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Articles 121 - 150 of 278
Full-Text Articles in Military, War, and Peace
International Law-Treaty Provisions Dealing With The Status Of Pre-War Bilateral Treaties, Stanley T. Lesser S.Ed.
International Law-Treaty Provisions Dealing With The Status Of Pre-War Bilateral Treaties, Stanley T. Lesser S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
"The effect of war upon the existing treaties of belligerents is one of the unsettled problems of the law." At one time, writers on international law felt that war, ipso facto, abrogated all bilateral treaties between the combatants, with the exception of those treaties especially designed to regulate the conduct of hostilities. The modern trend is to a more flexible approach; the courts attempt to discern the intention of the parties at the time they concluded the treaty or deal with the problem pragmatically, preserving or annulling the treaties as the necessities of war exact. Disagreement persists, however, and it …
The Steel Seizure Case: Congress, The President And The Supreme Court, Paul G. Kauper
The Steel Seizure Case: Congress, The President And The Supreme Court, Paul G. Kauper
Michigan Law Review
Questions relating to the legislative authority of Congress and of the several states have given rise to an immense mass of constitutional litigation ever since the time that the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison asserted its power of judicial review. Many of these cases have turned on the division of legislative authority between Congress and the state legislatures under our federal system. Yet within this same span of time relatively few cases have arisen to challenge the assertions of presidential power, and in only a few instances has the Court found occasion to speak at length on the questions …
The Law School 1952-53, E. Blythe Stason
The Law School 1952-53, E. Blythe Stason
Michigan Law Review
In reporting the current news of the Law School we must first speak of the students without whom the school would not exist. Another year has opened, this time with about a ten per cent reduction below last year in student enrollment, and consequently considerable relief from the rather overwhelming peaks of the earlier postwar years. Lawyers are deemed expendable in a military program, and, accordingly, a large proportion of college students intending to study law have, since the beginning of the Korean "police action" in 1950, been called to duty by their Selective Service boards immediately after graduation from …
Significant Developments In Labor Law During The Last Half-Century, Russell A. Smith
Significant Developments In Labor Law During The Last Half-Century, Russell A. Smith
Michigan Law Review
It is common knowledge that dramatic and almost revolutionary developments have taken place in labor law since the turn of the century. Indeed, "labor law" has only during this period achieved the distinction of a recognized branch of the law. Concurrently, trade unions have experienced an amazing growth, as well as changes in basic structure, and it may fairly be stated that the enlargement of the pertinent body of law has both stimulated and been influenced by the augmentation of union power. This article is intended as a survey of significant developments in the law, not as a treatment of …
The Law Of Belligerent Occupation In The American Courts, Morris G. Shanker S.Ed.
The Law Of Belligerent Occupation In The American Courts, Morris G. Shanker S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
This comment will investigate the extent to which the law of belligerent occupation has actually become a part of the American municipal law, and thereby attempt to determine whether it was properly applied in this case.
Conflict Of Laws - Negotiable Instruments - Situs Of Bearer Bonds Under The Trading With The Enemy Act, W. H. Bates S.Ed.
Conflict Of Laws - Negotiable Instruments - Situs Of Bearer Bonds Under The Trading With The Enemy Act, W. H. Bates S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
ln a suit on a negotiable instrument, a problem arises as to just how many places can claim valid jurisdiction. Thus, where the domiciles of the parties to a negotiable instrument are diverse, there are several jurisdictional possibilities. For example, with regard to a negotiable bearer bond it may be said that there is sufficient contact with the parties and/or the property (1) at the place where it was issued, (2) at the present location of the certificate of indebtedness, (3) at the location of the debtor corporation's office or principal place of business, or (4) in the state of …
The Uniform Code Of Military Justice-New Rights And A Means To Enforce Them, John F. Spindler
The Uniform Code Of Military Justice-New Rights And A Means To Enforce Them, John F. Spindler
Michigan Law Review
The Uniform Code of Military Justice, designed to govern the entire military establishment of the United States, was enacted May 5, 1950, replacing the three separate systems of law theretofore applied to the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Pressure for a uniform code was a reflection of the great surge toward unification of the Armed Services which followed World War II. The new Code, however, is not just a revision and consolidation of the prior systems of military law. World War II, with its great increase in the size of the Armed Services and in the percentage of the population …
Citizenship-Expatriation-Distinction Between Naturalized And Natural Born Citizens, Gordon I. Ginsberg S.Ed.
Citizenship-Expatriation-Distinction Between Naturalized And Natural Born Citizens, Gordon I. Ginsberg S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff's father, a native of Germany, was naturalized in the United States in 1896. In 1901, he returned to Germany with his American wife, and plaintiff was born in that country in 1905. Plaintiff made occasional visits to the United States, but was at all times domiciled in Germany. He served in the German army during World War II. In 1947, upon refusal of his application for a passport as a citizen of the United States, he came to this country on a temporary visa and brought a declaratory judgment action for adjudication that he was a citizen. The trial …
Federal Procedure-Juries-Right To Jury Trial In Actions On National Service Life Insurance Policy Claims, Morris G. Shanker S.Ed.
Federal Procedure-Juries-Right To Jury Trial In Actions On National Service Life Insurance Policy Claims, Morris G. Shanker S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff brought an action against the United States on a National Service Life Insurance policy in a federal district court. Timely demand for trial by jury was made in accordance with Federal Rule 38. Held, the plaintiff was entitled to a trial by jury. That section of the Judicial Code which reenacts the Tucker Act and denies jury trials in contract actions against the United States is not applicable to National Service Life Insurance claims. Williams v. United States, (D.C. Tex. 1951) 95 F. Supp. 672.
Commentary On General Relief Under The Excess Profits Tax Act Of 1950, Thomas N. Tarleau
Commentary On General Relief Under The Excess Profits Tax Act Of 1950, Thomas N. Tarleau
Michigan Law Review
Analysis of an excess profits tax involves inquiries which are essentially foreign to the concepts of ordinary income taxation. The question of excess profits arises only after taxable income has been defined and characterized, its recipients determined and the time of receipt established. The problem is to divide taxable income into two components, one representing the corporation's normal profits, which it is permitted to enjoy free of the penalty tax, and the balance which is deemed to be "profits due to the outbreak of hostilities and to large military expenditures." Under the Excess Profits Tax Act of 1950, as was …
Constitutional Law-Eminent Domain-Government Seizure Of Business Property To Avert Strike As A "Taking" Under Fifth Amendment-Amount Of Wage Increase As Measure Of "Just Compensation", John F. Spindler
Michigan Law Review
In 1943, in an attempt to end a strike of the United Mine Workers which threatened the national war effort, the Government, acting under an executive order directing the Secretary of the Interior to take possession of the mines where necessary, seized most of the nation's coal mines. Although mine officials were required to agree to conduct operations as agents of the Government, to keep separate books for the period of government operation, to fly the American Flag over the mines, and to post notices that the mines were "United States Property," they were instructed to carry on the mining …
The Law School: 1951-52, E. Blythe Stason
The Law School: 1951-52, E. Blythe Stason
Michigan Law Review
A year ago, in December of 1950, when the war in Korea was going badly and the country appeared to be on the brink of general mobilization, it seemed inevitable that the demands of military service would make severe inroads upon this year's student enrollment in the Law School. Such inroads have been made, but although the recall of reservists and the call of Selective Service draftees have drawn into the armed forces many young men who would otherwise be studying law at Michigan, the effect has by no means been as severe as was anticipated. The current fall semester …
International Law-Trusteeship Compared With Mandate, Donald S. Leeper S. Ed.
International Law-Trusteeship Compared With Mandate, Donald S. Leeper S. Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The mandate system represented an attempt to cope with the problem of nonself-governing territories as an international responsibility and, for the most part, was an advancement over former methods of treatment. The system was not perfect and its operation pointed up a number of its defects. The framers of the United Nations Charter formulated the trusteeship system to take the place of the mandate system, correcting its defects and adding certain innovations. The purpose of this comment is to present a brief comparison of the two systems and to consider a few of the major problems presented.
International Law-Aliens-Confiscation Of Alien Enemy Property-Alien Enemy Character Of Shinto Shrine In Hawaii, Jean Engstrom S. Ed.
International Law-Aliens-Confiscation Of Alien Enemy Property-Alien Enemy Character Of Shinto Shrine In Hawaii, Jean Engstrom S. Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff, a Hawaiian corporation, brought suit under section 9 of the Trading with the Enemy Act for the return of real and personal property vested in 1948 under authority of section S(b). Evidence was introduced to show that plaintiff's members were largely alien Japanese; that, prior to December 7, 1941, plaintiff operated what purported to be a Shinto shrine in Honolulu where three Japanese gods were worshiped; that the shrine looked like a Shinto shrine and was in some respects operated like one. It was further shown that plaintiff's members had no real understanding of the tenets of Shintoism as …
Conflicts Of Law-Negotiable Instruments-Situs Of Bearer Bonds, Paul M.D. Harrison S.Ed.
Conflicts Of Law-Negotiable Instruments-Situs Of Bearer Bonds, Paul M.D. Harrison S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
By a Vesting Order, the Alien Property Custodian vested in the Attorney General property of an enemy alien which consisted of a "certain debt or other obligation" underlying bonds issued by the defendant corporation. The defendant corporation was ordered to cancel the said bonds and deliver the proceeds of the redemption and accrued interest to the Attorney General. Upon the trial of the action brought by the Attorney General to enforce these demands, it appeared in evidence that the bond certificates had last been located in the Russian sector of Berlin, Germany, and were there seized by the occupying authorities. …
Habeas Corpus-Jurisdiction Of Federal Courts To Review Jurisdiction Of Military Tribunals When The Prisoner Is Physically Confined Outside The United States, Willis B. Snell S. Ed.
Habeas Corpus-Jurisdiction Of Federal Courts To Review Jurisdiction Of Military Tribunals When The Prisoner Is Physically Confined Outside The United States, Willis B. Snell S. Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The question of the power of federal courts to issue the writ of habeas corpus for a prisoner confined outside the territorial United States has not as yet been completely answered. Until recently, there were few instances in which anyone was confined outside the United States under the authority of the United States. However, during and since World War II, American military tribunals have exercised power over citizens and aliens, civilians and military personnel, in many parts of the world, and especially in Germany and Japan. Because of this extended use of military tribunals, the question of the power of …
The Limitation Of Taxation Of Transfers In Contemplation Of Death By The Revenue Act Of 1950, Edmund W. Pavenstedt
The Limitation Of Taxation Of Transfers In Contemplation Of Death By The Revenue Act Of 1950, Edmund W. Pavenstedt
Michigan Law Review
The Revenue Act of 1950 amended the estate tax provision dealing with transfers in contemplation of death, which has been on the books ever since the estate tax first appeared as a war emergency measure during World War I, by eliminating from this category all transfers made more than three years prior to the date of death. All transfers made within that period are deemed under the new law to have been made in contemplation of death (and hence are includible in the transferor's gross estate) unless the contrary is shown. Such a rebuttable presumption formerly was limited by the …
The Limitation Of Taxation Of Transfers In Contemplation Of Death By The Revenue Act Of 1950, Edmund W. Pavenstedt
The Limitation Of Taxation Of Transfers In Contemplation Of Death By The Revenue Act Of 1950, Edmund W. Pavenstedt
Michigan Law Review
The Revenue Act of 1950 amended the estate tax provision dealing with transfers in contemplation of death, which has been on the books ever since the estate tax first appeared as a war emergency measure during World War I, by eliminating from this category all transfers made more than three years prior to the date of death. All transfers made within that period are deemed under the new law to have been made in contemplation of death (and hence are includible in the transferor's gross estate) unless the contrary is shown. Such a rebuttable presumption formerly was limited by the …
Habeas Corpus-Jurisdiction Of Federal Courts To Review Jurisdiction Of Military Tribunals When The Prisoner Is Physically Confined Outside The United States, Willis B. Snell S. Ed.
Habeas Corpus-Jurisdiction Of Federal Courts To Review Jurisdiction Of Military Tribunals When The Prisoner Is Physically Confined Outside The United States, Willis B. Snell S. Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The question of the power of federal courts to issue the writ of habeas corpus for a prisoner confined outside the territorial United States has not as yet been completely answered. Until recently, there were few instances in which anyone was confined outside the United States under the authority of the United States. However, during and since World War II, American military tribunals have exercised power over citizens and aliens, civilians and military personnel, in many parts of the world, and especially in Germany and Japan. Because of this extended use of military tribunals, the question of the power of …
Military Habeas Corpus: Ii, Seymour W. Wurfel
Military Habeas Corpus: Ii, Seymour W. Wurfel
Michigan Law Review
The doctrine is well established that habeas corpus is an extraordinary remedy which will not ordinarily lie where the law has provided another remedy. The numerical pressure of habeas corpus petitions by all types of prisoners in recent years has reached such proportions as to constitute a major problem in the administration of justice. It has engaged the administrative consideration of judicial officers and been the subject of legislation both federal and state. The Chief Justice of the United States in an address before the American Bar Association on September 7, 1949 strikingly stated the problem and urged "that something …
Military Habeas Corpus: I, Seymour W. Wurfel
Military Habeas Corpus: I, Seymour W. Wurfel
Michigan Law Review
The mobilization of over twelve million persons into the armed forces in World War II made necessary a vastly expanded resort to court martial proceedings to enforce the criminal law. The trial by military tribunals of civilian employees of the military establishment in overseas areas and of prisoners of war and war crimes defendants added substantially to the number confined by military authority. On January 31, 1950, there remained in federal penal institutions 2508 prisoners serving civilian type felony sentences imposed by military tribunals. Before World War II, legal problems arising from attempts to invoke the remedy of habeas corpus …
International Law-Status Of Germany-Nationality Laws-Voting In German Election As Forfeiture Of United States Citizenship, Jean Engstrom S. Ed.
International Law-Status Of Germany-Nationality Laws-Voting In German Election As Forfeiture Of United States Citizenship, Jean Engstrom S. Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner, an American citizen living in Germany, voted in the January 27, 1946 election of local officials in Rodach, Germany, American Zone of Occupation, held under the direction and with the approval of the Office of Military Government for Bavaria. Petitioner was issued a certificate of loss of nationality, based on section 801(e) of the Nationality Act of 1940, which provides that American nationality is lost through "voting in a political election in a foreign state." Held, petitioner had not lost her citizenship. The Rodach election was held in "territory then ruled and governed by the United States and …
The Constitutional Significance Of Delegated Legislation In England, J. A. G. Griffith
The Constitutional Significance Of Delegated Legislation In England, J. A. G. Griffith
Michigan Law Review
The Committee on Ministers' Powers defined delegated legislation as the "exercise by a subordinate authority, such as a Minister, of the legislative power delegated to him by Parliament." This definition followed logically from the terms of reference which required the Committee to report "what safeguards are desirable or necessary to secure the constitutional principles of the sovereignty of Parliament and the supremacy of the Law."' Behind these two statements lie certain assumptions which coloured the Report of the Committee and influenced its recommendations. One of these assumptions is that Ministers of the Crown are "subordinate" to Parliament so that any …
Dulles: War Or Peace, Michigan Law Review
Dulles: War Or Peace, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of WAR OR PEACE. By John Foster Dulles.
Labor Law-Veteran's Reemployment Rights-Duration Of Seniority Beyond One Year Period, Donald D. Davis S.Ed.
Labor Law-Veteran's Reemployment Rights-Duration Of Seniority Beyond One Year Period, Donald D. Davis S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
At the time of his induction into the Armed Forces, plaintiff was employed as a locomotive machinist at defendant's Loyall shop. This shop was transferred to Corbin during his absence, and, upon discharge from military service, plaintiff was reemployed there with seniority from July 17, 1946, the date of his return. In April, 1947, plaintiff filed his complaint under section 8, Selective Training and Service Act, alleging that had he not been in the Armed Forces he would have been transferred to the Corbin shop with seniority from July 1, 1945. The collective bargaining agent of the machinist employees of …
International Law-Military Tribunals For The Trial Of War Criminals As International Courts, David S. Dewitt S.Ed.
International Law-Military Tribunals For The Trial Of War Criminals As International Courts, David S. Dewitt S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner, a German citizen confined in the American Zone of Occupied Germany in the custody of the United States Anny, petitioned the United States District Court, District of Columbia for a writ of habeas corpus. The respondents were the Secretary of Defense and others alleged to have directory control over the jailers in Germany. The petitioner had been convicted of war crimes by Military Tribunal IV at Nuremburg, Germany. This tribunal was established by order of General Clay, United States Military Governor and Zone Commander, pursuant to Control Council Law No. 10 which carried out the London Agreement and the …
Middleton: The Struggle For Germany, Michigan Law Review
Middleton: The Struggle For Germany, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of THE STRUGGLE FOR GERMANY. By Drew Middleton.
Reel: The Case Of General Yamashita, Michigan Law Review
Reel: The Case Of General Yamashita, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of THE CASE OF GENERAL YAMASHITA By A. Frank Reel.
Courts-Martial--Jurisdiction Over Person Discharged And Re-Enlisted For Offense Committed During Prior Enlistment, J. D. Mcleod S.Ed.
Courts-Martial--Jurisdiction Over Person Discharged And Re-Enlisted For Offense Committed During Prior Enlistment, J. D. Mcleod S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner, a chief petty officer in the Navy was honorably discharged on March 26, 1946, and re-enlisted on the following day. In 1947, he was tried by court-martial and convicted of cruelty, during his prior period-of service, to persons subject to his orders. The District Court sustained his writ of habeas corpus on the ground that the court-martial had no jurisdiction; the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. On certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States, held, the court-martial had no jurisdiction to try petitioner for an offense committed prior to his discharge and re-enlistment. United. States ex …
Constitutional Law-Power Of Supreme Court To Review Judgments Of International Military Tribunal For Far East, J. R. Mackenzie S. Ed.
Constitutional Law-Power Of Supreme Court To Review Judgments Of International Military Tribunal For Far East, J. R. Mackenzie S. Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The board of directors of defendant, a nonprofit corporation, passed a resolution that persons should not be denied membership on racial, religious or political grounds. Plaintiff, a branch member of defendant, had enacted by-laws denying Negroes admission to its group. Defendant's board declared plaintiff's by-laws were in conflict with the resolution and threatened to expel plaintiff branch if its by-laws were not amended. Plaintiff brought suit to enjoin defendant from carrying out its threat. Held, injunction granted. No national by-law required admission of all races to membership in branches, nor did the national directors have power to expel a …