Legislation Commons^™

Just Kids: Establishing A Minimum Age Of Jurisdiction In Maine’S Juvenile Court, Allie Smith

Maine Law Review

In Maine, there is no such thing as a child too young to be prosecuted. Maine’s Juvenile Code grants the juvenile court jurisdiction over a child of any age, even one who would have been considered too young to prosecute in the fifteenth century. As of 2024, just over half of states in the country have rejected this approach and established minimum ages of jurisdiction for their juvenile courts. These minimum age laws protect the youngest, least culpable, and least competent children from prosecution, and generally require states to respond to young children through services rather than punishment. This Comment …

Statutes And Special Interests, Kirsten Matoy Carlson

Northwestern University Law Review

Who really decides what statutes say? Most Americans think that special interests play an outsized role in our lawmaking processes. Yet empirical studies have produced little evidence that special interests get everything, or even most of, what they ask for from Congress. This Article takes an innovative new approach to tackling the difficult question of how advocates influence legislation. It presents the first comprehensive empirical study of how advocates influence the law through amendments in the legislative process. The Article analyzes an original dataset of 2,137 witnesses and their testimony at referral hearings on 108 Indian-related bills in the 97th …

Constraining The Executive Branch: Delegation, Agency Independence, And Congressional Design Of Judicial Review, Jennifer L. Selin, Pamela J. Clouser Mccann

Northwestern University Law Review

While scholarship examining the relationship between Congress, federal agencies, and the judiciary reveals variation in the statutory details that affects administrative and judicial decision-making, few studies explore the extent to which congressional delegation decisions balance both the substantive and procedural independence of agencies against the possibility of the federal judiciary’s review of administrative action.

This Article enhances scholarly understanding of delegation by providing a qualitative, theoretical, and empirical account of the circumstances under which Congress manipulates federal agency exposure to the federal judiciary. Ironically, combined with statutory provisions dictating agency independence, increasing an agency’s exposure to unelected federal judges can …

The Market Value Of Partisan Balance, Brian D. Feinstein, Daniel J. Hemel

Northwestern University Law Review

For the past century, Delaware’s constitution has provided that no more than a bare majority of judges on the state’s courts may hail from the same political party. Some scholars and jurists theorize that Delaware’s commitment to a politically balanced judiciary increases the state’s attractiveness to out-of-state corporations and adds value to Delaware-chartered firms. These claims echo a larger literature in law and the social sciences positing that ideological diversity improves decisional quality. Recently, a series of federal court decisions in the case of Adams v. Carney put these claims to the test. In December 2017, a federal district court …

A Perfect Storm: Executive Orders And Tax Law, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, J.J. Wang

Law & Economics Working Papers

Since it came into office, the Trump administration has issued a series of executive orders that affect many areas of the government. One such area is taxation. In two orders issued on his first day in office President Trump rejected the participation of the United States in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)`s global minimum corporate tax project and threatened to impose tax countermeasures on countries that adopt "extraterritorial or discriminatory" taxes. Two days later, the Republican members of the House Ways and Means Committee introduced legislation to the same effect. A month later, the president issued another …

A Supreme Sidestep: The Justices’ Artful Dodge On Platform Immunity, Leslie Garfield Tenzer

Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property

The foiled ISIS plot to attack Taylor Swift concerts, coordinated by teens on social media platforms with a significant US presence, illustrates the dangerous consequences of unchecked online content. This incident, coupled with other tragic cases—such as the sexual exploitation of a minor lured through Facebook and Tyler Clementi’s suicide following a privacy violation on Twitter—highlights the urgent need to reassess 47 U.S.C. § 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Enacted in 1996, this law provides broad immunity to interactive computer services, including social media platforms, shielding them from liability for user-generated content. While initially celebrated as a catalyst for …

Washington's Implementation Of Legalized Cannabis: A Model For Other States And The Federal Government, Bruce Turcott, Daniel Shortt

Washington Law Review

This Article examines the process and outcomes of cannabis legalization in Washington State, offering insights for other states and potential federal legalization schemes. It begins with an overview of the campaign that led to the passage of Initiative 502 (I-502), detailing the initiative’s structure, which draws from liquor licensing laws. The Article then explores the establishment of a recreational cannabis market from scratch, focusing on agency structure, federal responses such as the Cole Memorandum, and the state’s regulatory framework aimed at preventing adverse outcomes.

Additionally, this Article highlights Washington’s efforts to promote social equity, emphasizing that I-502 was framed as …

The Original Understanding Of The Western State Constitutions' Protections From Searches, Seizures, And Self-Incrimination, Greg Sergienko

UMKC Law Review

No abstract provided.

Whatever Happened To Queenie's Law?, Virginia C. Thomas

Library Scholarly Publications

This column illustrates how the history of a specific legislative measure that has been introduced over multiple legislative sessions can deepen our understanding of its legislative purpose.

Public Funds, Public Functions, Private Actors: The Cognitive Dissonance Of Us Health Law, William M. Sage

Faculty Scholarship

This chapter begins with the evolution of American medicine from a “sovereign” self-regulating profession focused on direct patient service to a large industry that serves the social sector but that, because of its professional heritage, receives extensive public subsidies without equivalent public accountability. Next, the chapter identifies regulatory dynamics in American health care governance that structurally discourage movement from the prevailing, if dissonant, private law framework to one explicitly grounded in public law. The chapter concludes by highlighting the challenges and opportunities inherent in a private law approach to what is intuitively a public law domain.

The Illusion Of Inclusion: The False Promise Of The New Governance Project For Content Moderation, Brenda Dvoskin

Fordham Law Review

Because private companies now control the most prominent communication platforms, the most pressing question in the field of content moderation is how to ensure that the governance of public discourse responds to public values. The prevailing approach, given that the state cannot regulate speech directly, is that state regulation can be substituted with audited self-regulation, broad stakeholder participation, and negotiated rulemaking. In this model, which this Article refers to as the “new governance model for content moderation,” companies include advocates as representatives of the public in their processes to govern online speech. Ideally, they negotiate policy goals and share responsibility …

Legislating For The Future, Jonathan S. Gould, Rory Van Loo

Faculty Scholarship

Public policy must address threats that will manifest in the future. Legislation enacted today affects the severity of tomorrow’s harms arising from biotechnology, climate change, and artificial intelligence. This Essay focuses on Congress’s capacity to confront future threats. It uses a detailed case study of financial crises to show the limits and possibilities of legislation to prevent future catastrophes. By paying insufficient attention to Congress, the existing literature does not recognize the full nature and extent of the institutional challenges in regulating systemic risk. Fully recognizing those challenges reveals important design insights for future-risk legislation.

We first examine Congress as …

Standing To Enforce The Future: Citizen Suits And Climate Change, Jordan Budd, Margaret Sova Mccabe

Law Faculty Scholarship

This Article takes as its starting point the premise that Congress, facing an existential climate catastrophe, might choose to impose direct and significant restrictions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Were it to do so, federal policy would require powerful enforcement mechanisms to reach the myriad emission sources fueling the nation’s vast contribution to global warming.

Among the most potent and far-reaching enforcement tools available to Congress are citizen suits—actions brought by private litigants to enforce federal regulations and to hold agencies accountable for related inaction. Private enforcement in the context of climate change, however, faces a nearly insurmountable barrier—Article III …

Taxes And Certainty: Challenges In Judicial Review Of U.S. Tax Legislation, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Moshe Jaffe

Law & Economics Working Papers

The application of judicial review to tax legislation presents unique challenges and inconsistencies. Unlike other forms of legislation, tax laws in the United States are seldom invalidated by the Supreme Court, and when this does occur, it is done using various and inconsistent tests, suggesting a need for a more balanced and effective approach. This paper explores the U.S. court's approach to judicial review in tax cases, empirically analyzing the methods and tests used in key decisions. The findings will reveal a complex and inconsistent picture, highlighting the need for a more coherent approach. Additionally, the research will analyze several …

Researching The U.S. Senate Presidential Nominee Confirmation Process, Bert Chapman

Libraries Faculty and Staff Presentations

The beginning of 2025 has seen renewed public attention and emphasis on the constitutionally mandated U.S. Senate confirmation process. This stems from the beginning of the second Trump Administration as its nominees navigate this process. The presentation provides historical background on this process, demonstrates what nominees, Senate oversight committees, and the full Senate in administering this process and enables readers to find out how to access information resources documenting this process. The confirmation process continues throughout presidential administrations and may involve little public attention and controversy or acute public attention and controversy. The contrasting 2025 confirmation experiences of Secretary of …

Flag Fever: Adoption Of New State Flags, Brian Craig

The Guardianship Journal

Several states are experiencing flag fever, and it just might be contagious. Minnesota and Utah adopted new state flags that took effect in the first half of 2024. After years of debate, the new Utah state flag officially took effect on March 9, 2024. The Minnesota state flag officially became law on May 11, 2024, replacing a controversial flag that some people called racist and ugly. Other states are also considering new flag designs. Many states still incorporate their “seal on a bedsheet” designs that are difficult to distinguish from other states and lack good attributes for flag design. The …

Uptier Debt Exchange Transactions: A Winner-Take-All Battle In The Leveraged Loan Market, Angela Chang

Brooklyn Law Review

This Note explores the legal implications of uptier debt exchange transactions (UDETs) in the syndicated loan market. These transactions are restructuring strategies that allow distressed companies to exchange existing debt for “superpriority” debt, often to the detriment of excluded creditors. The Bankruptcy Code aims to balance debtor relief with creditor rights, but, as this Note demonstrates, UDETs exploit ambiguities in credit agreements to shift priorities in favor of certain lenders. This Note examines the pivotal case of In re Serta Simmons Bedding, LLC, a decision which highlighted the need for creditors to reassess whether the flexibility of their credit agreements …

Unveiling Injustice: An Analysis Of Irc Section 7430 And The Quest For Fairness In Taxpayer Administrative And Judicial Proceedings With The Irs, Kevin T. White, Tammy W. Cowart, Roger Lirely

Brooklyn Law Review

The American rule and doctrine of sovereign immunity are serious barriers affecting access to justice for individuals and small businesses. In this Article, we explore the legislative history of and evolution of the amendments to section 7430 of the Internal Revenue Code, which allows prevailing taxpayers in tax proceedings who meet certain substantive and procedural requirements to recover their attorneys’ fees and costs. We also examine in depth the requirements under section 7430 for recovering administrative and litigation costs, looking at select judicial decisions at how these requirements have been applied, including decisions applying the statutory limitations on attorneys’ fees …

Conduits For Crime: How The Us Art Industry Has Become A Market Ripe For Financial Crime, Sage Espindola

Brooklyn Law Review

The US art market is the largest in the world, with an estimated total worth of $67.8 billion. In the last decade, art market transactions have skyrocketed in value, with works like Leonardo da Vinci’s Salvator Mundi selling at auction for $450 million, making it the most expensive individual work to ever be sold. However, unlike other markets that handle similarly high-value assets and commodities, the US art market is largely unregulated. The lack of adequate formal regulation, coupled with a culture of anonymity, has allowed for the US art market to become a hotbed for financial crime, such as …

The Extraordinary Extension Of The Video Privacy Protection Act: Why The “Ordinary Course Of Business” Of An Analog Era Is Anything But Ordinary In The Digital World, Elizabeth Gemdjian

Brooklyn Law Review

In the last dozen years, a wide range of companies—from streaming platforms to consumer goods brands to nonprofits—have been the target of lawsuits under an idiosyncratic, outdated law: the Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988 (VPPA). The VPPA focuses only on consumers’ privacy related to video content; it prohibits a party that has data on a consumer’s video viewing history, along with personally identifiable information about that consumer, from disclosing that information without the consumer’s consent. While the VPPA did not get much attention in court until recently, in the past decade, the volume of VPPA-related claims has exploded. This …

Locational Data And The Public Interest, William A. Herbert, Micahel Goodchild, Richard Appelbaum, Jeremy Crampton, Gary Langham, Krzysztof Janowicz, Mei-Po Kwan, Katina Michael, Lisa Schamess

Publications and Research

This article presents a paper developed by the AAG Organizing Committee on Locational Information and the Public Interest through a summit held in Santa Barbara, California in June 2022. The summit resulted in goals and ideas for addressing the issues that arise from the present environment for geodata, whereby public, private, and third-sector entities can tap into publicly available locational information with relatively little regulation on its access or use. The Committee articulates four goals: (1) develop a research agenda extending across disciplines, (2) outline educational resources and strategies to guide ethical practice, (3) devise a pathway to increase public …

Delivery Drivers Deserve The Whole Package: Package Delivery Drivers And The Transportation Worker Exemption Of The Federal Arbitration Act, Evan Kelly

Catholic University Law Review

Package delivery is a ubiquitous part of modern American life, and package delivery driving is a fast-growing occupation in the United States. These drivers work long hours in a fast-paced, highly regimented environment, and because of arbitration agreements they are made to sign, they often cannot go to court to settle disputes with their employers. Under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), these arbitration agreements are generally “valid, irrevocable, and enforceable.” However, the FAA includes an exemption (known as the “Transportation Worker exemption”) that excludes arbitration agreements in “contracts of employment for seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of worker …

The Blockbuster Amendment To Cplr 2106 Permitting Any Person To Submit An Affirmation In Lieu Of An Affidavit, Patrick M. Connors

St. John's Law Review

(Excerpt)

Traditionally, the affidavit has been the foremost source of proof on motions in New York State courts. Effective January 1, 2024, New York Civil Practice Law and Rules (“CPLR”) 2106 was substantially amended to allow any person to submit an affirmation in lieu of an affidavit, “with the same force and effect.” This is the most significant change to the CPLR in the twenty-first century and will impact many areas of civil procedure.

As those who have already grappled with the amendment to CPLR 2106 know, there are now numerous issues relating to the legislation that will need to …

The Constitutional Problems With Delegating Legislative Power To College Sports, Sam C. Ehrlich

St. John's Law Review

(Excerpt)

Part I of this Article discusses the current landscape of college sports, discussing why the NCAA has sought federal litigation to better control the industry and what legislative efforts are underway to potentially grant those wishes. Part II then reviews case law that defines the contours of the private non-delegation doctrine, focusing on the Amtrak litigation and National HBPA and how those two strings of cases place NCAA-related legislative efforts in constitutional peril. Part III will then closely review the currently proposed legislation that would, if passed, grant regulatory power to the NCAA or a new private entity, …

Do Ais Dream Of Electric Boards?, Robert J. Rhee

Northwestern University Law Review

When artificial intelligence (AI) acquires self-awareness, agency, and unique intelligence, it will attain ontological personhood. Management of firms by AI would be technologically and economically feasible. The law could confer upon AI the status of legal personhood, as it did upon traditional business firms in the past, thus dispensing with the need for inserting AI as property within the legal boundary of a firm. As a separate and distinct entity, AI could function independently as a manager in the way that legal or natural persons do today: i.e., AI as director, officer, partner, member, or manager. Such a future is …

The Need For Antiracist Education Amid Trends Toward Totalitarianism And A Constitutional Crisis, Julnasha Morehead

DePaul Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

The Case For Prison Education Reform, Natasha Yousefi

DePaul Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Are Social Rights Really Unachievable? Rethinking Social Rights Advancement Through Court-Triggered Institutional Innovations, Maria Emilia Mamberti

DePaul Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Letter From The Board

DePaul Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents

DePaul Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.