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Articles 181 - 205 of 205
Full-Text Articles in Science and Technology Law
Law As Discourse: Bridging The Gap Between Democracy And Rights, Michel Rosenfeld
Law As Discourse: Bridging The Gap Between Democracy And Rights, Michel Rosenfeld
Articles
No abstract provided.
Opinion Letter As To The Patentability Of Certain Inventions Associated With The Identification Of Partial Cdna Sequences, Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Robert P. Merges
Opinion Letter As To The Patentability Of Certain Inventions Associated With The Identification Of Partial Cdna Sequences, Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Robert P. Merges
Articles
You have asked for our legal opinion on the patentability of inventions claimed in U.S. patent applications 07/716,831, filed June 21, 1991 (the '831 application, or .'831"), 07/837,195, filed September 25, 1992 ("'195"), and 07/952,911, filed February 12, 1993 (."911"), all filed in the name of Craig Venter and others and assigned to the National Institutes of Health "(NIH)." We understand that NIH has abandoned these patent applications and has no present intention of filing similar applications in the future, but that NIH remains interested in the patenting of human DNA sequences from a broader public policy perspective. We have …
Reply To Comments On The Patentability Of Certain Inventions Associated With The Identification Of Partial Cdna Sequences, Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Robert P. Merges
Reply To Comments On The Patentability Of Certain Inventions Associated With The Identification Of Partial Cdna Sequences, Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Robert P. Merges
Articles
A brief reply is in order to clarify our position on the patenting of research tools. We stand by the statement that "there are reasons to be wary of patents on research tools," but that statement should not be understood as a broad condemnation of patents on research tools in all contexts. Indeed, immediately after the cited language our opinion letter acknowledges that withholding patent protection from research tools could undermine private incentives to develop research tools and to make them available to investigators or lead to greater reliance on trade secrecy. Unlike the government, which purports to pursue patent …
A Technology Policy Perspective On The Nih Gene Patenting Controversy, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
A Technology Policy Perspective On The Nih Gene Patenting Controversy, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Articles
This article will use the NIH patent controversy as a focal point for considering when the results of government-sponsored research should be patented and when they should be dedicated to the public domain. First, this article will review the recent history of federal government policy on patenting the results of government-sponsored research. Next, this article will highlight some of the complexities involved in achieving technology transfer from the public sector to the private sector that current policy may oversimplify. With this background, this article will return to a more detailed analysis of the NIH cDNA patenting controversy and consider the …
Roundtable Discussion: Science, Environment, And The Law, James E. Krier
Roundtable Discussion: Science, Environment, And The Law, James E. Krier
Articles
Science, environment, and the law is our topic. The problem of interest to me has to do with risk regulation and, more particularly, with the fact that technical and scientific views of risk differ dramatically from lay or public views. How is this conflict to be managed and resolved? I have to go through my account very quickly, given the time constraint, so let me mention that it is based on an article that sets out my arguments at length.'
Appropriation Art And The Imminent Decline In Authorial Control Over Copyrighted Works, Marci A. Hamilton
Appropriation Art And The Imminent Decline In Authorial Control Over Copyrighted Works, Marci A. Hamilton
Articles
No abstract provided.
Limiting The Role Of Patents In Technology Transfer, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Limiting The Role Of Patents In Technology Transfer, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Articles
Federal policy since 1980 has reflected an increasingly confident presumption that patenting discoveries made in the course of government-sponsored research is the most effective way to promote technology transfer and commercial development of those discoveries in the private sector. Whereas policymakers in the past may have thought that the best way to achieve widespread use of government-sponsored research was to make the results freely available to the public, the new propatent policy stresses the need for exclusive rights as an incentive for industry to undertake the further investment to bring new products to market. Although this propatent policy may make …
Limiting The Role Of Patents In Technology Transfer, Rebecca Sue Eisenberg
Limiting The Role Of Patents In Technology Transfer, Rebecca Sue Eisenberg
Articles
Federal policy since 1980 has reflected an increasingly confident presumption that patenting discoveries made in the course of government-sponsored research is the most effective way to promote technology transfer and commercial development of those discoveries in the private sector. Whereas policymakers in the past may have thought that the best way to achieve widespread use of government-sponsored research was to make the results freely available to the public, the new propatent policy stresses the need for exclusive rights as an incentive for industry to undertake the further investment to bring new products to market. Although this propatent policy may make …
Patenting The Human Genome, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Patenting The Human Genome, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Articles
The increasing promise of federal funding for mapping and sequencing the human genome has brought with it renewed attention in the research science community to issues of intellectual property protection for products of biotechnology research. Echoing concerns raised a decade ago in the debate over commercialization of academic biomedical research, scientists have called for the free availability of all information generated through the Human Genome Project and have argued against allowing private intellectual property rights in such knowledge. Meanwhile, private parties have quietly been obtaining patents on bits and pieces of the human genome from the Patent and Trademark Office …
Copyright Legislation And Technological Change, Jessica D. Litman
Copyright Legislation And Technological Change, Jessica D. Litman
Articles
Throughout its history, copyright law has had difficulty accommodating technological change. Although the substance of copyright legislation in this century has evolved from meetings among industry representatives whose avowed purpose was to draft legislation that provided for the future,6 the resulting statutes have done so poorly. The language of copyright statutes has been phrased in fact-specific language that has grown obsolete as new modes and mediums of copyrightable expression have developed. Whatever copyright statute has been on the books has been routinely, and justifiably, criticized as outmoded.7 In this Article, I suggest that the nature of the legislative process we …
The Political Economy Of Barry Commoner, James E. Krier
The Political Economy Of Barry Commoner, James E. Krier
Articles
The centerpiece of what follows is an article by Barry Commoner that appeared in The New Yorker magazine in 1987.' The article, although an essentially popular work, is for several reasons worth the attention of a community professionally interested in law and the environment. First, it distills and supplements views that Commoner has advanced with much prominence throughout the life-twenty years to date-of the environmental movement in the United States. Thus it provides an opportunity for the present generation's students of environmental law, many of whom seem to know nothing of Commoner and his ideas, to become familiar with a …
Patents And The Progress Of Science: Exclusive Rights And Experimental Use, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Patents And The Progress Of Science: Exclusive Rights And Experimental Use, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Articles
In this article I analyze the proper scope of an experimental use exemption from patent infringement liability by comparing the rationales behind promoting technological progress through granting exclusive patent rights in inventions with competing arguments for promoting scientific progress by allowing all investigators to enjoy free access to the discoveries of other scientists. I begin by reviewing key features of the patent laws and theoretical justifications for granting patent monopolies in order to clarify the implications of existing patent doctrine and theory for an experimental use exemption. I then look to the literature in the sociology, history, and philosophy of …
Performer's Rights And Digital Sampling Under U.S. And Japanese Law, Jessica D. Litman
Performer's Rights And Digital Sampling Under U.S. And Japanese Law, Jessica D. Litman
Articles
A year or two ago, one of my copyright students called to my attention a problem that seemed to him to pose unique difficulties for the copyright statute. The problem arises because of a technology called digital sampling.' Digital sampling is a new threat to performers' rights that has grown out of the combination of digital recording technology with music synthesizer technology. This threat is a very recent one. Indeed, the digital sampling problem is so new that copyright lawyers haven't yet figured out how to think about it.
Academic Freedom And Academic Values In Sponsored Research, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Academic Freedom And Academic Values In Sponsored Research, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Articles
In this Article I examine the traditional American conception of academic freedom and analyze its implications for universities formulating policies on the acceptance of sponsored research. I begin by reviewing the basic policy statements of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) on academic freedom to identify both the academic values implicit in those statements and the assumptions about institutional relationships and individual incentives underlying their prescriptions for advancing those values. I then evaluate the validity of those underlying assumptions in contemporary sponsored research and argue that academic freedom as traditionally conceived might no longer effectively advance academic values in …
Proprietary Rights And The Norms Of Science In Biotechnology Research, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Proprietary Rights And The Norms Of Science In Biotechnology Research, Rebecca S. Eisenberg
Articles
As basic research in biotechnology yields increasing commercial applications, scientists and their research sponsors have become more eager to protect the commercial value of research discoveries through intellectual property law. Some scientists fear that these commercial incentives will weaken or even undermine the norms that have traditionally governed scientific research. In this Article, Professor Eisenberg examines the interaction of proprietary rights in inventions with these traditional scientific norms. Trade secrecy, she argues, is an undesirable strategy for protection of basic research discoveries because it impedes dissemination of new knowledge to the scientific community. She finds that patent law is in …
Freedom From Freedom Of Contract: The Enduring Value Of Servitude Restrictions, Stewart E. Sterk
Freedom From Freedom Of Contract: The Enduring Value Of Servitude Restrictions, Stewart E. Sterk
Articles
The article examines the legal and policy implications of enforcing contractual servitudes that bind successors-in-interest to land, arguing that unrestricted enforcement could lead to significant externalities and transaction costs. While Richard Epstein advocates for maximal contractual freedom, the analysis highlights the need for doctrinal limitations to protect future generations and public interests. The article critiques existing doctrines like the touch and concern requirement, changed conditions doctrine, and durational limitations, proposing reforms to balance private autonomy with broader societal concerns.
The Un-Easy Case For Technological Optimism, James E. Krier, Clayton P. Gillette
The Un-Easy Case For Technological Optimism, James E. Krier, Clayton P. Gillette
Articles
"Technological optimism" is a term of art, an article of faith, and a theory of politics. It is a view that pervades modem attitudes, yet gets little explicit attention. For a brief period the situation was otherwise. In the early 1970s, the optimistic outlook figured prominently in an important debate about nothing less than the future of the world. Technological optimism won. The outcome was unsurprising, given the nature of the argument. On one side of the debate was a group of self-proclaimed Malthusians who foresaw an impending period of stark scarcity unless relatively drastic remedial steps were quickly taken; …
The Patentability Of Living Microorganisms: Diamond V. Chakrabarty, Daniel H. Foote
The Patentability Of Living Microorganisms: Diamond V. Chakrabarty, Daniel H. Foote
Articles
Microbiologists have made great advances in modifying gene structures to create new forms of life. In Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the Supreme Court addressed for the first time the patentability of a living microorganism. In a 5-4 decision that has been condemned as heralding the advent of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, the Court held that the living nature of a microorganism is no bar to patenting it.
What Counts Is How The Game Is Scored: One Way To Increase Achievement In Learning Mathematics, Layman E. Allen, Gloria Jackson, Joan Ross, Stuart White
What Counts Is How The Game Is Scored: One Way To Increase Achievement In Learning Mathematics, Layman E. Allen, Gloria Jackson, Joan Ross, Stuart White
Articles
Pior investigation indicates that instructional gaming can be an effective tool for enhancing both motivation and achievement in the learning of mathematics. This study explores the extent to which the effectiveness of instructional gaming in facilitating the learning of specific mathematical ideas can be increased by incorporating devices that channel learners’ attention upon those ideas. In particular, the effect of channeling attention by changing the method of scoring is explored.
Transcript Of Conference Proceedings, Lester Brickman, Richard O. Lempert
Transcript Of Conference Proceedings, Lester Brickman, Richard O. Lempert
Articles
The transcript examines the challenges and opportunities in improving legal services delivery to middle-class consumers, emphasizing the need for structural changes and enhanced client-lawyer interactions. It advocates for a shift from merely increasing the number of lawyers to empowering clients through better problem definition, shared decision-making, and measurable outcomes. The discussion highlights the importance of understanding legal needs, the role of intermediaries, and the potential of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Cost-effectiveness, the impact of third-party payments, and the integration of paralegals are also central themes.
The Literature Labyrinth Of Nuclear Power: A Bibliography, Penny Hazelton
The Literature Labyrinth Of Nuclear Power: A Bibliography, Penny Hazelton
Articles
The first part is a survey of the basic sources available to a person researching a problem on nuclear power. Three forms are discussed—bibliographies, U.S. government documents, and current awareness materials. The second portion is a selection of significant books on nuclear power and the law published since 1960. The third and final portion is a subject arrangement of law review articles published between 1957 and 1975. Used in conjunction with Atomic Energy and the Law: A Bibliography and Blueprint for Atomic Energy Literature: Legislative and Legal, this survey and bibliography will give the researcher a lead to the …
Queries 'N Theories: An Instructional Game On The Dot, Dot, Dot... Approach To Scientific Method, Layman E. Allen
Queries 'N Theories: An Instructional Game On The Dot, Dot, Dot... Approach To Scientific Method, Layman E. Allen
Articles
QUERIES 'N THEORIES provides a parallel to the strong inference approach to scientific method - designing experiments, observing data, and theorizing. The reiter- ated use of the DOT approach (Design, Observe, Theorize) in the problem-solving required by the game mirrors the regular, systematic application of strong inference in some areas of science (e.g., high energy physics and molecular biology) that have moved ahead much more rapidly than others. Moreover, the game embodies and provides practice in two aspects of scientific theorizing and designing which John Platt has pointed out as central to scientific advance: (1) the usefulness of multiple hypotheses …
Equations Presented As An Example Of A Nonsimulation Game, Layman E. Allen, Joan K. Ross
Equations Presented As An Example Of A Nonsimulation Game, Layman E. Allen, Joan K. Ross
Articles
One way of characterizing instructional games is in terms of whether they are simulation games or nonsimulation games. Most ofSimulation Gaming News deals with simulation games and other simulations; here we are concerned with nonsimulation games.
The Virtues Of Nonsimulation Games, Layman E. Allen, Robert W. Allen, Joan Ross
The Virtues Of Nonsimulation Games, Layman E. Allen, Robert W. Allen, Joan Ross
Articles
The use of games as teaching devices is receiving attention from an increasing number of educators. Data from tests conducted with one such educational game-WFF ’N PROOF strongly indicate that this and similar games are useful, not only in teaching a particular subject (in this case symbolic logic), but also in increasing the general problem-solving ability of the student. WFF ’N PROOF is actually not one game but a series of 21 games of increasing difficulty. The first games in the series are quite simple and can be enjoyed by first graders. The final games are challenging and stimulating even …
The Patentability Of A Principle Of Nature, John B. Waite
The Patentability Of A Principle Of Nature, John B. Waite
Articles
The extent to which courts will go in conceding patentability to a natural law, or principle of nature, is evidenced in the case of Minerals Separation Co. v. Hyde, 37 Sup. Ct. -, decided by the Supreme Court, December 11, 1916. It has always been more or less an axiom of patent law that the discovery of a principle of nature does not entitle the discoverer to a patent for it. The case usually thought of first as authority therefor, is that of Morton v. New York Eye Infirmary, 5 Blatch. 116, 2 Fisher 320. The patentees in that case …