palanch‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to verify the histophysiological alterations in monocytes and macrophages induced by short periods of exercise. Male Wistar rats (age = 2 months, body weight = 200g) were divided into seven groups (N=6 each): sedentary control (C), groups exercised (swimming) at low intensity for 5 (5L), 10 (10L), and 15 minutes (15L), and groups exercised at moderate intensity for 5 (5M), 10 (10M) or 15 minutes (15M). At moderate intensity the animals carried a load of 5% of body weight on their backs. Blood monocytes were evaluated for quantity and morphology, and peritoneal macrophages were …