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- Sorghum (4)
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- Giant ragweed (3)
- Henbit (3)
- Long-term fertility (3)
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- Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans (3)
Articles 61 - 90 of 101
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
East Central Kansas Experiment Field, Eric Adee
East Central Kansas Experiment Field, Eric Adee
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The research program at the East Central Kansas Experiment Field is designed to keep area crop producers abreast of technological advances in agronomic agriculture. Specific objectives are to 1) identify top performing varieties and hybrids of wheat, corn, soybean, and grain sorghum; 2) establish the amount of tillage and crop residue cover needed for optimum crop production; 3) evaluate weed and disease control practices using chemical, no chemical, and combination methods; and 4) test fertilizer rates, timing, and application methods for agronomic proficiency and environmental stewardship.
Kansas River Valley Experiment Field, Eric Adee
Kansas River Valley Experiment Field, Eric Adee
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The Kansas River Valley Experiment Field was established to study management and effective use of irrigation resources for crop production in the Kansas River Valley (KRV). The Paramore Unit consists of 80 acres located 3.5 miles east of Silver Lake on U.S. Highway 24, then 1 mile south of Kiro, and 1.5 miles east on 17th street. The Rossville Unit consists of 80 acres located 1 mile east of Rossville or 4 miles west of Silver Lake on U.S. Highway 24.
Weather Reports For Research Field Locations, M. Knapp
Weather Reports For Research Field Locations, M. Knapp
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Weather Reports for Research Field Locations in Kansas 2016: Ashland Bottoms, Belleville, Colby, Conway Springs, Ellsworth, Hays, Hutchinson, Manhattan, McPherson, Perry and Scandia.
Effect Of Residue Management, Row Spacing, And Seeding Rate On Winter Canola Establishment, Winter Survival, And Yield, B. M. Showalter, K. Roozeboom, M. J. Stamm, R. Figger
Effect Of Residue Management, Row Spacing, And Seeding Rate On Winter Canola Establishment, Winter Survival, And Yield, B. M. Showalter, K. Roozeboom, M. J. Stamm, R. Figger
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Winter survival of canola (Brassica napusL.) is a challenge for producers using high-residue, no-tillage, or reduced-tillage systems. An innovative residue management system being developed by AGCO Corporation was compared to cooperating canola producers’ residue management and planting methods in wheat stubble. This series of on-farm experiments was conducted in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 at ten locations in central and south-central Kansas. The AGCO treatments were 20- or 30-in. row spacing and three seeding rates (100,000, 150,000, and 200,000 seeds/a) for a total of six treatments. The producer treatment at each location included row spacing, seeding rate, and residue management …
Do Winter Canola Hybrids And Open-Pollinated Varieties Respond Differently To Seeding Rate?, B. M. Showalter, K. Roozeboom, M. J. Stamm, G. Cramer
Do Winter Canola Hybrids And Open-Pollinated Varieties Respond Differently To Seeding Rate?, B. M. Showalter, K. Roozeboom, M. J. Stamm, G. Cramer
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Several producers have turned to planting canola in 30-in. rows as a strategy to take advantage of residue management options (e.g. planter-mounted residue managers and strip tillage) to facilitate planting canola in high-residue cropping systems. Canola hybrids are gaining acres in the southern Great Plains and may require different management than the traditional open-pollinated cultivars. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seeding rate on winter survival and yield of hybrid and open-pollinated winter canola cultivars in 30-in. and 9-in. rows. Experiments were conducted in 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 at two K-State Research and Extension facilities. …
Timing Of Strobilurin Fungicide For Control Of Top Dieback In Corn, Eric Adee, Stu Duncan
Timing Of Strobilurin Fungicide For Control Of Top Dieback In Corn, Eric Adee, Stu Duncan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Significant yield losses can result from top dieback (TDB) in dent corn, which is caused by infection by the fungus,Colletotrichum graminicola, causing anthracnose. Research is limited on the effectiveness of fungicide application because of the unpredictable nature of the disease. Three field studies were established to assess the timing of fungicide application on foliar diseases that developed TDB, one in Illinois (2010) and the other two in Kansas (2015 and 2016). Fungicide applications at tasseling and later were effective in reducing the incidence of TDB by greater than 20% and increasing yield greater than 14 bu/a, or greater …
Closing Corn Yield Gaps Via Improved Management: A Systems Approach, G. R. Balboa, I. A. Ciampitti
Closing Corn Yield Gaps Via Improved Management: A Systems Approach, G. R. Balboa, I. A. Ciampitti
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Three corn research trials were conducted during the 2016 growing season. Two studies were conducted at Scandia, KS, (dryland and irrigated) and one at Topeka, KS (dryland). The objective of these trials was to investigate the contribution of different farming systems for closing corn yield gaps. Each experiment consisted of five treatments: common practices (CP), comprehensive fertilization (CF), production intensity (PI), ecological intensification (CF + PI), and advanced plus (AD). Across all three experiments and under dryland and irrigation scenarios, CP presented the lowest yield. In environments with yield response, intensifying production without a balanced nutrition program did not increase …
Irrigation And Tillage Management Effects On Canopy Formation In Corn, R. M. Aiken, F. Lamm, A. A. Aboukheira
Irrigation And Tillage Management Effects On Canopy Formation In Corn, R. M. Aiken, F. Lamm, A. A. Aboukheira
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Effects of canopy formation and function are frequently represented in irrigation management models by crop coefficients, which can be used to calculate expected crop water requirements. Soil tillage alters the micro-environment of a developing corn canopy. The objective of this study was to evaluate irrigation capacity and tillage effects on seasonal changes in maize canopy and above-ground biomass productivity. Leaf area index (LAI) and above-ground biomass (AGB) were quantified by non-destructive methods during four growing seasons for corn under two irrigation capacities (1 in./4 days or 1 in./8 days) and three tillage regimes (no-tillage (NT), strip tillage (ST), or conventional …
Cover Crop Effects On Soybean In A Soybean/Corn Rotation, D. E. Shoup, I. A. Ciampitti, J. Kimball, Gretchen Sassenrath
Cover Crop Effects On Soybean In A Soybean/Corn Rotation, D. E. Shoup, I. A. Ciampitti, J. Kimball, Gretchen Sassenrath
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
A research study was established in 2011 in a soybean and corn rotation with cover crops planted soon after each crop harvest in the fall. A variety of complex cover crop mixtures were evaluated ranging from single specie to 7 specie mixtures. Cover crops were terminated in the spring soon after anthesis of the cool season cereal in the cover crop. Soybean yield responded differently among the four years of the study. In an extreme drought year of 2012, the unplanted check yielded 29.4 bu/a. Soybean yield was significantly reduced by 4.2 and 3.4 bu/a in treatments with wheat or …
Cover Crop Effects On Corn In A Corn/Soybean Rotation, D. E. Shoup, I. A. Ciampitti, J. Kimball, Gretchen Sassenrath
Cover Crop Effects On Corn In A Corn/Soybean Rotation, D. E. Shoup, I. A. Ciampitti, J. Kimball, Gretchen Sassenrath
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
A research study was established in 2013 in a corn and soybean rotation with cover crops planted soon after each crop harvest. A variety of complex cover crop mixtures were evaluated ranging from single-specie to 7-specie mixtures. Cover crops were terminated in the spring prior to corn planting. Corn yield responded differently among the three years of the study. In general, 2014 and 2016 showed a similar trend of decreased corn yield as the complexity of cover crop specie mixtures increased. Significant corn yield losses ranged from 8.6 to 15.1 bu/a across all cover crop treatments in 2014. In 2016, …
Tillage Study For Corn And Soybean: Comparing Vertical, Deep, And No-Tillage, Eric Adee
Tillage Study For Corn And Soybean: Comparing Vertical, Deep, And No-Tillage, Eric Adee
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
A tillage study comparing no-tillage, shallow tillage, and deep tillage in alternate or every year for corn and soybeans in annual rotation was conducted at Kansas River Valley Experiment Field for five years. The influence of tillage system on corn yield appears to be increasing with time, soybean yields appear to perform equally well with any of the systems. As the study progresses, the corn yields were increased with deep tillage occurring sometime in the cropping rotation.
Cropping Sequence Influenced Crop Yield, Soil Water Content, Residue Return, And Co2 Efflux In Wheat-Camelina Cropping System, E. Obeng, A. Obour, N. O. Nelson, I. A. Ciampitti, Donghai Wang, E. A. Santos
Cropping Sequence Influenced Crop Yield, Soil Water Content, Residue Return, And Co2 Efflux In Wheat-Camelina Cropping System, E. Obeng, A. Obour, N. O. Nelson, I. A. Ciampitti, Donghai Wang, E. A. Santos
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Camelina (Camelina sativaL. Crantz) is a short-seasoned oilseed crop with potential as a fallow replacement crop in dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum) - based cropping systems. Crop rotation management can affect the quality and quantity of crop residue return to the system. In addition, residue has the ability to sequester carbon and can affect plant available water. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of replacing fallow with camelina on crop yield, soil water at wheat planting, soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux from treatments, and residue return. Treatments were four rotation schemes, and included …
Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Influenced By Macronutrient Fertility On Irrigated Soybeans In A Corn/Soybean Rotation, Eric Adee, Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, C. R. Little
Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Influenced By Macronutrient Fertility On Irrigated Soybeans In A Corn/Soybean Rotation, Eric Adee, Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, C. R. Little
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on a corn/ soybean cropping sequence were evaluated from 1983 to 2016, with corn planted in odd years. There was a negative relationship between the P rate applied during the corn years and the severity of sudden death syndrome (SDS) in 2014 and 2016 soybean.
Closing Soybean Yield Gaps Via Improved Management: A Systems Approach, G. R. Balboa, I. A. Ciampitti
Closing Soybean Yield Gaps Via Improved Management: A Systems Approach, G. R. Balboa, I. A. Ciampitti
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Three soybean research trials were conducted during the 2016 growing season. Two studies were conducted at Scandia, KS, (dryland and irrigated) and one at Topeka, KS (dryland). The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of different farming systems for closing soybean yield gaps. Each experiment consisted of five treatments: common practices (CP), comprehensive fertilization (CF), production intensity (PI), ecological intensification (CF + PI), and advanced plus (AD). The EI and AD treatments presented the maximum yields at both locations. Under irrigation conditions, yield gap was larger at Scandia relative to Topeka site. Across all three soybean experiments, …
Planting Date By Maturity Group In Kansas: 2016 Season And Three-Year Summary, I. A. Ciampitti, O. Ortez, D. E. Shoup, Eric Adee, J. Kimball, Gretchen Sassenrath, G. Cramer
Planting Date By Maturity Group In Kansas: 2016 Season And Three-Year Summary, I. A. Ciampitti, O. Ortez, D. E. Shoup, Eric Adee, J. Kimball, Gretchen Sassenrath, G. Cramer
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Optimal planting should be timed to capture a favorable environment (e.g., fall rains and cooler temperatures during grain filling). Five field studies were conducted during the 2014 growing season (Manhattan, Topeka, Ottawa, Parsons, and Hutchinson); five in 2015 (Manhattan, Rossville, Ottawa, Parsons, and Hutchinson); and three in 2016 (Manhattan, Topeka, and Ottawa). This study explores the impact of planting date (early-, mid-, and late-planted) on yield for soybean cultivars from a range of maturity groups (early, medium, and late groups). For 2016, the overall main factor impacting yield across sites was planting date, which increased yields with early-planted soybeans. Based …
On-Farm Research: Use Of Satellite Imagery Data On Soybean Production, M. N. Gutierrez, S. Varela, N. Peralta, I. A. Ciampitti
On-Farm Research: Use Of Satellite Imagery Data On Soybean Production, M. N. Gutierrez, S. Varela, N. Peralta, I. A. Ciampitti
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Nowadays, good agronomical practices demand the adoption of new technologies that deliver better resource efficiency. The objective of this study was to identify and work closely with high-yielding soybean farmers in order to implement precision agriculture tools, in this case, satellite imagery. A field of 150 acres located in Perry, KS, was evaluated in the 2016 season. The study is based on working with the field variation and the selection of three productivity zones outlined according to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values.In situmethods of data collection were performed across the entire field and data from vegetation indices …
Seed Yield And Biological Nitrogen Fixation For Historical Soybean Genotypes, S. Tamagno, I. A. Ciampitti
Seed Yield And Biological Nitrogen Fixation For Historical Soybean Genotypes, S. Tamagno, I. A. Ciampitti
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Seed yield formation and biological nitrogen (N) fixation (BNF) were evaluated during the seed filling period (SFP) for historical soybean genotypes under contrasting N strategies. Overall, seed yield increased with the year of release, primarily associated with increments in the seed number component. The study showed that seed weight factor was maintained across decades regardless of the improvement in seed number. Nitrogen factor, evaluated as zero-N application via inorganic fertilizers versus high-N added, influenced seed yield via impacting seed weight factor. The latter plant trait improved with the high-N treatment, which was related to changes in the duration of the …
Soybean: Evaluation Of Inoculation, T. M. Albuquerque, O. Ortez, G. I. Carmona, I. A. Ciampitti
Soybean: Evaluation Of Inoculation, T. M. Albuquerque, O. Ortez, G. I. Carmona, I. A. Ciampitti
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Most of the nitrogen (N) required by a soybean plant is supplied via biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). When BNF is adequately established in the soil, soybean can obtain up to 50 to 75% of its N from the air. This project aims to quantify the response to inoculation for soybean in its second year in a field without previous history of this crop. Due to this objective, a field study was conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons at Ottawa, KS (East Central experiment field location). The treatments consisted of five different N-management approaches: non-inoculated (NI), inoculated ×1 (I×1), …
Soybean: Genetic Gain × Fertilizer Nitrogen Interaction, O. Ortez, F. Salvagiotti, Eric Adee, J. Enrico, I. A. Ciampitti
Soybean: Genetic Gain × Fertilizer Nitrogen Interaction, O. Ortez, F. Salvagiotti, Eric Adee, J. Enrico, I. A. Ciampitti
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The United States (US) and Argentina (ARG) account for more than 50% of the global soybean production. Soybean yields are determined by the genotype, environment, and management practices (G × E × M) interaction. Overall, 50-60% of soybean nitrogen (N) demand is usually met by the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process. An unanswered scientific question concerns the ability of BNF process to satisfy soybean N demand at varying yield levels. The overall objective of this project was to study the contribution of N via utilization of different N strategies, evaluating soybean genotypes released in different eras. Four field experiments were …
Irrigated Sunflowers In Northwest Kansas: Productivity And Canopy Formation, F. Lamm, R. M. Aiken, A. A. Aboukheira, G. J. Seiler
Irrigated Sunflowers In Northwest Kansas: Productivity And Canopy Formation, F. Lamm, R. M. Aiken, A. A. Aboukheira, G. J. Seiler
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Sunflower was grown in a three-year study (2009, 2010, and 2012) at the Kansas State University Northwest Research-Extension Center at Colby, KS, under a lateral move sprinkler irrigation system. Irrigation capacities were limited to no more than 1 inch every 4, 8, or 12 days but were scheduled only as needed as determined with a weather-based water budget. Achene (sunflower seed) yields and oil yield generally plateaued at the medium irrigation level. Dormant preseason irrigation increased achene yield and oil yield by 2% with most of this increase occurring in the extreme drought year, 2012. The optimum harvest plant population …
Alternatives To Glyphosate For Palmer Amaranth Control In Wheat Stubble, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Alternatives To Glyphosate For Palmer Amaranth Control In Wheat Stubble, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth has become a serious weed problem in fields following wheat harvest. A field experiment was established in 2016 near Manhattan, KS, to evaluate herbicide alternatives to glyphosate for Palmer amaranth control in wheat stubble. The two most effective postharvest herbicides for control of Palmer amaranth were Gramoxone (paraquat) or Sharpen (saflufenacil). Clarity (dicamba) and 2,4-D treatments provided suppression of Palmer amaranth, but were inconsistent, and often some plants survived and produced viable seed. The tank-mix of Clarity plus 2,4-D was more effective than either herbicide alone, but not as good as Gramoxone or Sharpen.
Sequential Weed Control Programs In No-Tillage Xtend Soybeans, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Sequential Weed Control Programs In No-Tillage Xtend Soybeans, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The development of glyphosate resistant weeds has greatly complicated weed control in soybeans. Roundup Ready 2 Xtend (dicamba tolerant) soybeans provide growers an alternative herbicide option for preplant and postemergence weed control in soybeans. Preplant programs that included dicamba provided excellent control of giant ragweed. Sequential programs consisting of Envive or Enlite plus glyphosate and dicamba preplant followed by postemergence treatments that included glyphosate and dicamba provided excellent control of henbit, giant ragweed, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass.
Sequential Weed Control Programs In Liberty Link Soybeans, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Sequential Weed Control Programs In Liberty Link Soybeans, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The development of glyphosate-resistant weeds has greatly complicated weed control in soybeans. Liberty Link soybeans provide growers an alternative herbicide option for postemergence weed control in soybeans. Liberty Link programs can provide effective weed control in a sequential weed-control program that includes effective preemergence residual herbicides at planting time followed by timely applications of Liberty.
Two Pass Weed Control Programs In Conventional Tillage Xtend Soybeans, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Two Pass Weed Control Programs In Conventional Tillage Xtend Soybeans, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The development of glyphosate-resistant weeds has greatly complicated weed control in soybeans. Roundup Ready 2 Xtend (dicamba tolerant) soybeans provide growers an alternative herbicide option for postemergence weed control in conventional tillage soybeans. Two pass programs consisting of preemergence residual herbicides followed by postemergence Roundup Power Max plus dicamba provided excellent weed control, superior to a single postemergence treatment with Roundup Power Max plus dicamba.
Weed Control Programs For Xtend Soybeans In No-Tillage, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Weed Control Programs For Xtend Soybeans In No-Tillage, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The development of glyphosate-resistant weeds has greatly complicated weed control in soybeans. Roundup Ready 2 Xtend (dicamba tolerant) soybeans provide growers an alternative herbicide option for preplant and postemergence weed control in no-tillage soybeans. Preplant programs that included dicamba provided excellent control of giant ragweed. All sequential programs provided excellent control of the weeds present in the experiment.
Winter Annual Grass Control In Winter Wheat, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Winter Annual Grass Control In Winter Wheat, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Winter annual grasses can be difficult to manage in winter wheat. A field experiment was established near Manhattan, KS, in 2016 to evaluate various preemergence and postemergence herbicide treatments for control of downy brome, cheat, and feral rye. Most treatments were less effective for control of downy brome than cheat. Preemergence and fall postemergence treatments provided better downy brome control than spring postemergence treatments. All herbicide treatments evaluated provided excellent control of cheat, but postemergence treatments were slightly better than preemergence treatments. The only herbicide to control rye was Beyond, which provided better control when applied fall postemergence than spring …
Genotype By Seeding Rate Interaction In Wheat, A. J. Azevedo, S. Varela, R. Lollato, I. A. Ciampitti
Genotype By Seeding Rate Interaction In Wheat, A. J. Azevedo, S. Varela, R. Lollato, I. A. Ciampitti
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Genotype by seeding rate interaction can play a critical role in understanding wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) yield potential. The objective of this study was to quantify wheat yield response to seeding rates by contrasting genotypes (high- vs. low-tillering). One study was planted at two locations: Ashland Bottoms (dryland and conventional tillage) and at Topeka (irrigated and no-tillage) field research stations (Kansas). The two winter wheat varieties were sown at four different seeding rates (40, 80, 120, and 160 lb/a). Measurements consisted of stand counts, canopy coverage (estimated via imagery collection), determination of early-season gaps in the final stand (missing …
Comparison Of Different Weed Control Technology Programs, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Comparison Of Different Weed Control Technology Programs, D. E. Peterson, C. Thompson, C. L. Minihan
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The development of glyphosate-resistant weeds has greatly complicated weed control in soybeans. Roundup Ready 2 Xtend and Liberty Link soybeans provide an alternative postemergence herbicide options for weed control in soybeans. Liberty Link and Roundup Ready 2 Xtend programs provided better overall weed control and slightly higher yields than Roundup Ready 2 Yield programs in this experiment. Yields of Roundup Ready 2 Yield soybeans were likely influenced by more weed competition and possibly crop injury from spray tank contamination by dicamba. Dicamba injury from tank contamination to Roundup Ready 2 Yield soybeans decreased with each subsequent treatment and also with …
Intensive Management Strategies To Close Wheat Yield Gaps In Central Kansas, B. R. Jaenisch, R. Lollato
Intensive Management Strategies To Close Wheat Yield Gaps In Central Kansas, B. R. Jaenisch, R. Lollato
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Winter wheat is the most widely sown crop in Kansas, and yields had not surpassed 50 bushels per acre until 2015-16, when average state wheat yield was 57 bushels per acre. However, recent estimates of the long-term winter wheat yield potential in central Kansas indicate that it lies around 75 bushels per acre. A particular crop’s yield gap in a given region is determined by the difference between potential and actual yields. The long-term yield gap in Kansas is approximately 45 bushels per acre, which corresponds to more than 50% of the yield potential. Yield gaps have the potential to …
Wheat Variety Response To Seed Cleaning Method And Pesticide Seed Treatment Following A Growing Season With Severe Infestation Of Fusarium Head Blight, R. Lollato, R. Maeoka, B. R. Jaenisch, A. De Oliveira Silva
Wheat Variety Response To Seed Cleaning Method And Pesticide Seed Treatment Following A Growing Season With Severe Infestation Of Fusarium Head Blight, R. Lollato, R. Maeoka, B. R. Jaenisch, A. De Oliveira Silva
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Fusarium head blight (scab) is a common concern in eastern and central Kansas. Wheat seed quality might be compromised following a growing season with severe infestation of scab. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of variety, seed cleaning method, and seed treatment, on wheat stand establishment and yield following a growing season where scab was severe. A trial was established during the 2015-16 growing season using seed harvested from the 2014-15 growing season, which was characterized by severe infestation of scab. Three commonly grown wheat varieties with differing levels of scab resistance (Everest, SY Wolf, and WB Grainfield) were …