Life Sciences Commons^™

A Study Of The Comparative Effects Of Titanium Dioxide On Paper Brightness And Opacity When Used As Filler Versus Its Use As A Coating Mineral, James M. Crandall

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Because of the fact, that advertisements printed on bright papers have the most appeal, and papers printed on both sides must have absence of show-through, brightness and opacity have become important variables in paper making.

Titanium dioxide used a a filler or as a coating mineral will cause an increase in paper opacity and brightness. Because titanium dioxide is expensive, it is important to know how it can be used (as filler or coating) to the best advantage.

Objective

The purpose of this project is to compare the optical gains (opacity and brightness) imparted to paper by using titanium …

A Comparison Of The Coating Properties Of Domestic Clays To English Clays, Suzanne K. Love

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Objective

The objective of this thesis was to compare the coating properties of the English and domestic clays. Specifically, it was intended to note which set of clays excelled, if either, in the various properties tested. Furthermore, it would be observed from the results in which properties the primary clays (English) and the secondary clays (domestic) were in close agreement. The experimental work was designed to eliminate as many variables as possible with the exception of the type of clay used.

The Development Of A New Staining Technique For The Colorimetric Identification Of Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Fibers, John F. Kratochvil

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A new staining technique has been developed for the colorimetric separation of unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers from other types of fibers. It involves the use of two reagents, a 2% solution by weight of p-nitroaniline in 3N HCl and Herzbergs stain. The former solution is applied to the fibers, the excess is removed, and Herzberg stain is applied. This process will produce an orange color on groundwood, a brownish green color on unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers, and a color on chemical fibers and bleached neutral sulfite semichemical hardwood fibers that will vary from blue to deep purple, depending …

The Effect Of Brush Vs Supercalendar Finishing On The Optical And Surface Properties Of Paper, Jerold J. Winzenz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the demanding and ever-changing area of paper finishing a new and relatively unpublicized operation has appeared. The operation is one of brush finishing, where a high-speed cylindrical bristle brush is employed continuously against a paper web in order to develop desirable surface properties. The principle involved is a simple low-pressure polishing action not unlike shining one’s shoes. The performance of this new method, however, is obscure due to the absence of published information on the subject in available literature.

Through local industry a portable laboratory model brush finisher was made available to the Paper Technology Department of Western Michigan …

The Relation Between Separate Refining And Mixed Refining On The Strength Properties Of Paper, Doug Bockstanz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Object

The purpose of this work is to determine whether or not a significant difference in the strength characteristics of paper made from two pulps is obtained if the pulps are refined separately as compared to pulps refined together. The direction and magnitude of any difference is also desired.

The Effect Of Surface Sizing With Starch On Tensile & Tear, Prem K. Kapur

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This survey of literature concerning surface sizing has been undertaken in an effort to compile in one paper the importance of surface sizing on strength properties, particularly tensile and tear.

The use of starch in the modification of surface characteristics of a writing medium may actually be older than the art of paper manufacture itself. A considerable amount of literature on surface sizing showing the effect on surface improvements of the paper sheet is available, but very little work has been undertaken to study the effect of surface sizing on tensile and tear.

Both their strength properties increased on surface …

The Influence Of Cellulose, Lignins, And Organic Compounds On Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Dale Phenicie

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D. as it is commonly called) is the oxygen, in parts per million, required during stabilization of the decomposable organic matter by aerobic bacterial action.

This thesis represents work done to find out what, if any, B.O.D. is exerted by cellulose, lignins, and other organic materials found in paper and pulp mill effluents.

The Severity Of Refiner Action Upon Pulp Strength Indexes, Thomas A. Wilson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Using the ball mill as the refining tool and five different strength developing materials, an investigation was made of the mechanism of fiber strength development.

The various degrees of refining drasticness were obtained by using each of the five materials, and the burst and tear tests and burst times tear factor were used as the strength indexes for determining the various degrees of refining.

The Potential Of A Pulp And Paper Industry In The State Of West Virginia, James W. Clay

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

West Virginia is traditionally a wood-producing state. Approximately 64 per cent of its land area is classified as commercial forest, and it has ranked as one of the nation’s top four producers of hardwood lumber for the past century.

A long-term failure of the state has been its inability to attract secondary wood industries into the area. The major portion of lumber produced in the state has been sent to outside concerns for further manufacturing and processing. In the past decade only about 18 per cent of the lumber produced in West Virginia was used for manufacture within the state. …

Filler Distribution As Effected By Drainage Rate And Volume, James Joseph Beer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Much work has been going on in the development of increased retention of titanium dioxide. This thesis will investigate retention of titanium dioxide and drainage rates on the distribution of titanium dioxide.

The retention of titanium dioxide will be understood a little better if conditions having known effects on retention are stated. Literature states that retention of fillers increases with increased basis weight, (2) increased beating of the pulp, (1) with increased alum to a limit, (1) and decreases with interrelated machine conditions such as increased speed, vacuum in the suction boxes, and length of wire and shake. (1)

An Evaluation Of Phosphates As Dispersing Agents In The Deinking Of Catalogue Wastepaper By Flotation, Leif Christensen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Employing a Wemco three liter laboratory flotation cell and using the dispersing agent as the independent variable erratic trends suggested that trisodium phosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate increase the brightness gain in froth flotation deinking and that trisodium phosphate promotes higher brightness gains than tetrasodium pyrophosphate in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 percent, (based on oven dry wastepaper). Conclusions could not be drawn for other salts evaluated and also are definitely not decisive for the two salts described. With a material like wastepaper it is difficult, even with the best endeavor to composit the sample, to obtain a large number …

Vegetative Propagation Of Aspen By Greenwood Cuttings, Robert Edward Farmer Jr.

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Trees Of Western Australia. 101. The Salt River Mallett (Eucalyptus Sargentii Maiden). 102. The Two-Winged Gimley (Eucalyptus Diptera C.). 103. Eucalyptus Burdettiana Blakely Et Steedman. 104. The Moort (Eucalyptus Platypus Hook), Charles Austin Gardner

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

WITH the ever-increasing spread of salt in certain poorly-drained soils in Western Australia, any plant which tends to restrict salt encroachment is of considerable economic importance.

In the genus Eucalyptus there are a few trees which will withstand a certain degree of soil salinity.

A Description And Classification, By Composition, Of The Aspen Stands In The Sierra Madre Mountains, Wyoming, Kieth E. Severson

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Ecological Aspects Of Air Pollution From An Iron Sintering Plant At Wawa, Ontario, A.G. Gordon, E. Gorham

Aspen Bibliography

At Wawa, in northern Ontario, vegetation has been damaged severely by sulphur dioxide pollution from an iron-sintering plant. Damage is mainly restricted to a narrow strip northeast from the sinter plant, since southwest winds are strongly predominant. It is traceable from the air for at least 20 mile in this direction and is estimated as severe within 11 miles and very severe within 5 miles. Within about 10 miles NE, from the sinter plant ground flora variety declines markedly, from about 20-40 species per 40 square meter quadrat beyond this distance to 0-1 species within 2 miles of the pollution …

Insect Pests Of Forests. 3. The Tuart Bud Weevil And The Gregarious Gall Weevil, Clee Francis Howard Jenkins

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

THE group of beetles commonly known as weevils contains some of the most troublesome of all insect pests.

The best known is probably the wheat weevil, but many other forms attack stored products and growing plants.

The Effect Of Fiber Distribution Upon Stiffness Of Paper Board, Jon D. Hamelink

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This problem was approached by making multiply handsheets in the laboratory with various equicaliper ply arrangements of bleached sulfite pulp and overissue news, testing these sheets under standard conditions, and analyzing the data.

The handsheets were made by passing two Noble and Wood formed fiber mats placed face to face through an unlocked wet press. After removal of a forming wire a third ply could be added, followed by a second wet pressing. Upon constructing the sheet in this manner final wet pressing was accomplished by passing the multiply sheet through the loaded wet press. Sheets so formed were dried …

The Effect Of Drying Conditions On The Surface Strength Of Clay Coated Paper, Lawrence A. Gaspar

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The importance of the continuous-film forming properties of the polymer via fusion upon heating is second to none. Yasuda states that it depends on the probability of two particles coalescing upon the application of heat versus the acceleration of the rate of removal of the disperse medium from the coating. Naturally it would seem that excessive rates of drying would not permit the adhesive to fuse, but it may also alter the distribution of adhesive throughout the coating in either case. Eames has suggested the effects of certain variables on the distribution of starch in starch-clay coatings, but the fact …

Two Stage Peroxide-Borohydride Bleaching Of Cold Soda Pulp, Valerie A. S. Estes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Survey of Literature

Introduction

Since the development of cold soda pulping in the early 1950's, the search for suitable bleaching methods has been of primary concern. Cold soda pulp is dark brown in color and resists the bleaching action of most chemicals. Marton (1) suggests that this brown discoloration of hardwood cold soda pulp is due to a material in the cells of the wood, primarily in the heartwood. These substances, which have not been identified, are not the same as lignin but probably develop in a similar manner.

The chemicals most often used in bleaching hardwood cold soda pulps …

Effect Of Pulping Time On The Chemical Composition Of Cold Soda Pulp, Timothy K. Estes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Literature Survey

Introduction

The cold soda pulping process was developed by the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, around 1950. It is a high yield process in which wood chips are softened by reacting with sodium hydroxide and then defiberized by mechanical refining. The yield is usually between 80%-95%.

Cold soda pulps with the following characteristics were used for this literature survey: The yields were between 80%-95%. The pulping temperatures were less than 40°C. The pulping operations were conducted under atmospheric pressure.

An Investigation Of The Influence Of Shearing Forces On Pulp Strength, Ronald O. Luedeke

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis attempts to determine the importance of shearing forces in the strength development of a pulp.

Theoretically, if these shearing forces are able to flex the fibers and thereby reduce their stiffness, it follows that more intimate fiber to fiber contact will result with a related higher bonded area and consequent increased paper strength.

The pulp was subjected to the shearing forces in a Day sigma blade kneader at a high consistency. The treatment time was increased in sequence in an attempt to obtain the maximum strength development these shearing forces could produce.

The work certainly demonstrated that shearing …

The Effect Of Structure On The Stiffness Of Cylinder Board, Nelson D. Woodruff

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study the effect of board structure on the stiffness of cylinder board. This area was chosen as stiffness is one of the most important attributes of cylinder board and the literature survey revealed that very little work has been done in this area.

A new method for making multi-ply boards in the laboratory was developed. These boards were made in the British Sheet Machine under constant head and avoided the problems associated with wet-pressing individual plies together. This method was found to give reproduceable results.

At certain compositions, multi-ply boards made with kraft …

The Effect Of Range Condition Upon The Production, Nutritive Intake And Digestibility Of Desert Range Forage In Southwestern Utah, J. Kent Taylor

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The 65 million acres of winter range in the Intermountain region furnish forage for about five million sheep and four million cattle each winter for approximately six months. These arid ranges are well suited for winter grazing, and are of paramount importance to the livestock industry. Many of these ranges were fully stocked by 1900 and as livestock continued to increase, many winter ranges were seriously over-grazed (Hutchings and Stewart, 1953). Today many of these ranges remain in a deteriorated condition. Forage production has decreased and desirable plants have been replaced by less desirable species.

Little is known about the …

The Rate Of Weakening Of Paper Due To An Applied Stress, Emmett F. Finley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

When a load is applied to a sheet of paper, the paper may break immediately or it may support the load for some period of time. It is recognized that the paper, while under a stress less than that required to cause immediate break, is weakened until it is finally unable to support the stress. Since in the normal use of paper the stress to which paper is subjected is less than that needed to cause immediate break this weakening is an important factor in many cases.

A few examples of such cases are the winding of the paper …

Honey Flora Calendar For April, R S. Coleman

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A list of Flora available in April

Honey Flora Calendar For July, R S. Coleman

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A guide to Flora available to Honey Bees this month.

Honey Flora Calendar For February, R S. Coleman

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A look at some honey plants available in February

The Coolgardie Honey Flow, R S. Coleman

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

DURING October-November, 1961, a new area for honey was found in the Coolgardie district. Many hundreds of tons of honey were extracted.

This honey had a choice flavour, and was light amber in colour—in fact it was honey of very high export grade.

Plant Diseases : Armillaria Root Rot Of Fruit Trees, R F. Doepel

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Armillaria root rot is a fungal disease capable of causing serious damage to both young and established orchards.

Although outbreaks are usually localised, eradication of the fungus and replacement of affected trees can involve the grower in considerable expense. For new plantings, thorough clearing of the land is recommended for preventing losses from this disease.

Trees Of Western Australia. 95. Carne's Blackbutt (Eucalyptus Carnei C.A. Gardn.). 96. Cleland's Blackbutt (Eucalyptus Clelandii Maiden), Charles Austin Gardner

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Named after the late Walter Mervyn Carne, a former Economic Botanist and Plant pathologist of the Department of Agriculture in Western Australia, this species was discovered at Sandstone by the writer in July, 1927, and subsequently collected in August 1961.