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Articles 1 - 30 of 100
Full-Text Articles in Science and Technology Law
Confidentiality Of Ai Conversations: Protecting Self-Represented Litigants Who Use Chatgpt For Legal Advice, Anoo D. Vyas
Confidentiality Of Ai Conversations: Protecting Self-Represented Litigants Who Use Chatgpt For Legal Advice, Anoo D. Vyas
Duke Law & Technology Review
When a layperson uses ChatGPT to obtain feedback on a legal matter, attorney-client privilege may not apply, as ChatGPT is not a lawyer, much less a human. Further, while lawyers are entitled to protection for their opinion work-product, it is not clear whether self-represented litigants are entitled to the same protection. Additionally, the broader duty of confidentiality binds only attorneys, not AI systems like ChatGPT. The public increasingly uses AI tools such as ChatGPT. If a layperson employs ChatGPT for legal advice, particularly in a civil matter, such communications may be discoverable and potentially admissible. This presents an access to …
The Myth Of Sufficient Technological Barriers: Reevaluating The "Gates-Up-Or-Down" Analogy In Data Scraping, Yucen Zhong
The Myth Of Sufficient Technological Barriers: Reevaluating The "Gates-Up-Or-Down" Analogy In Data Scraping, Yucen Zhong
Duke Law & Technology Review
In Van Buren v. United States, the Supreme Court adopted a “gates-up-or-down” analogy from physical trespass law to define “authorization” under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). Despite historical shifts in judicial interpretation, courts have recently relied on this binary framework to interpret authorization as it applies to online trespass. But courts have struggled to apply this binary inquiry while still accounting for complications in modern authentication technologies. When pursuing a code-based inquiry based on the gates-up-or-down analogy, courts risk oversimplifying the dynamic nature of online trespass. Such an approach fails to account for how modern authentication measures—such as …
Scaling Sustainable Propellants To Address Rocket Emissions: Lessons From The U.S. Aviation Industry, Zhizhou (Josie) Liu
Scaling Sustainable Propellants To Address Rocket Emissions: Lessons From The U.S. Aviation Industry, Zhizhou (Josie) Liu
Duke Law & Technology Review
The rapid growth of the U.S. commercial space industry has exposed a profound regulatory gap in addressing rocket emissions. By releasing greenhouse gases and particulates like black carbon, alumina, and water vapor, rocket launches not only contribute to climate change but also accelerate stratospheric ozone depletion. The U.S. aviation industry encountered similar environmental challenges decades ago, which eventually prompted legal and policy frameworks to curtail aviation emission through sustainable fuel technologies. Unlike aviation, however, the space industry now operates in a legal vacuum, with no binding international environmental standards or domestic regulations targeting rocket atmospheric pollution. As rocket emissions penetrate …
Playing To Win: The Use Of Export Controls To Address Non-Military Strategic Competition, Joshua Angelo
Playing To Win: The Use Of Export Controls To Address Non-Military Strategic Competition, Joshua Angelo
Duke Law & Technology Review
Technology and national security have been intimately related throughout American history. Over the past eighty-five years, the United States has increasingly made use of export controls to prevent adversarial countries from using the fruits of its technological advancement to strengthen their militaries and harm American interests. Today, strategic competition with the People’s Republic of China involves a myriad of technologies which present risks outside of, as well as within, the military context. Chinese exports of technologies, including artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and 5G communications, can promote the country’s authoritarian model abroad, enable economic coercion, and help to enrich the regime. …
To Infinity And Beyond (And Beyond): The Legal And Ethical Imperative For Rocket Reusability, Matthew Lumia
To Infinity And Beyond (And Beyond): The Legal And Ethical Imperative For Rocket Reusability, Matthew Lumia
Duke Law & Technology Review
Although the Space Shuttle’s first flight was in the 1980s, reusable rocket technology did not achieve mainstream viability until SpaceX’s reusable Falcon 9 rocket revolutionized access to space. This note argues that transitioning to reusable rocket technology is not only a practical and economic advancement, but also a legal and ethical imperative. By analyzing reusable rockets through the “due regard” framework of the Outer Space Treaty, this note demonstrates how reusable rockets mitigate space debris, expand access to space, and can reduce environmental harm. Additionally, reusable rockets address critical ethical concerns by lowering barriers to space exploration, allowing the benefits …
Fine-Tuning Llms: Structural Fluency And Augmentation For The Great And Powerful Wizard Of Ai, Verónica C. Gonzales
Fine-Tuning Llms: Structural Fluency And Augmentation For The Great And Powerful Wizard Of Ai, Verónica C. Gonzales
Duke Law & Technology Review
The civil legal tradition carries assumptions, biases, and attitudes rooted in racism and ideologies intended to protect the (im)balance of power. This moment in history offers new versions of the same challenges with the integration of artificial intelligence (“AI”) and large language models (“LLMs”) into legal frameworks, and those critiques are being addressed in the legal discourse. Building on these perspectives, this moment also offers civil legal professionals a chance to engage in machine learning frameworks informed by social justice principles and accountable to measures of “equal justice for all.” The perception of fairness in the use of these tools …
Determinants Of Socially Responsible Ai Governance, Daryl Lim
Determinants Of Socially Responsible Ai Governance, Daryl Lim
Duke Law & Technology Review
The signing of the first international AI treaty by the United States, European Union, and other nations marks a pivotal step in establishing a global framework for AI governance, ensuring that AI systems respect human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. This article advances the concepts of justice, equity, and the rule of law as yardsticks of socially responsible AI—from development through deployment—to ensure that AI technologies do not exacerbate existing inequalities but actively promote fairness and inclusivity. Part I explores AI’s potential to improve access to justice for marginalized communities and small and medium-sized law firms while scrutinizing …
Something Is Rotten In The State Of Healthcare: Accountability, Affordability, And The Court Of Public Opinion, Isabelle Breier
Something Is Rotten In The State Of Healthcare: Accountability, Affordability, And The Court Of Public Opinion, Isabelle Breier
Duke Law & Technology Review
Many countries worldwide recognize a right to health and provide legal recourse for securing that right. By contrast, for many Americans, there is no legal right or remedy that enables them to access healthcare if they cannot afford it. While there are some statutes and measures in place, such as the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) and Medicaid, coverage remains piecemeal and access to healthcare is not guaranteed. Conditioning people’s access to healthcare upon their ability to pay violates the foundational bioethical principle of justice. In the United States, individuals and advocates use social media to fill …
Gray Advice, Keith Porcaro
Gray Advice, Keith Porcaro
Duke Law & Technology Review
Debates over economic protectionism or the technology flavor-of-the-month obscure a simple, urgent truth: people are going online to find help that they cannot get from legal and health professionals. They are being let down, by products with festering trust and quality issues, by regulators slow to apply consumer protection standards to harmful offerings, and by professionals loath to acknowledge changes to how help is delivered. The status quo cannot continue. Waves of capital and code are empowering ever more organizations to build digital products that blur the line between self-help and professional advice. For good or ill, “gray advice” is …
Decoding Cryptocurrency Taxes: The Challenges For Estate Planners, Max Angel
Decoding Cryptocurrency Taxes: The Challenges For Estate Planners, Max Angel
Duke Law & Technology Review
In this article, Angel explores the unique challenges of estate planning with cryptocurrency, which include accurately valuing those assets, preserving their value, and addressing the complex tax implications of transferring cryptocurrency to heirs.
Beyond Patents: Incentive Strategies For Ocean Plastic Remediation Technologies, Jacob Stotser
Beyond Patents: Incentive Strategies For Ocean Plastic Remediation Technologies, Jacob Stotser
Duke Law & Technology Review
With a garbage truck’s worth of plastic being dumped in the ocean each minute, there is a dire need for effective technological solutions aimed at mitigating the marine plastic pollution problem. However, the reliance of the U.S. patent system on market demand to incentivize this type of innovation has proven insufficient in light of the peculiarities of “green” technologies. To remedy this, this article proposes a multi-faceted incentivization approach that looks beyond the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to stimulate the development of remediation technologies through comprehensive regulatory interventions, the establishment of prize funds and other alternative incentive mechanisms, and …
The Lack Of Responsibility Of Higher Education Institutions In Addressing Phishing Emails And Data Breaches, Muxuan (Muriel) Wang
The Lack Of Responsibility Of Higher Education Institutions In Addressing Phishing Emails And Data Breaches, Muxuan (Muriel) Wang
Duke Law & Technology Review
Higher education institutions (HEIs) are highly susceptible to cyberattacks, particularly those facilitated through phishing, due to the substantial volume of confidential student and staff data and valuable research information they hold. Despite federal legislations focusing on bolstering cybersecurity for critical institutions handling medical and financial data, HEIs have not received similar attention. This Note examines the minimal obligations imposed on HEIs by existing federal and state statutes concerning data breaches, the absence of requirements for HEIs to educate employees and students about phishing attacks, and potential strategies to improve student protection against data breaches.
Next-Generation Data Governance, Kimberly A. Houser, John W. Bagby
Next-Generation Data Governance, Kimberly A. Houser, John W. Bagby
Duke Law & Technology Review
The proliferation of sensors, electronic payments, click-stream data, location-tracking, biometric feeds, and smart home devices, creates an incredibly profitable market for both personal and non-personal data. It is also leading to an amplification of harm to those from or about whom the data is collected. Because federal law provides inadequate protection for data subjects, there are growing calls for organizations to implement data governance solutions. Unfortunately, in the U.S., the concept of data governance has not progressed beyond the management and monetization of data. Many organizations operate under an outdated paradigm which fails to consider the impact of data use …
Smart Money For The People: Using Financial Innovation And Technology To Promote Esg, Frank Emmert
Smart Money For The People: Using Financial Innovation And Technology To Promote Esg, Frank Emmert
Duke Law & Technology Review
Traditional fiat currencies managed by governments and central banks have had negative impacts on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) goals. Central banks in mature democracies pursue policies that prioritize economic growth and high employment. However, these policies often lead to inflation, eroding the savings and pension funds of average citizens and encouraging risky behavior by banks and entrepreneurs. The pursuit of endless growth is socially and environmentally unsustainable. Leaders in developing countries and dictatorships use expansive monetary policy to maintain their positions, further exacerbating the situation. Convertible fiat currencies moving across borders in untraceable transactions evade regulation and taxation, with …
The Gptjudge: Justice In A Generative Ai World, Maura R. Grossman, Paul W. Grimm, Daniel G. Brown, Molly (Yiming) Xu
The Gptjudge: Justice In A Generative Ai World, Maura R. Grossman, Paul W. Grimm, Daniel G. Brown, Molly (Yiming) Xu
Duke Law & Technology Review
Generative AI (“GenAI”) systems such as ChatGPT recently have developed to the point where they can produce computer-generated text and images that are difficult to differentiate from human-generated text and images. Similarly, evidentiary materials such as documents, videos, and audio recordings that are AI-generated are becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate from those that are not AI-generated. These technological advancements present significant challenges to parties, their counsel, and the courts in determining whether evidence is authentic or fake. Moreover, the explosive proliferation and use of GenAI applications raises concerns about whether litigation costs will dramatically increase as parties are forced to …
Forensic Evidence And Rule 3.8: What Does The Use Of Bite Mark Evidence Tell Us About Prosecutorial Ethics?, Brendan Clemente
Forensic Evidence And Rule 3.8: What Does The Use Of Bite Mark Evidence Tell Us About Prosecutorial Ethics?, Brendan Clemente
Duke Law & Technology Review
Rule 3.8 of the ABA’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct should include rules that specifically address unethical uses of forensic evidence in criminal prosecutions. Forensic evidence is common in criminal trials. But the traditional rules of ethics do not effectively address the use of forensic evidence. Rule 3.8 should include a rule requiring prompt and full disclosure of information about expert witnesses whom the prosecutor plans to call and all relevant information that the prosecutor knows about a forensic method’s application in the case. Rule 3.8 should also include a requirement that the prosecutor use reasonable diligence to learn about …
Homography Of Inventorship: Dabus And Valuing Inventions, Jordana Goodman
Homography Of Inventorship: Dabus And Valuing Inventions, Jordana Goodman
Duke Law & Technology Review
On July 28, 2021, the Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience (“DABUS”) became the first computer to be recognized as a patent inventor. Due to the advocacy of DABUS’s inventor, Dr. Stephen Thaler, the world’s definition of “inventor” has finally fractured – dividing patent regimes between recognition of machine inventorship and lack thereof. This division has sparked many scholarly conversations about inventorship contribution, but none have discussed the implications of a homographic inventorship. This Article addresses the implications of international homographic inventorship – where countries have different notions and rules concerning patent inventorship – and the consequences for …
Personalized Smart Guns: A Futuristic Dream Or A Pragmatic Solution?, Andres Paciuc
Personalized Smart Guns: A Futuristic Dream Or A Pragmatic Solution?, Andres Paciuc
Duke Law & Technology Review
No abstract provided.
Federalism In The Algorithmic Age, Chad Squitieri
Federalism In The Algorithmic Age, Chad Squitieri
Duke Law & Technology Review
No abstract provided.
Look What You Made Her Do: How Swift, Streaming, And Social Media Can Increase Artists' Bargaining Power, Emily Tribulski
Look What You Made Her Do: How Swift, Streaming, And Social Media Can Increase Artists' Bargaining Power, Emily Tribulski
Duke Law & Technology Review
Music and technology have always been intertwined and recently the developments of streaming and social media have opened the door for artists to elevate their place in the music industry. The growth of social media engagement is undeniable and in 2016 streaming platforms led to the music industry’s first earnings increase in fifteen years, with double digit gains each year since—a change to the status quo that cannot be ignored. The technological moment provided by streaming and social media gives lesser-known artists, especially when they are backed by superstars, a unique opportunity to challenge traditionally label friendly record deals. These …
A Fresh Start: Surveillance Tech And The Modern Law Firm, Titus R. Willis
A Fresh Start: Surveillance Tech And The Modern Law Firm, Titus R. Willis
Duke Law & Technology Review
The legal community is rapidly evolving: firms are more beholden to clients than ever, associates are growing more competitive with one another, and younger firm employees are more willing than ever to subject themselves to surveillance from their employers. These evolutions come alongside a boom in surveillance technology. Tech companies now provide services that can track every keystroke a lawyer makes on a company computer, analyze the content of their computer screens, or even develop algorithms to measure employee productivity. How does the modern law firm respond to these new technologies? How do they weigh their obligations to clients with …
Keeping Up With China: Cfius And The Need To Secure Material Nonpublic Technical Knowledge Of Ai/Ml, Anthony Severin
Keeping Up With China: Cfius And The Need To Secure Material Nonpublic Technical Knowledge Of Ai/Ml, Anthony Severin
Duke Law & Technology Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies will shape societies by the values they are programmed to respect. In part because of anti-competitive Chinese practices such as forced transfers of intellectual property (IP), companies based in the U.S. have lost the ability to compete in several fields. To avoid losing competitiveness in AI/ML sectors, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) should promulgate rules blocking Chinese investors from acquiring ownership interests in U.S. companies when that ownership would allow access to material nonpublic technical knowledge of AI/ML. Such a categorical blacklist approach will limit forced transfers …
Cyber And Tria: Expanding The Definition Of An "Act Of Terrorism" To Include Cyber Attacks, Nehal Patel
Cyber And Tria: Expanding The Definition Of An "Act Of Terrorism" To Include Cyber Attacks, Nehal Patel
Duke Law & Technology Review
The 9/11 terrorist attacks brought on financial losses that caused insurers and Congress to reevaluate how the United States approaches terrorism risk coverage. Congress quelled concerns of insurers evading coverage of future terrorist attacks by enacting the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act in 2002. This Note considers the difficulties presented by the out-of-date language employed by Congress in 2002 and proposes amendments so that the Act more clearly covers acts of cyberterrorism, which are ever-growing in their destructive potential.
Ripple Effects: How In Re Ripple Labs Inc. Litigation Could Signal The Beginning Of The End Of The Payment Platform, Lindsay Martin
Ripple Effects: How In Re Ripple Labs Inc. Litigation Could Signal The Beginning Of The End Of The Payment Platform, Lindsay Martin
Duke Law & Technology Review
Ripple Labs provides an international payment network that allows financial institutions to transfer money more cheaply and quickly than traditional international payments. Ripple’s native digital currency, XRP, supports global payments by acting as intermediate currency between different currencies, eliminating correspondent bank’s need to hold deposits in foreign currencies. In an ongoing class action lawsuit, XRP purchasers claim that the digital asset qualifies as a security under federal securities laws and that Ripple illegally offered and sold XRP as an unregistered security. Given Ripple’s rising prominence as a tool for financial institutions, this pending case will impact cryptocurrency markets and international …
Opting Out: Biometric Information Privacy And Standing, Michelle Jackson
Opting Out: Biometric Information Privacy And Standing, Michelle Jackson
Duke Law & Technology Review
No abstract provided.
Measuring Baseball’S Heartbeat: The Hidden Harms Of Wearable Technology To Professional Ballplayers, John A. Balletta
Measuring Baseball’S Heartbeat: The Hidden Harms Of Wearable Technology To Professional Ballplayers, John A. Balletta
Duke Law & Technology Review
No abstract provided.
Autonomous Systems As Legal Agents: Directly By The Recognition Of Personhood Or Indirectly By The Alchemy Of Algorithmic Entities, Dalton Powell
Autonomous Systems As Legal Agents: Directly By The Recognition Of Personhood Or Indirectly By The Alchemy Of Algorithmic Entities, Dalton Powell
Duke Law & Technology Review
No abstract provided.
The Danger Of Facial Recognition In Our Children’S Classrooms, Nila Bala
The Danger Of Facial Recognition In Our Children’S Classrooms, Nila Bala
Duke Law & Technology Review
No abstract provided.
Deepfakes: False Pornography Is Here And The Law Cannot Protect You, Douglas Harris
Deepfakes: False Pornography Is Here And The Law Cannot Protect You, Douglas Harris
Duke Law & Technology Review
It is now possible for anyone with rudimentary computer skills to create a pornographic deepfake portraying an individual engaging in a sex act that never actually occurred. These realistic videos, called “deepfakes,” use artificial intelligence software to impose a person’s face onto another person’s body. While pornographic deepfakes were first created to produce videos of celebrities, they are now being generated to feature other nonconsenting individuals—like a friend or a classmate. This Article argues that several tort doctrines and recent non-consensual pornography laws are unable to handle published deepfakes of non-celebrities. Instead, a federal criminal statute prohibiting these publications is …
Crashed Software: Assessing Product Liability For Software Defects In Automated Vehicles, Sunghyo Kim
Crashed Software: Assessing Product Liability For Software Defects In Automated Vehicles, Sunghyo Kim
Duke Law & Technology Review
Automated vehicles will not only redefine the role of drivers, but also present new challenges in assessing product liability. In light of the increased risks of software defects in automated vehicles, this Note will review the current legal and regulatory framework related to product liability and assess the challenges in addressing on-board software defects and cybersecurity breaches from both the consumer and manufacturer perspective. While manufacturers are expected to assume more responsibility for accidents as vehicles become fully automated, it can be difficult to determine the scope of liability regarding unexpected software defects. On the other hand, consumers face new …