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Articles 61 - 90 of 123
Full-Text Articles in Transnational Law
"Green Helmets": A Conceptual Framework For Security Council Authority In Environmental Emergencies, Linda A. Malone
"Green Helmets": A Conceptual Framework For Security Council Authority In Environmental Emergencies, Linda A. Malone
Michigan Journal of International Law
Although 1995 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the birth of the United Nations, the year also marks the fifth anniversary of a newly revitalized Security Council. In this period of five years, scholarly debate on the Security Council has shifted from what it might do if it could act to what substantive limits, if any, exist on the Security Council's authority to act under the Charter. The legitimacy of the Security Council's authority under the Charter arises both in its initial determination of when it can act and in its determination of the appropriate scope of its actions once it …
The Right To Self-Defense Once The Security Council Takes Action, Malvina Halberstam
The Right To Self-Defense Once The Security Council Takes Action, Malvina Halberstam
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article discusses the views of these commentators in the light of the language, history, and policies underlying Article 51. It concludes that the Charter was not intended to and should not be interpreted to deny a state the right of self-defense, even if the Security Council has taken measures to deal with the problem; if states are to cede their right to self-defense once the Security Council has taken measures, that should be made explicit.
Legal Restraints On Security Council Military Enforcement Action, Judith G. Gardam
Legal Restraints On Security Council Military Enforcement Action, Judith G. Gardam
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article considers an issue that, given its importance for the protection of combatants and civilians in armed conflict, has not attracted the attention it warrants: namely, the extent to which legal restraints derived from the ius in bello and the ius ad bellum apply to the Security Council when it is taking military enforcement action under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Although a position not free from controversy, the recent practice of the Security Council in "authorizing" States to use force to restore international peace and security is treated as military enforcement action under Chapter VII of …
The Place Of Law In Collective Security, Martti Koskenniemi
The Place Of Law In Collective Security, Martti Koskenniemi
Michigan Journal of International Law
In this article the author wants to examine the place of law in our thinking about and sometimes participation in decision-making regarding international security. After the end of the Cold War, and particularly since the United Nations' reaction to Iraq's occupation of Kuwait in 1990-91, an academic debate concerning the possibility of collective security has arisen anew. The intention is not to take a definite view in that controversy. Instead, the author shall suggest that this debate has been framed so as to obscure the role of normative considerations, including law, in the production or construction of collective security. A …
What's The Security Council For?, Jose E. Alvarez
What's The Security Council For?, Jose E. Alvarez
Michigan Journal of International Law
Students of the literature on the Security Council will recognize in these articles and essays, selected by the Journal's editors for this symposium issue, many representative strands in that ever-burgeoning literature. Although the Journal's editors accepted these articles and essays on an individual basis and no author was afforded the opportunity to read or react to others' contributions, the results are a fascinating counterpoint of views nonetheless. At times, it seems as if the contributors are reacting to each other's work.
Caught Between Traditions: The Security Council In Philosophical Conundrum, David P. Fidler
Caught Between Traditions: The Security Council In Philosophical Conundrum, David P. Fidler
Michigan Journal of International Law
In Part I of this article, I provide a discussion about the use of traditions of thought in international relations. Part II begins by briefly examining the fundamental purpose of the Security Council – the maintenance of international peace, and security. I then analyze the philosophical origins of the idea of maintaining international peace and security through an international organization to demonstrate how liberal thought on international relations came to incorporate this idea. In this analysis, I will demonstrate that liberal thought on the appropriateness of relying on international organizations to maintain peace and security is not unified and that …
Collective Humanitarian Intervention, Fernando R. Tesón
Collective Humanitarian Intervention, Fernando R. Tesón
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article discusses collective intervention authorized by the Security Council, with a special emphasis on the concept of exclusive domestic jurisdiction. Part I first examines the different meanings of the notoriously ambiguous word "intervention." Because the legitimacy of collective intervention will depend in part on whether or not the matter falls within the domestic jurisdiction of the target state, Part II will then discuss contemporary views of domestic jurisdiction. Finally, Parts III and IV discuss collective humanitarian intervention under the principles of the U.N. Charter and examine the practice of the Security Council since the end of the Cold War. …
The Role Of The United Nations Security Council In African Peace Management: Some Porposals, A. Peter Mutharika
The Role Of The United Nations Security Council In African Peace Management: Some Porposals, A. Peter Mutharika
Michigan Journal of International Law
The United Nations global peace management scheme is based on certain fundamental assumptions that require serious reexamination as we enter the twenty-first century. Fundamental to the 1945 vision of global peace management was the prevention of a third world war through collective action by the great powers. Structurally, this was to be achieved by a system of great power governance through the mechanism of the Security Council. While the Charter confers on the Security Council "primary responsibility" for the maintenance of international peace and security, executive decision-making is reserved for the great powers through permanent membership and the veto power. …
The "Privatization" Of Security Council Enforcement Action: A Threat To Multilateralism, John Quigley
The "Privatization" Of Security Council Enforcement Action: A Threat To Multilateralism, John Quigley
Michigan Journal of International Law
In-the post-Cold War period, the United Nations Security Council has emerged from a side show of international politics to center stage. It has acted to repel aggression, to promote humanitarian efforts, and to enforce democracy. This flowering of activity holds the potential for achieving concerted international action to remedy situations involving great human misery.
The Politics Of Collective Security, Anne Orford
The Politics Of Collective Security, Anne Orford
Michigan Journal of International Law
Part I argues that conventional international legal analyses about Security Council actions do not consider the gender-differentiated effects of those actions. The universality of male interests is taken for granted by international lawyers. The first level of analysis thus involves adding women in; that is, considering the consequences that Security Council actions have had for women in Kuwait, Iraq, Cambodia, Somalia, Mozambique, Bosnia, and the United States. I argue that many women are in fact rendered less secure by actions authorized by the Security Council in the name of collective security. As a result, women must have a voice in …
Labor And The Global Economy: Four Approaches To Transnational Labor Regulation, Katherine Van Wezel Stone
Labor And The Global Economy: Four Approaches To Transnational Labor Regulation, Katherine Van Wezel Stone
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article examines the challenge to domestic labor regulation posed by the increasingly international economic and legal order. Part I analyzes the several ways in which increased global economic integration creates problems for labor. These problems include a decline in union bargaining power, a race-to-the-bottom in labor standards, and a weakening of labor's role as political actor. Part II identifies four approaches, or models, for transnational labor regulation that have emerged in the Western world in the past twenty years. These are: (1) preemptive legislation; (2) harmonization; (3) cross-border monitoring; and (4) extraterritorial jurisdiction. Part III explores the differences between …
International Investment And The Prudent Investor Rule: The Trustee's Duty To Consider International Investment Vehicles, Stephen M. Penner
International Investment And The Prudent Investor Rule: The Trustee's Duty To Consider International Investment Vehicles, Stephen M. Penner
Michigan Journal of International Law
Part I of this note will begin with a background of trust and trustees, focusing on the historical development of the trust and the present role of the trustee. Part II presents the Prudent Investor Rule. The problems in trust management which lead to the necessity of the Rule will be explored, as will the evolution of the Rule up to the recent adoption by the American Law Institute of the Third Restatement of Trusts, which is devoted solely to the Prudent Investor Rule. In Part III, the various investment opportunities available to the modern investor will be presented, first …
Positivism Regained, Nihilism Postponed, Jose E. Alvarez
Positivism Regained, Nihilism Postponed, Jose E. Alvarez
Michigan Journal of International Law
Review of Law-Making in the International Community by G.M. Danilenko
Promises To Keep And Miles To Go: A Look At Europe Poised Between Two Treaties, Willajeanne F. Mclean
Promises To Keep And Miles To Go: A Look At Europe Poised Between Two Treaties, Willajeanne F. Mclean
Michigan Journal of International Law
Review of Singular Europe: Economy and Polity of the European Community After 1992 (William J. Adams ed.) and Decision-Making in the European Community: The Council Presidency and European Integration by Emil J. Kirchner
Masters Of Paradise: Organized Crime And The Internal Revenue Service In The Bahamas, Mary Lorenz Dietz
Masters Of Paradise: Organized Crime And The Internal Revenue Service In The Bahamas, Mary Lorenz Dietz
Michigan Journal of International Law
Review of the book by Alan A. Block
Renegotiating Transnational Investment Agreements: Lessons For Develping Countries From The Ghana-Valco Experience, Paul Kuruk
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article describes the use of the renegotiation process to resolve problems that arise in the relations between participants in transnational investment. It draws conclusions from the successful renegotiation of an agreement executed in 1962 under which the Ghanaian government guaranteed bauxite and hydroelectric power supplies to support the smelting operations of the Volta Aluminium Company, Limited (Valco) in return for revenues from taxes and from payments for electricity, water, and use of the country's port facilities. The agreement between Ghana and Valco was entered into as part of the Volta River Project (VRP). This project was an investment scheme …
The International Court Of Justice And Administrative Tribunals Of International Organizations, Joanna Gomula
The International Court Of Justice And Administrative Tribunals Of International Organizations, Joanna Gomula
Michigan Journal of International Law
This paper will explore the origins of the Court's unusual system of review and underscore some of its problems. Surprisingly, this issue has not been adequately expounded, although occasionally different authors have discussed particular problems, such as the participation of individuals in proceedings before the Court.
Coordinated Transnational Interaction In Civil Litigation And Arbitration, Peter F. Schlosser
Coordinated Transnational Interaction In Civil Litigation And Arbitration, Peter F. Schlosser
Michigan Journal of International Law
About fifteen years ago, an English shipowner chartered his vessel, the Mareva, to time charterers. After a while, the charterers discontinued payment on the charter and the shipowner instituted court proceedings against them. The plaintiff, concerned about the ability and willingness of the defendants to satisfy an expected judgment, simultaneously applied for a preliminary injunction restraining the defendants from disposing of a subcharter which had been paid into their London bank account. The injunction was granted. Since then, injunctions of this kind have been denominated "Mareva injunctions," although it was the second, rather than the first, case where such an …
Legal Aid, Public Service And Clinical Legal Education: Future Directions From India And The United States, Frank S. Bloch, Iqbal S. Ishar
Legal Aid, Public Service And Clinical Legal Education: Future Directions From India And The United States, Frank S. Bloch, Iqbal S. Ishar
Michigan Journal of International Law
In this article, the legal aid traditions and broader public service agendas of clinical legal education in both countries are explored. These sections are followed by a comparison of the legal aid and public service components of the clinical curriculum in the two countries. It is observed that while clinical programs in the United States have tended to shift their focus away from legal aid and public service goals to broader academic and educational goals consistent with the integration of clinical legal education into the law school mainstream, clinical programs in India have remained firmly rooted in and closely tied …
Constitutional Developments In The European Community And The Impact Of The Single European Market After 1992, F. G. Jacobs
Constitutional Developments In The European Community And The Impact Of The Single European Market After 1992, F. G. Jacobs
Michigan Journal of International Law
The Single European Act, by its amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, seeks to achieve by the end of 1992 an internal market comprising an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of the treaty. To this end, a very substantial amount of new legislation is being enacted in the form of Council Regulations and Directives, currently estimated at some 279 separate measures, many of which will also need implementing legislation in the Member States.
The Role Of The Court Of Justice In The Implementation Of The Single European Act, Michel Waelbroeck
The Role Of The Court Of Justice In The Implementation Of The Single European Act, Michel Waelbroeck
Michigan Journal of International Law
This paper will begin by evoking the judicial achievements obtained on the eve of the enactment of the Single European Act. Next, it will explain the innovations introduced by the Single European Act, and emphasize the divergent interpretations that they are likely to receive. Then, the author will modestly strive to express several personal suggestions for a solution, as an external observer.
The "1992 Project": Stages, Structures, Results And Prospects, Claus-Dieter Ehlermann
The "1992 Project": Stages, Structures, Results And Prospects, Claus-Dieter Ehlermann
Michigan Journal of International Law
The "1992 project" has radically changed the European Community. It has given the "common market" new impetus and has lifted the Community out of the deep crisis in which it was bogged down in the first half of the 1980s. The consensus which has been re-established amongst all the Member States through the "internal market" exercise was enshrined in the Single European Act and the acceptance of the Delors package in February 1988. The financial underpinning of the "1992 project," through the reform of the structural funds and the Community's finance system, has given the "internal market" exercise such credibility …
Legal Remedies And The United Nations' À La Carte Problem, Jose E. Alvarez
Legal Remedies And The United Nations' À La Carte Problem, Jose E. Alvarez
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article reexamines recent U.S. withholdings of its assessed regular contributions to the UN, as well as the premises and assumptions underlying the theory that a UN member may legally and unilaterally withhold payments for ultra vires acts by the organization. The issue is of considerable consequence since, despite recent rhetoric, the number of members financially supporting the UN through timely payments of regular contributions number only about half the membership, payments. These practices undermine the basic doctrine of "collective financial responsibility" and threaten the survival of international organizations. Reexamination is timely since the lessening of ideological divisions at the …
Recollections Of Professor Bishop As A Teacher Of Teachers Of Transnational Law, Covey T. Oliver
Recollections Of Professor Bishop As A Teacher Of Teachers Of Transnational Law, Covey T. Oliver
Michigan Journal of International Law
It will be interesting to me to see, should this modest tribute survive editing, whether others writing in this Symposium have also chosen to single out Bill Bishop's influence on a post-World War II generation of teachers of international public law, conflict of laws, comparative public law, and admiralty: men and women who have in considerable part been led, aided, or influenced by him into one or several aspects of the global normative science, named "transnational law" by one of his own great teachers (and mine), Philip C. Jessup.' If others have also sounded this theme, reiteration of it can …
United States V. Palestine Liberation Organization: Continued Confusion In Congressional Intent And The Hierarchy Of Norms, Andrew R. Horne
United States V. Palestine Liberation Organization: Continued Confusion In Congressional Intent And The Hierarchy Of Norms, Andrew R. Horne
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note concludes that while the court's rationale is disingenuous and misleading, the final decision was an appropriate reaffirmation of the importance which American jurisprudence places on international obligations. In Part One, this Note discusses whether the dispute resolution provisions of the Headquarters Agreement precluded the district court's jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter of this case. Part Two examines the constitutional hierarchy of the ATA and the Headquarters Agreement to determine which should govern this dispute. If the court had concluded that it lacked jurisdiction, the case would have been dismissed from the U.S. court system, leaving the …
The United States, The United Nations, And Micronesia: Questions Of Procedure, Substance, And Faith, Harry G. Prince
The United States, The United Nations, And Micronesia: Questions Of Procedure, Substance, And Faith, Harry G. Prince
Michigan Journal of International Law
This study first considers the procedural requirements for proper termination and concludes that Security Council approval is required. Second, this writing identifies the major issues that should be considered if the proposed termination of the Trusteeship Agreement for Micronesia is subjected to Security Council review. Two basic concerns should be the propriety of the division of the Trust Territory into four separate entities and the legitimacy of the agreements between the new governments and the United States for continuing relations as either commonwealth or freely associated states. The history of and practice under the trusteeship system indicate that the particular …
The Implementation Of The Final Act Of Helsinki: The Creation Of New Structures Or The Involvement Of Existing Ones?, Pieter Van Dijk
The Implementation Of The Final Act Of Helsinki: The Creation Of New Structures Or The Involvement Of Existing Ones?, Pieter Van Dijk
Michigan Journal of International Law
First, this essay will give some basic information on the character of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe as a process and on the legal nature of the Final Act of Helsinki. Second, it will discuss the follow-up mechanism and its institutional structures. Finally, the essay will evaluate the present situation and attempt to answer the question whether there is any need for the establishment of one or more new international organizations or other structures for the furtherance of the purposes which are (also) covered by the CSCE and its Final Act.
U.N. General Assembly Meetings Held Outside New York, Yehuda Z. Blum
U.N. General Assembly Meetings Held Outside New York, Yehuda Z. Blum
Michigan Journal of International Law
The decision taken by the United Nations General Assembly on December 2, 1988 "to consider the question of Palestine… in plenary, at the United Nations Office at Geneva during the period from December 13-15, 1988" has raised some questions regarding the procedural requirements that have to be fulfilled for General Assembly meetings to be held away from U.N. Headquarters in New York. For a better understanding of the issues involved, it would seem appropriate to summarize briefly the background and developments that led to the General Assembly's decision.
Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976 To Better Accommodate Non-Market Economies, J. Thomas Cristy
Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976 To Better Accommodate Non-Market Economies, J. Thomas Cristy
Michigan Journal of International Law
The purpose of this Note is to demonstrate the need for an amendment to the 1976 Act, in addition to those presently under consideration, which recognizes the political and economic realities of the modem world. The following discussion focuses on the FSIA and its inability to accommodate the ideology of non-market economies in making immunity determinations. After examining the FSIA and the development of foreign sovereign immunity in general, the discussion turns to an analysis of the differences between capitalist, or free market societies, and socialist/communist, or non-market systems. Sections IV and V analyze two areas where the failure of …
Index, Michigan Journal Of International Law
Index, Michigan Journal Of International Law
Michigan Journal of International Law
Index of terms used in this volume.