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G77-367 Cost Components Of The Farm-Retail Price Spread For Beef, Allen Wellman
G77-367 Cost Components Of The Farm-Retail Price Spread For Beef, Allen Wellman
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
The farm-retail spread for beef is the difference between the retail price of 1 pound of Choice beef and the farm value of live Choice steer, less the value of the by-products (hide, tallow, etc.).
This NebGuide discusses the trends, costs and profits, problems of price spreads.
G77-339 Price Spreads For Beef And Pork, Allen C. Wellman
G77-339 Price Spreads For Beef And Pork, Allen C. Wellman
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
The price spreads for beef and pork are determined by calculating the differences between prices at three marketing levels: farm (live animals), wholesale (carcass or wholesale cuts), and retail (average of retail cuts). Three price spreads, farm-wholesale, wholesale-retail, and farm-retail can be estimated from these prices. Farm-to-retail price spreads for beef and pork represent the total marketnig charges for processing and distribution from farm gate through retail counter and are discussed in this NebGuide.
G77-363 Vitamin Requirements Of Beef Cattle, Paul Q. Guyer
G77-363 Vitamin Requirements Of Beef Cattle, Paul Q. Guyer
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Vitamins are organic substances that are required in very small quantities for various metabolic functions. Twenty-five to 30 have been identified, but cattle can synthesize all that are needed of these vitamins in the rumen except for two or three. Even though the supplemental amounts needed of these two or three vitamins (A and possibly D and E) are quite small, a deficiency can have a drastic effect on the animal. The NebGuide discusses these effects.
G77-350 Mineral Nutrition Of Range Beef Cattle, Marvin W. Heeney
G77-350 Mineral Nutrition Of Range Beef Cattle, Marvin W. Heeney
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Minerals play a very important role in the well-being of the range beef herd. Minerals are essential for practically all of the metabolic functions of the beef animals. Minerals are classified as 1) major and 2) minor or trace. The major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulfur. The trace minerals include copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, manganese and zinc.
Each mineral is discussed here in terms of its function, deficiency symptoms and availability in the range beef cattle diet.
G77-355 A Guide For The Control Of Flies In Nebraska Feedlots And Dairies (Revised March 1990), John B. Campbell
G77-355 A Guide For The Control Of Flies In Nebraska Feedlots And Dairies (Revised March 1990), John B. Campbell
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Flies, especially stable and house flies, can create serious and costly problems for feedlot and dairy operations. This publication describes several methods for control.
Several species of flies may be in confined livestock facilities during summer. The stable and house fly are the most serious pests. Blow flies also may be present if molasses is in the diet. Horn flies--small blood-feeding flies--may be present in early spring. These flies overwinter as pupae in or near manure pats in range or pasture. If cattle are not present in the grassland when horn flies emerge, they will migrate to confinement cattle. Normally, …
G77-336 Coccidiosis Of Cattle, Donald L. Ferguson
G77-336 Coccidiosis Of Cattle, Donald L. Ferguson
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
This NebGuide contains information on the identification, treatment, and prevention of coccidiosis in cattle.
Coccidiosis continues to be one of the major disease problems for cattle producers. It is caused by microscopic, one-celled parasites, chiefly of the genus Eimeria. Twenty-one species of Eimeria have been reported in cattle. Only two, Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii, are regularly associated with clinical infections in the field.
G77-372 Water Requirements For Beef Cattle, Paul Q. Guyer
G77-372 Water Requirements For Beef Cattle, Paul Q. Guyer
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Water requirements of cattle are influenced by a number of physiological and environmental conditions. These include such things as the rate and composition of gain, pregnancy, lactation, physical activity, type of ration, salt and dry matter intake, and environmental temperature.
The minimum requirement of cattle for water is a reflection of that needed for body growth, for fetal growth or lactation, and of that lost by excretion in the urine, feces, or sweat or by evaporation from the lungs or skin. Anything influencing these needs or losses will influence the minimum requirement.
G77-371 Nebraska Livestock Market Outlets, Allen Wellman
G77-371 Nebraska Livestock Market Outlets, Allen Wellman
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
These are 629 outlets in Nebraska where one or more species of livestock may be sold. This does not include special sales by breed associations and livestock shows.
This NebGuides discusses the major types of livestock market outlets which are: terminal markets, local markets, auctions, dealers and/or order buyers and slaughter plants.
G76-307 Bull Selection, Robert Taylor
G76-307 Bull Selection, Robert Taylor
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
The primary functions of the bull in a beef management program are two-fold: (1) contribute to the production of live calves and (2) contribute to the genetic improvement of economically important traits.
This NebGuide discusses how to select bulls to improve your herd.
G76-321 Use Of Energy Values In Ration Formulation, Paul Q. Guyer
G76-321 Use Of Energy Values In Ration Formulation, Paul Q. Guyer
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
This NebGuide contains information on the use of high energy values in ration formulation.
Ruminants digest feedstuffs primarily by fermentation in the rumen. This allows ruminant animals to use both roughages and grains as sources of carbohydrates for energy. Part of the carbohydrates pass through the rumen and are digested in the abomasum and small intestine. Most carbohydrates in feeds are converted to either acetic, propionic or butyric acid by rumen bacteria and protozoa. These short chain fatty acids are then absorbed through the rumen wall into the blood stream and eventually are used for energy in body tissue.
G74-136 Grain Sorghum Processing For Beef Cattle, Rick Stock, Terry L. Mader
G74-136 Grain Sorghum Processing For Beef Cattle, Rick Stock, Terry L. Mader
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
This NebGuide discusses the feeding value of grain sorghum relative to corn and various grain processing methods for grain sorghum.
It has been widely recognized that grain sorghum (milo) must be processed to be efficiently used by finishing cattle. Grain sorghum shows more improved utilization from processing than corn, wheat and barley. Dry ground or rolled grain sorghum has a relative feeding value of 85% to 95% (avg 90%) of dry rolled corn. Processing grain sorghum by more sophisticated methods (early harvesting, steam-flaking, etc.) greatly enhances its feeding value.
Chemical composition suggests that there should be less difference in the …
G74-170 Nitrates In Livestock Feeding (Revised July 1996), Richard J. Rasby, Bruce Anderson, Norman Schneider
G74-170 Nitrates In Livestock Feeding (Revised July 1996), Richard J. Rasby, Bruce Anderson, Norman Schneider
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Most forages contain some nitrates. When feeds containing nitrates are consumed by ruminants, nitrates are changed in the rumen to ammonia that is then converted by bacteria in the rumen into microbial protein. Nitrates are not always toxic to animals.
This NebGuide describes signs, causes, prevention and treatment of nitrate poisoning in livestock.
G74-170 Nitrates In Livestock Feeding, Richard J. Rasby, Rick Stock, Bruce Anderson, Norman R. Schneider
G74-170 Nitrates In Livestock Feeding, Richard J. Rasby, Rick Stock, Bruce Anderson, Norman R. Schneider
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
This NebGuide describes symptoms, causes, prevention and treatment of nitrate poisoning in livestock.
Nitrate poisoning in cattle occurred long before the use of nitrogen fertilizers. In the late 1800s there were reports of cornstalk poisoning in Nebraska, and nitrate poisoning from oat hay in North and South Dakota and from weeds in the high-organic matter soils in Florida and Wisconsin.
Nitrate concentrations in feeds for livestock depends more on plant species and environmental conditions prior to harvest than on the amount of available nitrogen in the soil.
G74-99 Estimating Corn And Sorghum Silage Value, Paul Q. Guyer, Douglas D. Duey
G74-99 Estimating Corn And Sorghum Silage Value, Paul Q. Guyer, Douglas D. Duey
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Arriving at fair and equitable prices for silage requires judgment and attention to detail.
Arriving at fair and equitable prices for silage requires judgment and attention to detail. The amount of grain and moisture contained have major influences on its feed value, and can be used to increase the accuracy of silage pricing.
Grain usually comprises 50 to 55 percent of the dry matter and produces 65 to 70 percent of the protein and energy value in corn varieties selected for grain production. On the other hand, silage varieties are more variable, with some having considerably lower grain yields and …
G74-149 Bloat Prevention And Treatment (Revised July 1996), Dale Grotelueschen, Richard J. Rasby, Don Hudson, Bruce Anderson
G74-149 Bloat Prevention And Treatment (Revised July 1996), Dale Grotelueschen, Richard J. Rasby, Don Hudson, Bruce Anderson
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Bloat is a form of indigestion marked by an excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen. Immediately after cattle consume a meal, the digestive process creates gases in the rumen. Most of the gases are eliminated by eructation (belching). Any interruption of this normal gas elimination results in gas accumulation or bloat.
This NebGuide discusses the types of bloat which may occur in cattle and methods to prevent and treat bloat.
G74-166 Creep Feeding Beef Calves, Richard J. Rasby, Ivan G. Rush, James A. Gosey
G74-166 Creep Feeding Beef Calves, Richard J. Rasby, Ivan G. Rush, James A. Gosey
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Effects of creep feeding calves are covered here. Gross income of the cow/calf enterprise is partially dependent on weaning weight of the calves. Three possible non-genetic ways of increasing calf weaning weight are to increase milk production of the dam, increase forage consumption of the calf, or provide supplemental feed to the calf to increase nutrient intake. Management practices exist to increase standing forage quality, but management of that grass for the calf only is difficult. Likewise, increasing milk production of the dam requires greater feed inputs and possibly supplemental feed. Creep feeding studies consistently have shown an increase in …
G74-100 Feeding High Moisture Corn, Terry L. Mader, Paul Q. Guyer, Rick Stock
G74-100 Feeding High Moisture Corn, Terry L. Mader, Paul Q. Guyer, Rick Stock
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
In recent years the use of high moisture grain has become more popular due to the increased costs of handling and dry feed grains. For cattle feeders in particular, storing grains as high moisture is one practice that can improve their competitive position and reduce costs. Using high moisture grains allows greater opportunity to design a system that will minimize harvest, storage and feed processing costs.
Grains such as sorghum and wheat have been stored as high moisture, but corn is the principal high moisture grain stored. High moisture corn can be processed and stored as whole shelled corn, ground …
G73-15 Handling Feed Moisture In Ration Formulation And Inventory Control (Revised December 1983), Paul Q. Guyer
G73-15 Handling Feed Moisture In Ration Formulation And Inventory Control (Revised December 1983), Paul Q. Guyer
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Nutritional quality control begins with knowing and adjusting for variation in the moisture content of feed ingredients. Moisture variations in feeds are almost always of more importance than variations in protein, mineral, and energy. Inventory control is affected by moisture content of feeds. Some feeds on hand are constantly changing in moisture content, and these changes frequently lead to financial losses when a price adjustment is not made for moisture losses.
G73-66 Mound Design For Feedlots, Paul Q. Guyer
G73-66 Mound Design For Feedlots, Paul Q. Guyer
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Shaping each feedlot pen to minimize mud problems is an important part of feedlot design.
Mud is our most costly weather hazard. Shaping each feedlot pen to minimize mud problems is an important part of feedlot design. While mud cannot be eliminated, proper shaping can reduce the number of days when it is a profit robber. And, proper shaping will also reduce the number of fly breeding areas within the pen, adding to summer comfort and gains. The cost is minimal at most locations if shaping is done before installing fencing, bunks, waterers and aprons.
Ec70-951 Swiss Fondue, Ethel Diedrichsen
Ec70-951 Swiss Fondue, Ethel Diedrichsen
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Cheese Fondue is a Swiss national dish which combines cheese and bread. In years past, quantities of bread and cheese were made during the winter for use throughout the year. Gradually, both became very hard. To make them more edible, the cheese was melted and the bread dunked in this mixture.
Fondue to served informally in a festive atmosphere. Each person spears a piece of crusty bread with a fork, going through the soft part first to secure the points in the crust. The bread is dunked in the fondue with a stirring motion.
This extension circular discusses the fondue …
Rb30-252 Sex And Age As Factors In Cattle Feeding, H.J. Gramlich, R.R. Thalman
Rb30-252 Sex And Age As Factors In Cattle Feeding, H.J. Gramlich, R.R. Thalman
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Varying economic conditions and changes in the demands of the meat consuming public have been responsible for the turns that have taken place in the beef industry during recent years. Both feeder and producer must recognize and conform to these changes if they are to continue in business. Among the most important of these changes have been the turn toward the marketing of lighter cattle and the gradual disappearance from feed lots of two- and three-year-old animals. Furthermore, the cattle population of the United States is fast reaching stabilization with the resulting effect that more heifers are being marketed, since …