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University of Michigan Law School

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Articles 151 - 180 of 240

Full-Text Articles in Transnational Law

International Investment And The Prudent Investor Rule: The Trustee's Duty To Consider International Investment Vehicles, Stephen M. Penner Jan 1995

International Investment And The Prudent Investor Rule: The Trustee's Duty To Consider International Investment Vehicles, Stephen M. Penner

Michigan Journal of International Law

Part I of this note will begin with a background of trust and trustees, focusing on the historical development of the trust and the present role of the trustee. Part II presents the Prudent Investor Rule. The problems in trust management which lead to the necessity of the Rule will be explored, as will the evolution of the Rule up to the recent adoption by the American Law Institute of the Third Restatement of Trusts, which is devoted solely to the Prudent Investor Rule. In Part III, the various investment opportunities available to the modern investor will be presented, first …

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Positivism Regained, Nihilism Postponed, Jose E. Alvarez Jan 1994

Positivism Regained, Nihilism Postponed, Jose E. Alvarez

Michigan Journal of International Law

Review of Law-Making in the International Community by G.M. Danilenko

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Promises To Keep And Miles To Go: A Look At Europe Poised Between Two Treaties, Willajeanne F. Mclean Jan 1994

Promises To Keep And Miles To Go: A Look At Europe Poised Between Two Treaties, Willajeanne F. Mclean

Michigan Journal of International Law

Review of Singular Europe: Economy and Polity of the European Community After 1992 (William J. Adams ed.) and Decision-Making in the European Community: The Council Presidency and European Integration by Emil J. Kirchner

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Masters Of Paradise: Organized Crime And The Internal Revenue Service In The Bahamas, Mary Lorenz Dietz Jan 1993

Masters Of Paradise: Organized Crime And The Internal Revenue Service In The Bahamas, Mary Lorenz Dietz

Michigan Journal of International Law

Review of the book by Alan A. Block

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Renegotiating Transnational Investment Agreements: Lessons For Develping Countries From The Ghana-Valco Experience, Paul Kuruk Jan 1991

Renegotiating Transnational Investment Agreements: Lessons For Develping Countries From The Ghana-Valco Experience, Paul Kuruk

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article describes the use of the renegotiation process to resolve problems that arise in the relations between participants in transnational investment. It draws conclusions from the successful renegotiation of an agreement executed in 1962 under which the Ghanaian government guaranteed bauxite and hydroelectric power supplies to support the smelting operations of the Volta Aluminium Company, Limited (Valco) in return for revenues from taxes and from payments for electricity, water, and use of the country's port facilities. The agreement between Ghana and Valco was entered into as part of the Volta River Project (VRP). This project was an investment scheme …

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The International Court Of Justice And Administrative Tribunals Of International Organizations, Joanna Gomula Jan 1991

The International Court Of Justice And Administrative Tribunals Of International Organizations, Joanna Gomula

Michigan Journal of International Law

This paper will explore the origins of the Court's unusual system of review and underscore some of its problems. Surprisingly, this issue has not been adequately expounded, although occasionally different authors have discussed particular problems, such as the participation of individuals in proceedings before the Court.

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Coordinated Transnational Interaction In Civil Litigation And Arbitration, Peter F. Schlosser Jan 1990

Coordinated Transnational Interaction In Civil Litigation And Arbitration, Peter F. Schlosser

Michigan Journal of International Law

About fifteen years ago, an English shipowner chartered his vessel, the Mareva, to time charterers. After a while, the charterers discontinued payment on the charter and the shipowner instituted court proceedings against them. The plaintiff, concerned about the ability and willingness of the defendants to satisfy an expected judgment, simultaneously applied for a preliminary injunction restraining the defendants from disposing of a subcharter which had been paid into their London bank account. The injunction was granted. Since then, injunctions of this kind have been denominated "Mareva injunctions," although it was the second, rather than the first, case where such an …

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Legal Aid, Public Service And Clinical Legal Education: Future Directions From India And The United States, Frank S. Bloch, Iqbal S. Ishar Jan 1990

Legal Aid, Public Service And Clinical Legal Education: Future Directions From India And The United States, Frank S. Bloch, Iqbal S. Ishar

Michigan Journal of International Law

In this article, the legal aid traditions and broader public service agendas of clinical legal education in both countries are explored. These sections are followed by a comparison of the legal aid and public service components of the clinical curriculum in the two countries. It is observed that while clinical programs in the United States have tended to shift their focus away from legal aid and public service goals to broader academic and educational goals consistent with the integration of clinical legal education into the law school mainstream, clinical programs in India have remained firmly rooted in and closely tied …

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Constitutional Developments In The European Community And The Impact Of The Single European Market After 1992, F. G. Jacobs Jan 1990

Constitutional Developments In The European Community And The Impact Of The Single European Market After 1992, F. G. Jacobs

Michigan Journal of International Law

The Single European Act, by its amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, seeks to achieve by the end of 1992 an internal market comprising an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of the treaty. To this end, a very substantial amount of new legislation is being enacted in the form of Council Regulations and Directives, currently estimated at some 279 separate measures, many of which will also need implementing legislation in the Member States.

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The Role Of The Court Of Justice In The Implementation Of The Single European Act, Michel Waelbroeck Jan 1990

The Role Of The Court Of Justice In The Implementation Of The Single European Act, Michel Waelbroeck

Michigan Journal of International Law

This paper will begin by evoking the judicial achievements obtained on the eve of the enactment of the Single European Act. Next, it will explain the innovations introduced by the Single European Act, and emphasize the divergent interpretations that they are likely to receive. Then, the author will modestly strive to express several personal suggestions for a solution, as an external observer.

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The "1992 Project": Stages, Structures, Results And Prospects, Claus-Dieter Ehlermann Jan 1990

The "1992 Project": Stages, Structures, Results And Prospects, Claus-Dieter Ehlermann

Michigan Journal of International Law

The "1992 project" has radically changed the European Community. It has given the "common market" new impetus and has lifted the Community out of the deep crisis in which it was bogged down in the first half of the 1980s. The consensus which has been re-established amongst all the Member States through the "internal market" exercise was enshrined in the Single European Act and the acceptance of the Delors package in February 1988. The financial underpinning of the "1992 project," through the reform of the structural funds and the Community's finance system, has given the "internal market" exercise such credibility …

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Legal Remedies And The United Nations' À La Carte Problem, Jose E. Alvarez Jan 1990

Legal Remedies And The United Nations' À La Carte Problem, Jose E. Alvarez

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article reexamines recent U.S. withholdings of its assessed regular contributions to the UN, as well as the premises and assumptions underlying the theory that a UN member may legally and unilaterally withhold payments for ultra vires acts by the organization. The issue is of considerable consequence since, despite recent rhetoric, the number of members financially supporting the UN through timely payments of regular contributions number only about half the membership, payments. These practices undermine the basic doctrine of "collective financial responsibility" and threaten the survival of international organizations. Reexamination is timely since the lessening of ideological divisions at the …

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Recollections Of Professor Bishop As A Teacher Of Teachers Of Transnational Law, Covey T. Oliver Jan 1989

Recollections Of Professor Bishop As A Teacher Of Teachers Of Transnational Law, Covey T. Oliver

Michigan Journal of International Law

It will be interesting to me to see, should this modest tribute survive editing, whether others writing in this Symposium have also chosen to single out Bill Bishop's influence on a post-World War II generation of teachers of international public law, conflict of laws, comparative public law, and admiralty: men and women who have in considerable part been led, aided, or influenced by him into one or several aspects of the global normative science, named "transnational law" by one of his own great teachers (and mine), Philip C. Jessup.' If others have also sounded this theme, reiteration of it can …

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United States V. Palestine Liberation Organization: Continued Confusion In Congressional Intent And The Hierarchy Of Norms, Andrew R. Horne Jan 1989

United States V. Palestine Liberation Organization: Continued Confusion In Congressional Intent And The Hierarchy Of Norms, Andrew R. Horne

Michigan Journal of International Law

This Note concludes that while the court's rationale is disingenuous and misleading, the final decision was an appropriate reaffirmation of the importance which American jurisprudence places on international obligations. In Part One, this Note discusses whether the dispute resolution provisions of the Headquarters Agreement precluded the district court's jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter of this case. Part Two examines the constitutional hierarchy of the ATA and the Headquarters Agreement to determine which should govern this dispute. If the court had concluded that it lacked jurisdiction, the case would have been dismissed from the U.S. court system, leaving the …

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The United States, The United Nations, And Micronesia: Questions Of Procedure, Substance, And Faith, Harry G. Prince Jan 1989

The United States, The United Nations, And Micronesia: Questions Of Procedure, Substance, And Faith, Harry G. Prince

Michigan Journal of International Law

This study first considers the procedural requirements for proper termination and concludes that Security Council approval is required. Second, this writing identifies the major issues that should be considered if the proposed termination of the Trusteeship Agreement for Micronesia is subjected to Security Council review. Two basic concerns should be the propriety of the division of the Trust Territory into four separate entities and the legitimacy of the agreements between the new governments and the United States for continuing relations as either commonwealth or freely associated states. The history of and practice under the trusteeship system indicate that the particular …

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The Implementation Of The Final Act Of Helsinki: The Creation Of New Structures Or The Involvement Of Existing Ones?, Pieter Van Dijk Jan 1989

The Implementation Of The Final Act Of Helsinki: The Creation Of New Structures Or The Involvement Of Existing Ones?, Pieter Van Dijk

Michigan Journal of International Law

First, this essay will give some basic information on the character of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe as a process and on the legal nature of the Final Act of Helsinki. Second, it will discuss the follow-up mechanism and its institutional structures. Finally, the essay will evaluate the present situation and attempt to answer the question whether there is any need for the establishment of one or more new international organizations or other structures for the furtherance of the purposes which are (also) covered by the CSCE and its Final Act.

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U.N. General Assembly Meetings Held Outside New York, Yehuda Z. Blum Jan 1989

U.N. General Assembly Meetings Held Outside New York, Yehuda Z. Blum

Michigan Journal of International Law

The decision taken by the United Nations General Assembly on December 2, 1988 "to consider the question of Palestine… in plenary, at the United Nations Office at Geneva during the period from December 13-15, 1988" has raised some questions regarding the procedural requirements that have to be fulfilled for General Assembly meetings to be held away from U.N. Headquarters in New York. For a better understanding of the issues involved, it would seem appropriate to summarize briefly the background and developments that led to the General Assembly's decision.

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Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976 To Better Accommodate Non-Market Economies, J. Thomas Cristy Jan 1987

Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976 To Better Accommodate Non-Market Economies, J. Thomas Cristy

Michigan Journal of International Law

The purpose of this Note is to demonstrate the need for an amendment to the 1976 Act, in addition to those presently under consideration, which recognizes the political and economic realities of the modem world. The following discussion focuses on the FSIA and its inability to accommodate the ideology of non-market economies in making immunity determinations. After examining the FSIA and the development of foreign sovereign immunity in general, the discussion turns to an analysis of the differences between capitalist, or free market societies, and socialist/communist, or non-market systems. Sections IV and V analyze two areas where the failure of …

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Law, Morality, And The Relations Of States, Michigan Law Review Feb 1985

Law, Morality, And The Relations Of States, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

A Review of Law, Morality, and the Relations of States by Terry Nardin

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Index, Michigan Journal Of International Law Jan 1985

Index, Michigan Journal Of International Law

Michigan Journal of International Law

Index of terms used in this volume.

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A Federal Bar For Foreign Lawyers, Christopher J. Caywood Jan 1985

A Federal Bar For Foreign Lawyers, Christopher J. Caywood

Michigan Journal of International Law

Part I of this note presents the case for a national bar to regulate foreign lawyers. National regulation would likely enable the United States to conclude reciprocity agreements with foreign nations that would enhance the treatment of U.S. attorneys abroad. It would also benefit the American public by increasing the availability of legal expertise on foreign and international law, and encouraging international trade in services. Part II addresses potential objections to a federal bar regulating foreign lawyers. Part A examines state and local bar associations' concerns regarding the maintenance of adequate levels of legal and ethical competence. It argues that …

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The Practice Of Law By Foreign Lawyers In The Sultanate Of Oman, J. H. A. Mchugo Jan 1985

The Practice Of Law By Foreign Lawyers In The Sultanate Of Oman, J. H. A. Mchugo

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article discusses the practice of foreign commercial lawyers operating through branch offices of foreign firms in the Sultanate of Oman. In order to see how the present situation has developed, it is necessary to consider the particular circumstances of modern Oman. Part I outlines some important aspects of Oman's history. Part II focuses on the development of the Omani legal and judicial system since 1970 with regard to commercial law. Finally, part III examines the practice of the foreign lawyer operating in Oman, and illustrates the kind of legal work which he may carry out.

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Doing Business With The People's Republic Of China: The Role Of Foreign Lawyers, Jamie P. Horsley Jan 1985

Doing Business With The People's Republic Of China: The Role Of Foreign Lawyers, Jamie P. Horsley

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article describes the nature of a legal practice involving business transactions with entities in the P.R.C. and the role of the foreign, or non-national, lawyer in such transactions. Part I focuses on the increasing volume of Chinese legislation and international agreements affecting foreign trade and investment in the P.R.C., and the difficulties of keeping abreast of and interpreting this recent legislation. Part II examines the role of foreign lawyers in Chinese business transactions. It also discusses the need for competence in the Chinese language, practical problems encountered in practicing in the P.R.C., and the use of local Chinese counsel. …

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The Role Of The Western Lawyer In East-West Transactions, Jeffrey M. Hertzfeld Jan 1985

The Role Of The Western Lawyer In East-West Transactions, Jeffrey M. Hertzfeld

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article identifies and analyzes the special areas which the Western lawyer must consider when advising a client regarding an East-West transaction. These areas, although interrelated, have been categorized for clarity and ease of analysis. Part I outlines approaches for dealing with the legal and economic environment in which business negotiations are conducted. It describes the practical knowledge that lawyers must possess in order to help clients gain access to non-market countries. It also explains the process of identifying and understanding the roles and duties of various parties in Eastern countries. Part II discusses the structuring of contract negotiations in …

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Gatt As A Framework For Multilateral Negotiations On Trade In Legal Services, Dean N. Menegas Jan 1985

Gatt As A Framework For Multilateral Negotiations On Trade In Legal Services, Dean N. Menegas

Michigan Journal of International Law

While a number of commentators have discussed the adaptability of the GATT to problems of trade in services, none have specifically addressed its applicability to lawyering or other professional services. Part I considers the GATT's progress on services issues to date. Part II identifies and classifies the barriers to transnational legal practice. Part III explores the possibility of liberalizing many of these barriers through the application of GATT substantive concepts and the use of GATT procedural mechanisms.

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Transitional Legal Practice And Professional Ideology, Bryant G. Garth Jan 1985

Transitional Legal Practice And Professional Ideology, Bryant G. Garth

Michigan Journal of International Law

This essay assumes that there are three other reasons for studying transnational legal practice. First, such a study provides a way to explore some of the dilemmas that we often overlook about our domestic legal system. In both the domestic and transnational legal settings we are uncomfortable with the idea of law as "merely a business"; troubled by the invasion of "legality" into domains that once had seemed immune from state regulation; wary of the expense of "mega" law and litigation; reticent about a "total justice" which is expected to compensate individual victims of every unpleasant social accident; and nervous …

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The Role Of Law And Lawyers In Japan And The United States, Isaac Shapiro, Michael K. Young Jan 1985

The Role Of Law And Lawyers In Japan And The United States, Isaac Shapiro, Michael K. Young

Michigan Journal of International Law

The issues raised in connection with delivery of legal services in Japan are complex and best understood against the backdrop of the development of the legal profession in Japan. Part I of this article discusses the history of the Japanese legal profession, especially its recent history. Part II shows how this development has shaped the issues in the current dispute. It recounts the development of the dispute, the arguments that have been made on the Japanese and American sides, and the course of the negotiations over legal services as part of the Japan-U.S. trade agenda. This article concludes with a …

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Annex: Provisional Regulations On Lawyers Of The People's Republic Of China, Michigan Journal Of International Law Jan 1985

Annex: Provisional Regulations On Lawyers Of The People's Republic Of China, Michigan Journal Of International Law

Michigan Journal of International Law

To some Western readers, the function of Chinese lawyers as described in translations of the Provisional Regulations will appear comparable to the function of lawyers in the United States and many Western European countries. In at least one news release following enactment of the law, however, the government of the People's Republic of China denied any apparent similarity. A reprint of the Regulations and the Chinese Government's position as published in the Renmin Ribao, the official government newspaper, follows.-eds.

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The Hague Convention On Taking Evidence Abroad: Conflict Over Pretrial Discovery, Margaret T. Burns Jan 1985

The Hague Convention On Taking Evidence Abroad: Conflict Over Pretrial Discovery, Margaret T. Burns

Michigan Journal of International Law

This note asserts that the Hague Convention is not the exclusive vehicle available to U.S. litigants for taking evidence abroad. It argues that in certain circumstances, U.S. courts should allow litigants to use the more liberal methods of the Federal Rules when seeking evidence from party litigants in other signatory nations.

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Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography, Michigan Journal Of International Law Jan 1985

Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography, Michigan Journal Of International Law

Michigan Journal of International Law

Additional reading related to the articles in this volume.

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