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Articles 61 - 90 of 101
Full-Text Articles in Science and Technology Law
Complex Societies And The Growth Of The Law, Daniel Martin Katz, Corinna Coupette, Janis Beckedorf, Dirk Hartung
Complex Societies And The Growth Of The Law, Daniel Martin Katz, Corinna Coupette, Janis Beckedorf, Dirk Hartung
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
While many informal factors influence how people interact, modern societies rely upon law as a primary mechanism to formally control human behaviour. How legal rules impact societal development depends on the interplay between two types of actors: the people who create the rules and the people to which the rules potentially apply. We hypothesise that an increasingly diverse and interconnected society might create increasingly diverse and interconnected rules, and assert that legal networks provide a useful lens through which to observe the interaction between law and society. To evaluate these propositions, we present a novel and generalizable model of statutory …
International Moots And The Demands Of Modern Legal Practice: Relooking The Role Of Firms, Siyuan Chen
International Moots And The Demands Of Modern Legal Practice: Relooking The Role Of Firms, Siyuan Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The demands of modern legal practice are such that the young law graduate is expected to be as practice-prepared as possible right off the bat: able to analyse, research, draft, write, advise, and even advocate on complex issues that do not always present clear demarcations in doctrines, jurisdictions, and cultures – and this is without mentioning other important soft skills required to thrive in practice. International moot competitions used to be the main means to bridge the school-versus-practice and theory-versus-application divides, but that landscape has transformed radically in the past decade. Considering too the competitiveness of the legal market today …
The State Of Legal Innovation In Asia-Pacific 2020, Jerrold Soh, Kok Thong Lee
The State Of Legal Innovation In Asia-Pacific 2020, Jerrold Soh, Kok Thong Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This year's report is the second in two years and contains a number of substantial improvements. Most significantly, it has expanded to cover Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, New Zealand, and the Philippines, providing a fascinating look at legal technology and innovation in these important yet perhaps overlooked APAC jurisdictions.
Rethinking Mistake In The Age Of Algorithms: Quoine Pte Ltd V B2c2 Ltd, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Rethinking Mistake In The Age Of Algorithms: Quoine Pte Ltd V B2c2 Ltd, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Good traders remove emotion from the decision-making process. Automated trading algorithms have enabled this, allowing one to trade round the clock, and without the constant need to monitor one’s investments. But software has gremlins. Given the vast amounts of money involved in such trades, it was only a matter of time before disputes involving automated trading software came before the courts. The decision in Quoine v B2C2 (“Quoine”) represents the first time an apex court in the Commonwealth has ruled on the applicability of contractual principles to situations involving automated trading software.
Reflections On The Use Of Facial Recognition Technology During Covid-19, Gary Kok Yew Chan
Reflections On The Use Of Facial Recognition Technology During Covid-19, Gary Kok Yew Chan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
During the COVID-10 pandemic, infected persons have been quarantined in segregated facilities. Individuals who have been in contact with the infected persons may be subject to self-isolation measures or stay-home notices. Technological tools such as proximity and contact tracing apps are used to identify those who have been in close contact with infected persons. The contact tracing QR code used in Singapore's SafeEntry requires the submission of personal information (including names and identification numbers) prior to entry into certain public places such as malls, factories and restaurants. Robots, in addition to designated human officers, have been delpoyed to maintain social …
Coronavirus: Pandemics, Artificial Intelligence And Personal Data: How To Manage Pandemics Using Ai And What That Means For Personal Data Protection, Warren B. Chik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This chapter discusses the hearing of essential and urgent court matters in the Singapore courts during the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 march 2020, the Singapore judiciary notified courst users that remote hearings were to be implemented for certain types of hearings by means of video and telephone conferencing facilities. Court users were also provided with indicative lists of matters which might be considered essential and urgent.
Ethics, Rule Of Law And Pandemic Responses, Mark Findlay
Ethics, Rule Of Law And Pandemic Responses, Mark Findlay
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In their report ‘The Rule of Law in Times of Health Crises’404 Julinda Beqiraj, Jean-Pierre Gauci and Nyasha Weinberg identified certain conditions under which rule of law adherence can contribute to an effective pandemic response.
Coronavirus: Pandemics, Artificial Intelligence And Personal Data: How To Manage Pandemics Using Ai And What That Means For Personal Data Protection, Warren B. Chik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This chapter discusses the hearing of essential and urgent court matters in the Singapore courts during the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 march 2020, the Singapore judiciary notified courst users that remote hearings were to be implemented for certain types of hearings by means of video and telephone conferencing facilities. Court users were also provided with indicative lists of matters which might be considered essential and urgent.
An Ecosystem Approach To Ethical Ai And Data Use: Experimental Reflections, Mark Findlay, Josephine Seah
An Ecosystem Approach To Ethical Ai And Data Use: Experimental Reflections, Mark Findlay, Josephine Seah
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
While we have witnessed a rapid growth of ethics documents meant to guide artificial intelligence (AI) development, the promotion of AI ethics has nonetheless proceeded with little input from AI practitioners themselves. Given the proliferation of AI for Social Good initiatives, this is an emerging gap that needs to be addressed in order to develop more meaningful ethical approaches to AI use and development. This paper offers a methodology-a 'shared fairness' approach-aimed at identifying AI practitioners' needs when it comes to confronting and resolving ethical challenges and to find a third space where their operational language can be married with …
Attribution Of Civil Liability For Accidents Involving Automated Cars, Siyuan Chen, Jie Hao Sampson Lim, Beverly Kai Li Lim
Attribution Of Civil Liability For Accidents Involving Automated Cars, Siyuan Chen, Jie Hao Sampson Lim, Beverly Kai Li Lim
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
With the much-anticipated revolution in autonomous (or “self-driving”) cars fast becoming reality, the Singapore Academy of Law’s Law Reform Committee (‘LRC’) has considered how liability should be attributed in the event of accidents involving such cars, and the issues that may arise in seeking to apply existing liability frameworks.
Rethinking Mistake In The Age Of Algorithms, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Rethinking Mistake In The Age Of Algorithms, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In our previous note: Cryptocurrencies and Code before the Courts ((2019) 30(3) King’s Law Journal 331 - 337), we discussed the Singapore International Commercial Court (High Court)’s decision in B2C2 Ltd v Quoine Pte Ltd. The case subsequently went on appeal, and the Singapore International Commercial Court (Court of Appeal), by a majority, affirmed the decision of the lower court in Quoine v B2C2 (“Quoine”). The case of Quoine represents the first time an apex court in the Commonwealth has ruled on the applicability of contractual principles to situations involving automated trading software. In our recent case note: Rethinking Mistake …
What Does The Digital Revolution Mean For Legal Education?, Emma Ziercke, Dirk Hartung, Klaus-Stefan Hohenstatt
What Does The Digital Revolution Mean For Legal Education?, Emma Ziercke, Dirk Hartung, Klaus-Stefan Hohenstatt
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The general consensus amongst legal thought leaders is that legal education needs to be re-designed to, amongst other things, reflect the digital transformation of the legal industry. This opinion exposes the long-standing tension between academic learning and vocational learning in the legal profession. Technology cannot be ignored, but where to begin? What do lawyers actually need to know about technology? To answer this question, we have to understand what it means to “be a lawyer” in the twenty-first century. Technology is multi-dimensional and encompasses lawyers as users of technology, as advisers for new legal issues that stem from the application …
Regulating Personal Data Usage In Covid-19 Control Conditions, Mark Findlay, Nydia Remolina
Regulating Personal Data Usage In Covid-19 Control Conditions, Mark Findlay, Nydia Remolina
Centre for AI & Data Governance (2019-2025)
As the COVID-19 health pandemic ebbs and flows world-wide, governments and private companies across the globe are utilising AI-assisted surveillance, reporting, mapping and tracing technologies with the intention of slowing the spread of the virus. These technologies have capacity to amass and share personal data for community control and citizen safety motivations that empower state agencies and inveigle citizen co-operation which could only be imagined outside times of real and present personal danger. While not cavilling with the short-term necessity for these technologies and the data they control, process and share in the health regulation mission (provided that the technology …
Artificial Intelligence And Global Trade Governance: A Pluralist Agenda, Han-Wei Liu, Ching-Fu Lin
Artificial Intelligence And Global Trade Governance: A Pluralist Agenda, Han-Wei Liu, Ching-Fu Lin
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This Article is the first of its kind to map out imminent challenges facing the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the emergence of artificial intelligence. It does so by examining critically AI’s normative implications for four issue areas—robot lawyers, automated driving systems, computer-generated works, and automated decision-making processes. By unpacking the diverse governance approaches taken in addressing these issues, this Article highlights the underlying economic, societal, cultural, and political interests in different jurisdictions and identifies the growing normative relevance of global legal pluralism. In light of the changing fabric of international law, this Article seeks to reconceptualize AI and global …
Ethics, Ai, Mass Data And Pandemic Challenges: Responsible Data Use And Infrastructure Application For Surveillance And Pre-Emptive Tracing Post-Crisis, Mark Findlay, Jia Yuan Loke, Nydia Remolina Leon, Yum Yin, Benjamin (Tan Renyan) Tham
Ethics, Ai, Mass Data And Pandemic Challenges: Responsible Data Use And Infrastructure Application For Surveillance And Pre-Emptive Tracing Post-Crisis, Mark Findlay, Jia Yuan Loke, Nydia Remolina Leon, Yum Yin, Benjamin (Tan Renyan) Tham
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
As the COVID-19 health pandemic rages governments and private companies across the globe are utilising AI-assisted surveillance, reporting, mapping and tracing technologies with the intention of slowing the spread of the virus. These technologies have the capacity to amass personal data and share for community control and citizen safety motivations that empower state agencies and inveigle citizen co-operation which could only be imagined outside such times of real and present danger. While not cavilling with the short-term necessity for these technologies and the data they control, process and share in the health regulation mission, this paper argues that this infrastructure …
Rules As Code: Seven Levels Of Digitisation, Meng Weng Wong
Rules As Code: Seven Levels Of Digitisation, Meng Weng Wong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
A guide intended to accelerate sensemaking in discussions involving Rules as Code. Without a common frame of reference, project stakeholders risk talking at cross purposes. Stakeholders contemplating a “digital transformation” project in the legal domain, such as a “Rules as Code” exercise or a RegTech / SupTech proof-of-concept, may find this document useful to agree on a common vocabulary to facilitate discussion and planning. To that end, this document classifies “digital transformation” of legal rules into a hierarchy of levels which can be included as terms of reference in planning discussions. While this document is informed by academic discourse, it …
Cryptocurrencies And Code Before The Courts, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Cryptocurrencies And Code Before The Courts, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In the rapidly developing cyber sphere dominated by cryptocurrencies and code, it is perhaps not uncommon for firms to focus on cutting-edge technological developments leaving the law behind as an afterthought. B2C2 Ltd v Quoine Pte Ltd (‘B2C2’)1 may serve as a timely reminder of the importance of the legal principles supporting e-commerce and Fintech. In the first case of its kind, B2C2 raised several key questions before the Singapore International Commercial Court (‘SICC’), seeking clarification on how the established legal concepts of breach of trust, mistake and unjust enrichment might apply in the context where an automated contract-forming software …
Cryptocurrencies And Code Before The Courts, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Cryptocurrencies And Code Before The Courts, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In the rapidly developing cyber sphere of e-commerce and Fintech, dominated by cryptocurrencies and code, it is perhaps not uncommon for firms to focus on cutting-edge technological developments, leaving the law behind as an afterthought. However, the case of B2C2 Ltd v Quoine Pte Ltd (“B2C2”) may serve as a timely reminder of the importance of the legal principles supporting e-commerce and Fintech. In the first case of its kind, B2C2 raised several key questions before the Singapore International Commercial Court, seeking clarification on how the established legal concepts of breach of trust, mistake and unjust enrichment might apply in …
How To Address The Ai Governance Discussion? What Can We Learn From Singapore’S Ai Strategy?, Nydia Remolina Leon, Josephine Seah
How To Address The Ai Governance Discussion? What Can We Learn From Singapore’S Ai Strategy?, Nydia Remolina Leon, Josephine Seah
Centre for AI & Data Governance (2019-2025)
The following research piece explores how Singapore is addressing the AI Governance discussion. First, the document broadly provides some background to the Singapore’s AI strategy; second, it explains exactly what the Model AI Governance Framework is and how Singapore is addressing the AI Governance discussion; third, it compares Singapore’s approach with other jurisdictions’ and how important it is to contribute to the international debate on AI governance; and fourth, the document mentions some challenges ahead and observations on what is missing from current conversations about AI.
Data Regulation With Chinese Characteristics, Henry S. Gao
Data Regulation With Chinese Characteristics, Henry S. Gao
Centre for AI & Data Governance (2019-2025)
Data regulation has become a key issue in today’s world. For various reasons, however, it has been challenging to understand data regulations in China, home to the largest e-commerce market in the world. This paper traces the evolution of data and Internet regulation in China, from the early days of the Chinese Internet, to the regulatory turf wars among different agencies, and all the way to the elevation of data and Internet regulation to the level of national security and the rise of a super-agency in charge of the issue in recent years. The paper argues that, the Chinese Internet …
Beyond State V Loomis: Artificial Intelligence, Government Algorithmization And Accountability, Han-Wei Liu, Ching-Fu Lin, Yu-Jie Chen
Beyond State V Loomis: Artificial Intelligence, Government Algorithmization And Accountability, Han-Wei Liu, Ching-Fu Lin, Yu-Jie Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Developments in data analytics, computational power and machine learning techniques have driven all branches of the government to outsource authority to machines in performing public functions—social welfare, law enforcement and, most importantly, courts. Complex statistical algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) tools are being used to automate decision-making and are having a significant impact on individuals’ rights and obligations. Controversies have emerged regarding the opaque nature of such schemes, the unintentional bias against and harm to under-represented populations, and the broader legal, social and ethical ramifications. State v Loomis, a recent case in the USA, well demonstrates how unrestrained and unchecked …
Property In Digital Coins, J.G. Allen
Property In Digital Coins, J.G. Allen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Digital coins have burst into mainstream awareness recently, mainly as a result of high-worth ‘Initial Coin Offerings’ (‘ICOs’). The most immediate question in the legal treatment of digital coins is whether they are properly seen as digital ‘commodities’, and/or as ‘securities’, and/or as units of ‘money’. But the conceptual underpinnings of these categories are not clear, nor is it clear how these categories relate to each other; no legal system currently deals adequately with incorporeal objects as objects of property law. This category includes not only digital coins but also some forms of conventional money and securities. Establishing a satisfactory …
Singapore's Consistent, Agile Support For Innovation And Ip In A Digital Age, Sam Sim, Vincent Ooi
Singapore's Consistent, Agile Support For Innovation And Ip In A Digital Age, Sam Sim, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Singapore has been agile in refining its support for companies investing in the acquisition, development, enhancement and exploitation of intellectual property rights, which is the key to innovation in the digitalised economy of the future.Sam Sim and Vincent Ooi outline the main tax measures announced in recent budgets.
Contracts Formed By Software: An Approach From The Law Of Mistake, Vincent Ooi
Contracts Formed By Software: An Approach From The Law Of Mistake, Vincent Ooi
Centre for AI & Data Governance (2019-2025)
A ‘Contracting Problem’ arises when software is used to autonomously enter into contracts without human input. Questions arise as to how and whether there can be an expression of an objective intention to be legally bound. This article considers three leading solutions to the Contracting Problem. The ‘Mere Tools Theory’, which views software as ‘mere tools’ of communication, is too harsh as it binds users to any software malfunction. The Agency Approach, which treats software as Electronic Agents, capable of contracting on behalf of their users, is untenable as it ascribes unrealistic characteristics to software. The article submits that the …
Disruptive Technologies And Sustainable Development: Implications For Southeast Asia, Ching-Fu Lin, Han-Wei Liu
Disruptive Technologies And Sustainable Development: Implications For Southeast Asia, Ching-Fu Lin, Han-Wei Liu
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Disruptive technologies, including artificial intelligence, distributed ledger technologies, and the internet of things, are driving a transformative reorganisation of economic structures. If correctly harnessed, these emerging technologies have the potential to assist economies in creating new efficiencies, boosting productivity, and enhancing international trade. This paper explores the scope for these technologies to contribute to sustainable development, highlighting how they could be deployed and implications for Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam.
Legal Operations: Getting More From In-House Legal Departments And Their Outside Counsel, Christian Veith, Nora Tophof, Tessia Tober, Meinhard Weizmann, Markus Hartung, Dirk Hartung
Legal Operations: Getting More From In-House Legal Departments And Their Outside Counsel, Christian Veith, Nora Tophof, Tessia Tober, Meinhard Weizmann, Markus Hartung, Dirk Hartung
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Legal departments today face multiple daunting challenges—including rising volumes and complexity of legal work and pressure to reduce costs. To manage these challenges, more organizations are establishing legal operations teams. Understanding what legal operations does—and how—can help legal de-partments to efficiently deliver measurable business results and their counsel tobetter serve their clients.What Does Legal Operations Do? Five Strategic Activities Analysis of legal operations frameworks—as defined by the Corporate Legal Operations Consortium and the Association of Corporate Counsel—in this study indicates that the best legal operations teams excel at five strategic activities: (1) vendor, (2) risk, (3) knowledge, (4) finance/budgeting, and …
Lawstats – Large-Scale German Court Decision Evaluation Using Web Service Classifiers, Eugen Ruppert, Dirk Hartung, Phillip Sittig, Tjorben Gschwander, Lennart Rönneburg, Tobias Killing, Chris Biemann
Lawstats – Large-Scale German Court Decision Evaluation Using Web Service Classifiers, Eugen Ruppert, Dirk Hartung, Phillip Sittig, Tjorben Gschwander, Lennart Rönneburg, Tobias Killing, Chris Biemann
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
LawStats provides quantitative insights into court decisions from the Bundesgerichtshof - Federal Court of Justice (BGH), the Federal Court of Justice in Germany. Using Watson Web Services and approaches from Sentiment Analysis (SA), we can automatically classify the revision outcome and offer statistics on judges, senates, previous instances etc. via faceted search. These statistics are accessible through a open web interface to aid law professionals. With a clear focus on interpretability, users can not only explore statistics, but can also understand, which sentences in the decision are responsible for the machine’s decision; links to the original texts provide more context. …
"Rule Of Trust": The Power And Perils Of China's Social Credit Megaproject, Yu-Jie Chen, Ching-Fu Lin, Han-Wei Liu
"Rule Of Trust": The Power And Perils Of China's Social Credit Megaproject, Yu-Jie Chen, Ching-Fu Lin, Han-Wei Liu
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Emerging as a comprehensive and aggressive governance scheme in China, the “Social Credit System” (SCS) seeks to promote the norms of “trust” in the Chinese society by rewarding behavior that is considered “trust-keeping” and punishing those considered “trust-breaking.” This Article closely examines the evolving SCS regime and corrects myths and misunderstandings popularized in the international media. We identify four key mechanisms of the SCS, i.e., information gathering, information sharing, labeling, and joint sanctions, and highlight their unique characteristics as well as normative implications. In our view, the new governance mode underlying the SCS—what we call the “rule of trust”—relies on …
Governing Science And Technology In The Era Of Megaregionals, Shin-Yi Peng, Han-Wei Liu, Ching-Fu Lin
Governing Science And Technology In The Era Of Megaregionals, Shin-Yi Peng, Han-Wei Liu, Ching-Fu Lin
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This chapter will explore the interplay between law and technology, focusing on the pertinent trade issues within megaregionals. As globalization has created markets that cross borders, there is an increasing reliance on diverse types of international legal instruments to govern science and technology. The reality is that the differences in regulatory regimes become more significant as trade obstacles. Manufacturers or service suppliers often confront challenges when attempting to comply with diverse national regulatory measures. At the forefront, the questions to ask are whether the emergence of various bilateral or megaregionals help promote regulatory cooperation/coherence? Or, has such phenomenon raised more …
Eyes In The Sky, Concerns On The Ground, Siyuan Chen, Zi En Chow
Eyes In The Sky, Concerns On The Ground, Siyuan Chen, Zi En Chow
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In the last few years, drones have literally taken flight in our skies, over our parks, our beaches –and even over our homes. Aerial imaging enthusiasts are thrilled about their impact, while thosewho have privacy concerns may have some reservations.But while consumer-level drones do not make the best spies – they’re noisy, conspicuous, have ashort battery-life, are vulnerable to jamming and have limited telephoto capability – this maychange over time. With that in mind, we need to consider whether the existing causes of actionprovide any relief in law and, if they do not, how governments can regulate drones in a …