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Michigan Law Review

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Articles 241 - 270 of 278

Full-Text Articles in Military, War, and Peace

The Permanent International Court Of Justice Jan 1924

The Permanent International Court Of Justice

Michigan Law Review

The writer has already commented, in an earlier number of this Review, upon the plan for a Permanent Court of International Justice which was formulated by a committee of jurists at The Hague in the summer of 1920 and amended and approved by the Council and Assembly of the League of Nations in December of the same year. 19 MICH. L. REV. 413. The plan became operative upon ratification by a majority of the members of the League in September, 1921, and judges were elected immediately thereafter. The Court's first session opened at The Hague in January, 1922. The present …


Constitutional Law--"Liberty" Under Fourteenth Amendment--Validity Of Foreign Languages Statutes Jan 1924

Constitutional Law--"Liberty" Under Fourteenth Amendment--Validity Of Foreign Languages Statutes

Michigan Law Review

Nine states during the months immediately following the conclusion of the World War passed statutes in substantially the same language, forbidding the teaching of any modem language except English to children below the eighth grade in any school, private or public. Ohio also passed a law applying only to the German language. Teachers in Nebraska, Iowa, and Ohio were convicted during 1920 and 1921 of violating these statutes and, after the supreme courts of the various states had held them valid, their cases were combined in an appeal to the United States Supreme Court. Held, the statutes deprived appellants …


Book Reviews Dec 1923

Book Reviews

Michigan Law Review

A collection of book reviews by multiple authors.


Book Reviews Nov 1923

Book Reviews

Michigan Law Review

A collection of book reviews by multiple authors.


The Return Of Property By The Alien Property Custodian, Carl Zollmann Jan 1923

The Return Of Property By The Alien Property Custodian, Carl Zollmann

Michigan Law Review

The Enemy Trade Act, out of which the office of the Alien Property Custodian has grown, is strictly a war measure under the power conferred on Congress by the United States Constitution to declare war and to "make rules concerning captures on land and water." Such power remains active as long as war legally exists. No constitutional right therefore is infringed by the enforcement of the act at any time prior to the peace resolution of July 2, 1921, notwithstanding the cessation of hostilities by the armistice of November n, 1918. This power, however, terminates with the legal termination of …


Book Reviews, Edwin W. Patterson, Edson R. Sunderland, C E. Griffin May 1922

Book Reviews, Edwin W. Patterson, Edson R. Sunderland, C E. Griffin

Michigan Law Review

The title of this brilliant little volume might, more accurately, have been, "The Spirits of the Common Law," for it depicts the common law as the battleground of many conflicting spirits, from which a few relatively permanent ideas and ideals have emerged triumphant. As a whole, the book is a pluralistic-idealistic interpretation of legal history. Idealistic, because Dean Pound finds that the fundamentals of the 'common law have been shaped by ideas and ideals rather than by economic determinism or class struggle; he definitely rejects a purely economic interpretation of legal history, although he demands a sociological one (pp. io-ii). …


Indemnity Act Of 1863 A Study In The War-Time Immunity Of Governmental Officers, James G. Randall Apr 1922

Indemnity Act Of 1863 A Study In The War-Time Immunity Of Governmental Officers, James G. Randall

Michigan Law Review

One of the familiar measures of the Union administration during the Civil War was the suspension of the habeas corpus privilege and the consequent subjection of civilians to military authority. The essential irregularity of such a situation in American law is especially conspicuous when one considers its inevitable sequel-namely, the protection of military and civil officers from such prosecution as would normally follow invasion of private rights and actual injury of persons and property. Such protection was supplied by a bill of indemnity passed in 1863, and this law, with its amendment of i866, forms a significant chapter in the …


Book Reviews, Nathan Isaacs, Horace Lafayette Wilgus, Arthur H. Basye, Leonard D. White, Victor H. Lane, Edwin D. Dickinson Apr 1922

Book Reviews, Nathan Isaacs, Horace Lafayette Wilgus, Arthur H. Basye, Leonard D. White, Victor H. Lane, Edwin D. Dickinson

Michigan Law Review

What does a judge do when he decides a case? It would be interesting to collect the answers ranging from those furnished by primitive systems of law in which the judge was supposed to consult the gods to the ultra-modern, rather profane system described to me recently by a retrospective judge: "I make up my mind which way the case ought to be decided, and then I see if I can't get some legal ground to make it stick." Perhaps the widespread impression is the curiously erroneous one lampooned by Gnaeus Flavius (Kantorowitz). The judge is supposed to sit at …


Book Reviews, Edgar N. Durfee, Edwin D. Dickinson, Burke Shartel, Leonard D. White, Evans Holbrook, C E. Griffin, Ding Sai Chen Mar 1922

Book Reviews, Edgar N. Durfee, Edwin D. Dickinson, Burke Shartel, Leonard D. White, Evans Holbrook, C E. Griffin, Ding Sai Chen

Michigan Law Review

Although the three lectures contained in this volume are propounded as a "trinity," the reader will not find in them that unity which is of the essence of a trinity, as distinguished from an aggregate of three. The author proposes a "triune division" of legal science, Past, Present and Future. But the first lecture deals with a particular phase of the past, the second with a remotely related phase of the present, and the last with a quite unrelated phase of the future, so that they have little in common, save the brilliance that sparkles through them all.


League Of Nations And The Laws Of War, Ralph W. Aigler Jun 1921

League Of Nations And The Laws Of War, Ralph W. Aigler

Michigan Law Review

Everyone would agree that the renovation of international law presents a problem of commanding importance. Diversity of opinion is manifested, however, as soon as attention is directed to the details of the renovating process. Where to begin, what to emphasize, and how to go about it are questions which provoke a medley of discordant answers. Out of this medley a few paramount issues are beginning to emerge. One such issue concerns the so-called law of war. What shall be done about it? The World War revealed its lack of sanction, its confusion with self-interest, its chaotic uncertainty. Can it really …


Termination Of War, John M. Mathews Jun 1921

Termination Of War, John M. Mathews

Michigan Law Review

The termination of war must, at the outset, be distinguished Ifrom the termination of hostilities or actual warfare. As has been said, war is "not the mere employment of force, but the existence of the legal condition of things in which rights are or may be prosecuted by force. Thus, if two nations declare war one against the other, war exists, though no force whatever may as yet have been employed."' Similarly, it follows that, although actual hostilities have ceased, the status of war may continue until terminated in some regular way recognized by international law as sufficient for that …


Power Of Congress To Declare Peace, Edward S. Corwin May 1920

Power Of Congress To Declare Peace, Edward S. Corwin

Michigan Law Review

In the course of the discussion which has been aroused in Congress by the proposal to declare hostilities with Germany at an end by joint resolution, Senator Thomas of Colorado has brought forward evidence showing that on one occasion the Convention which framed the Constitution voted down unanimously a motion to vest Congress with the power to "make peace." This evidence is good so far as it goes, but it does not support all of Senator Thomas's deductions from it, nor indeed has he given an altogether complete account of it. The proposal in question was made and rejected by …


Book Reviews, Henry M. Bates, Ernest F. Lloyd Jan 1920

Book Reviews, Henry M. Bates, Ernest F. Lloyd

Michigan Law Review

Constitutional Power and World Affairs, Columbia University Lectures, on the George Blumenthal Foundation, for i918, by George Sutherland. New York, Columbia University Press, 1019, pp. vii, 202. This book is one of the most interesting and thoughtful commentaries on certain phases of our Constitution which has appeared in many years. During his two terms in the United States Senate Mr. Sutherland came to be recognized as one of the ablest constitutional lawyers of the country, and his retirement in 1917 was a distinct loss to our public life. The present book is the product not only of exact, scholarly study …


Book Reviews, Robert T. Crane, Edwin D. Dickinson, Grover C. Grismore, Henry M. Bates, Joseph H. Drake Jan 1920

Book Reviews, Robert T. Crane, Edwin D. Dickinson, Grover C. Grismore, Henry M. Bates, Joseph H. Drake

Michigan Law Review

Among all the writings that have appeared on the problem of preserving the order of world society, the most searching and the most illuminating is Hart's Bulwarks of Peace. Particularly in connection with any consideration of the plan of the Paris Covenant of the League of Nations, it compellingly arrests attention.


Book Reviews, John B. Waite, Edwin C. Goddard, Edwin D. Dickinson Jun 1919

Book Reviews, John B. Waite, Edwin C. Goddard, Edwin D. Dickinson

Michigan Law Review

The purpose of this book is, to quote from the preface, "to present a clear, accurate, and impartial study of the law in the hope of offering assistance to those who are attempting to choose a career or who are about to enter upon the profession. This necessitates a review of the nature of the law, present day legal conditions, personal and educational requirements, the dangers and disadvantages incident to practice, the high professional demands made upon the lawyer, the varied fields of service open to him, his probable earnings and emoluments,--in a word, all that has a distinct and …


Freedom Of Speech And Of The Press In War Time The Espionage Act, Thomas F. Carroll Jun 1919

Freedom Of Speech And Of The Press In War Time The Espionage Act, Thomas F. Carroll

Michigan Law Review

The Imperial German Government had never made a secret of its willingness to encourage disloyalty among the citizens and subjects of Germany's enemies. It had officially announced: "Bribery of enemies' subjects, acceptance of offers of treachery, utilization of discontented elements in the population, support of pretenders and the like are permissible; indeed, international law is in no way opposed to the exploitation of the crimes of third parties."'


Retaliation And Neutral Rights, Hessel Edward Yntema May 1919

Retaliation And Neutral Rights, Hessel Edward Yntema

Michigan Law Review

The readjustment of international law to the ever-changing conditions of maritime warfare has always presented problems of extreme difficulty. Particularly is this the case, when, as in the Napoleonic wars and the recent European conflict, belligerents, falling back upon the exceptional plea of necessity, attempt to modify the rights of neutral powers to their own advantage or even to involve them in the conflict. A question of this character, namely, the extent to which a belligerent in pursuing retaliatory measures against 'alleged violations of international law by his opponent, may thereby abridge the admitted rights of neutrals, was raised in …


Book Reviews, Horace Lafayette Wilgus Mar 1919

Book Reviews, Horace Lafayette Wilgus

Michigan Law Review

Handbook of Military Law. By Austin Wakeman Scott, Professor of Law, Harvard University. Cambridge, Harvard University, 1918, pp. vii, 104.


Food And Fuel Control, William Barker Marvin Feb 1919

Food And Fuel Control, William Barker Marvin

Michigan Law Review

In the present war, nationalization of industry and centralization of control have been found necessary to an extent never before attempted. The very vastness of the armies, and of the quantities of munitions and other supplies needed to keep the strength of the armies at its highest point required that the most efficient forms of industrial organization be sought out and utilized. In a nation with a single aim and a single will, that is, in a nation so organized as to wage successfully a modern war; the individual has had to sacrifice much for the good of the whole; …


War Legislation Pertaining To The Army, Alfred A. Gillette Dec 1918

War Legislation Pertaining To The Army, Alfred A. Gillette

Michigan Law Review

At the time we entered the present war, we had approximately 1oo,ooo men actually in the federal service. We were confronted with the problem of raising and training a large army in a short time. There were in general two possible courses of action open before us. The first, which might seem to be the traditional method, was that of voluntary enlistment. But for I number of years, there had-been a growing sentiment among our people that the system of voluntary enlistment was neither right in principle nor in accord with the best interests of the nation. The plan these …


Alien Rights In The United States In Wartime, W C. Hunter Nov 1918

Alien Rights In The United States In Wartime, W C. Hunter

Michigan Law Review

The large number of aliens in the United States presents one of the many problems with which the Government has had to deal in the present war. Technically every immigrant from Germany and Austria-Hungary who has not taken out papers of naturalization and who therefor still owes allegiance to the Fatherland is an enemy alien. But while the great majority of these aliens are naturally sympathetic with German war aims, or at least are not ready to give their wholehearted support to the Allies, they are not a source of danger to the United States. Only a small section have …


British War Cabinets, John A. Fairlie Jan 1918

British War Cabinets, John A. Fairlie

Michigan Law Review

During the progress of the present world war there has been a remarkable series of developments in the British Cabinet and, ministry, involving not only many changes of personnel but also fundamental alterations in the constitution of the Cabinet and its relations to Parliament. An analysis of these is not only of interest as an important phase of the history of the war, and the evolution of political institutions; but is also of value in dealing with problems and proposals for governmental reorganization in the United States.


War And Law, Charles H. Hamill Nov 1917

War And Law, Charles H. Hamill

Michigan Law Review

Law creates rights. It not merely defines them; it creates them. Without law, one may what he can. With law, one can only that which he may. Law is the device by which the many, individually weak, control and compel the few individually strong or cunning. It is a device by which is reduced nature's handicap in favor of the physically strong and ruthless. Where law obtains, those who are fitted to the system created by the law, as the economically efficient, prevail and survive. In the absence of law, only the strong and cunning can survive.


English Law Courts At The Close Of The Revolution Of 1688, Arthur L. Cross May 1917

English Law Courts At The Close Of The Revolution Of 1688, Arthur L. Cross

Michigan Law Review

In view of the part which the judges played for a4d against the first two STUARTS, and in view of the grievances of the subject under the law as administered in the ordinary courts 2 -to say nothing of the Star Chamber and the High Commission-it was to be expected that, in the great political and religious upheaval resulting from the Puritan Revolution and the ensuing Civil War, the legal edifice could not remain unshaken. As is well known, one of the early acts of the Long Parliament, in the summer of 1641, was to ab6lish the Star Chambei, the …


Martial Law And The English Constitution, Harold M. Bowman Dec 1916

Martial Law And The English Constitution, Harold M. Bowman

Michigan Law Review

On August 7th, 1914, three days after Great Britain had dedared war, a momentous statute, called the Deference of the Realm Act, was passed through the House of Commons with lightning speed, without a word of protest, in that spirit of decision and confidence which has marked the war measures of this Parliament.


Qualified Martial Law A Legislative Proposal, Henry Winthrop Ballantine Jan 1916

Qualified Martial Law A Legislative Proposal, Henry Winthrop Ballantine

Michigan Law Review

In considering the powers and liabilities of the military in dealing with the citizen, the question of what a subordinate is to do when confronted by a conflict between the law and military orders is a difficult and interesting one. Sections 15 and 16 of the Code (the draft of which is submitted herewith), deal with illegal orders. The general rule is that persons engaged in the military service of the state or nation can find no justification in the illegal orders of a superior officer if such orders are so manifestly illegal that a man of ordinary sense could …


Qualified Martial Law A Legislative Proposal, Henry Winthrop Ballantine Dec 1915

Qualified Martial Law A Legislative Proposal, Henry Winthrop Ballantine

Michigan Law Review

When it is considered that there has been scarcely a year since the beginning of the Government that the Army has not been called upon to quell disturbances too great for the state authorities to handle; and that during the last thirty-five years the state troops have been called out more than five hundred times, the extent to which we are dependent upon the military are as a police force may be better realized.


International Status Of The Grand Duchy Of Luxemburg And The Kingdom Of Belgium In Relation To The Present European War, Theodore P. Ion Apr 1915

International Status Of The Grand Duchy Of Luxemburg And The Kingdom Of Belgium In Relation To The Present European War, Theodore P. Ion

Michigan Law Review

The case of Belgium presents an entirely different aspect both from the legal and the political point of view. While the guarantee of the neutrality of Luxemburg interests---or interested at the time of the signature of the Treaty of 1867 -- France and Prussia only, and the other contracting parties (and particularly Great Britain) acceded to it, to use the "'reluctantly," words of Lord Stanley, that of Belgium had and has an entirely different character so far as England is concerned. It affects her vital interests, namely, her own security. Hence the difference in the wording of the instrument guaranteeing …


International Status Of The Grand Duchy Of Luxemburg And The Kingdom Of Belgium In Relation To The Present European War, Theodore P. Ion Mar 1915

International Status Of The Grand Duchy Of Luxemburg And The Kingdom Of Belgium In Relation To The Present European War, Theodore P. Ion

Michigan Law Review

The International status of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and J-of the Kingdom of Belgium, through whose territory the army of Kaiser William II marched, in order, to use the expression of Grotius, "to meet the enemy," has been, since the outbreak of the present European war, the crucial point of discussion between the diplomatists and publicists of the belligerents, each trying to impress upon the neutral public the justice of the cause of their country.


International Law In War, Thomas Niemeyer Jan 1915

International Law In War, Thomas Niemeyer

Michigan Law Review

International Law in War and the International Law of War are two distinct things, and the fact that they are not carefully enough distinguished has been the source -in the present war of certain misunderstandings that are in no way unimportant.