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Articles 211 - 240 of 394
Full-Text Articles in Legislation
Introduction, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Introduction, Theodore J. St. Antoine
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Introduction to the 1985 Journal of Law Reform symposium, The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: ERISA.
Erisa: To Sue Or Not To Sue-A Question Of Statutory Standing, Constance L. Bauer
Erisa: To Sue Or Not To Sue-A Question Of Statutory Standing, Constance L. Bauer
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note examines the conflicting authority regarding the scope of section 502(a) of ERISA. There is a fundamental split among the United States Courts of Appeals concerning whether parties not specifically enumerated in section 502(a) have standing to bring civil actions to enforce ERISA's provisions. The Ninth Circuit has held consistently that non-enumerated parties are entitled to sue under ERISA. The Second Circuit, however, repeatedly has held that parties not explicitly specified in section 502(a). do not have standing to bring an action under the Act. This Note addresses the question of whether employers and pension funds, as non-enumerated parties, …
Erisa Enforcement: Mandate For A Single Agency, Beverly M. Klimkowsky, Ian D. Lanoff
Erisa Enforcement: Mandate For A Single Agency, Beverly M. Klimkowsky, Ian D. Lanoff
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
In Part I, this Article reviews the aspects of pensions that justify the attention of Congress during consideration of budgets and the federal deficit. Part II documents the initial administrative problems created by the congressional compromise that divided administrative responsibility between the Department of Labor and the Internal Revenue Service. Although Reorganization Plan No. 4 solved some of the initial problems, the remaining problems are not amenable to resolution within a system of responsibility divided between separate agencies. The specific problems associated with enforcement are discussed in Part III, which identifies the total failure of enforcement as a major threat …
Erisa Preemption: Judicial Flexibility And Statutory Rigidity, Leon E. Irish, Harrison J. Cohen
Erisa Preemption: Judicial Flexibility And Statutory Rigidity, Leon E. Irish, Harrison J. Cohen
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article attempts to describe the ways in which, and the reasons why section 514(a) has caused the courts and Congress so much difficulty. Part I reviews the legislative history of section 514(a), with emphasis on the ambivalence Congress has shown toward its 1974 draftsmanship. Part II attempts to provide a coherent description of the case law that has developed under section 514(a). Part III completes the legislative history by examining the two instances in which experience compelled Congress to revise section 514. Finally, Part IV discusses examples of problems courts have faced when crafting a federal common law of …
A National Retirement Income Policy: Problems And Policy Options, Phyllis C. Borzi
A National Retirement Income Policy: Problems And Policy Options, Phyllis C. Borzi
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article examines the need for a national retirement income policy, identifies the major components of such a policy, and briefly discusses some of the policy options for private pension plans. This Article is an overview of several critical policy areas. It is not an exhaustive policy analysis, nor does it provide a definitive series of options for achievement of a particular policy. Its focus will be on the private pension system, rather than on federally provided benefits such as social security or Medicare, or employer-provided pensions for state, local, or federal employees. The issues discussed are a starting point …
Erisa Retirement Plans In Individual Bankruptcy, John Minton Newell
Erisa Retirement Plans In Individual Bankruptcy, John Minton Newell
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
When an employee covered by an ERISA retirement plan files a petition in bankruptcy, the court is presented with a number of complex issues regarding the relationship among ERISA, the Bankruptcy Code (Code), and the state law of creditors' rights. Three issues have emerged in these cases, and the courts have divided on the proper resolution of each of these issues. First, is the debtor's interest in an ERISA retirement plan "property of the estate," and thus available for distribution to creditors? Second, if the debtor's interest is property of the estate, and the debtor uses the state exemption scheme, …
A Moderate And Restrained Federal Product Liability Bill: Targeting The Crisis Areas For Resolution, Aaron D. Twerski
A Moderate And Restrained Federal Product Liability Bill: Targeting The Crisis Areas For Resolution, Aaron D. Twerski
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
In this article I have tried to offer a rational, feasible, and politically acceptable solution to the present product liability crisis. To do this, I have first set out the problem. I explain in Part I how courts have created the crisis by formulating incomprehensible legal standards. In Part II, I examine the difficulties with assessing punitive damages against a defendant. In Part III, I discuss the conflict between the torts and workers' compensation systems. In Part IV, I reflect on the need to protect wholesalers and retailers from needless litigation. Part V suggests that a federal study on the …
The Bottom Line Limitation To The Rule Of Griggs V. Duke Power Company, James P. Scanlan
The Bottom Line Limitation To The Rule Of Griggs V. Duke Power Company, James P. Scanlan
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I of this article analyzes the background to the Teal decision and the treatment by the majority and dissent of the issue known in employment discrimination law as the "bottom line" limitation to the disparate impact theory of employment discrimination. Part II explains why, for reasons beyond those considered by the Teal majority, not only was the Court's rejection of the bottom line theory manifestly correct, but a contrary result would have had grievous consequences. Part III then argues for a similar rejection of the bottom line limitation in those situations where most observers have taken for granted that …
A Proposal For Extension Of The Occupational Safety And Health Act To Indian-Owned Businesses On Reservations, Maureen M. Crough
A Proposal For Extension Of The Occupational Safety And Health Act To Indian-Owned Businesses On Reservations, Maureen M. Crough
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that the Act does not apply to Indian businesses because it does not specifically mention them. While sensitive to the desirability of providing certain kinds of federal protections to all Americans, this Note takes the position that the sovereignty of Indian tribes should not be abrogable except by considered and express congressional action. Concluding nonetheless that the workplace protection the Occupational Safety and Health Act provides should be extended to Indians on reservations, the Note proposes amendment of the Act: to extend its protection; to permit tribal enforcement; and to authorize the federal government to help financially …
Protecting The Independence Of Administrative Law Judges: A Model Administrative Law Judge Corps Statute, Karen Y. Kauper
Protecting The Independence Of Administrative Law Judges: A Model Administrative Law Judge Corps Statute, Karen Y. Kauper
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note concludes that the federal government should adopt some form of central panel system to protect both the independence of the ALJs and the public interest. Part I of this Note presents several alternatives to the central panel systems that have been proposed in past years and discusses their inadequacies. Part II summarizes the arguments concerning the central panel system of administrative adjudication. Part III discusses several of the integral elements of a central panel system and analyzes the state statutes and the proposed federal legislation in light of these elements. Finally, Part IV proposes a model statute for …
The Liability Of Third Parties Under Title Vii, Andrew O. Schiff
The Liability Of Third Parties Under Title Vii, Andrew O. Schiff
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note considers the extent to which Title VII covers discrimination by third parties other than employment agencies and labor organizations. Part I analyzes the rationale for covering third parties, discussing Title VIl's language and the policies that Congress intended it to serve. Part II proposes a framework for analyzing the liability of third parties. Part III applies this framework to three instances where courts have disagreed about the liability of a particular third party: insurance companies' administration of employee benefits, state licensing agencies' licensing of individuals for various occupations, and hospitals' granting of staff privileges to doctors.
Action Accrual Date For Written Warranties To Repair: Date Of Delivery Or Date Of Failure To Repair?, Carey A. Dewitt
Action Accrual Date For Written Warranties To Repair: Date Of Delivery Or Date Of Failure To Repair?, Carey A. Dewitt
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that the statute of limitations for an action for breach of a repair warranty should begin to run not when the goods are delivered (on-delivery rule), but when the manufacturer has failed to repair the goods (failure-to-repair rule). Part I considers the current division of authority relating to the action accrual date (the date at which the limitations period begins) for repair warranties. It analyzes the issue of whether the repair warranty is a species of future performance warranty under section 2-725(2) and examines non-Code law on repair promises. Part II discusses the advantages and disadvantages of …
The Severability Of Legislative Veto Provisions: An Examination Of The Congressional Budget And Impoundment Control Act Of 1974, Steven W. Pelak
The Severability Of Legislative Veto Provisions: An Examination Of The Congressional Budget And Impoundment Control Act Of 1974, Steven W. Pelak
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note examines the constitutionality of the legislative veto provision (section 1013(b)) in the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act, and discusses section 1013(b)'s and Title X's severability from the Act. Part I demonstrates that Chadha invalidates section 1013(b). Part II outlines the traditional severability doctrine. Part III proposes a refined model of the severability doctrine with which to resolve severability conflicts involving legislative veto provisions. Part IV applies the proposed severability model to the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act, and concludes that section 1O13(b)'s unconstitutionality requires that the entire Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act fall.
The Canons Of Indian Treaty And Statutory Construction: A Proposal For Codification, Jill De La Hunt
The Canons Of Indian Treaty And Statutory Construction: A Proposal For Codification, Jill De La Hunt
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that the canons of construction should play a central role in the interpretation of Indian treaties and statutes. The Note proposes revitalization of the canons through congressional action codifying the rules of construction into federal law. Part I traces the historical development of the canons to further the federal-Indian trust relationship. Part II analyzes recent Supreme Court decisions that demonstrate decreased use of the canons. Part III argues that strong canons of construction are necessary to the development of self-determining Indian tribes and proposes federal legislation to ensure the continued vitality and importance of the canons of …
Introduction--Reviewing Immigration Policy: The Select Commission, The Debate Over Simpson-Mazzoli, And Beyond, Lawrence H. Fuchs
Introduction--Reviewing Immigration Policy: The Select Commission, The Debate Over Simpson-Mazzoli, And Beyond, Lawrence H. Fuchs
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Although the authors of the Articles which follow could not possibly touch on all aspects of reform, they have highlighted several that are important, giving further stimulus to a discussion which is certain to continue even if the Simpson-Mazzoli bill passes soon. Each of them constitutes an important contribution to that discussion, and Professor Aleinikoff's Article is arguably the single most challenging and constructive to appear on the subject of asylum claims adjudication. The University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform should be congratulated for its contributions to the ongoing debate on immigration reform.
Reforming The Immigration And Nationality Act: Labor Certification, Adjustment Of Status, The Reach Of Deportation, And Entry By Fraud, Elwin Griffith
Reforming The Immigration And Nationality Act: Labor Certification, Adjustment Of Status, The Reach Of Deportation, And Entry By Fraud, Elwin Griffith
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article will consider some of the controversial sections of the INA and the impact of the pending immigration legislation. Part I considers the labor certification requirement, a prerequisite for third and sixth preference immigrants. This Part concludes that clarification of the division of authority between the Attorney General and the Secretary of Labor, and of the intent of aliens to keep their certified jobs, would be desirable. Part II analyzes the requirements an alien must meet to adjust status to one, of the occupational preferences. The statutory refusal to adjust status of aliens who accept ''unauthorized employment" must be …
Is The Section 1983 Civil Rights Statute Overworked? Expanded Use Of Magistrates--An Alternative To Exhaustion, Brian P. Owensby
Is The Section 1983 Civil Rights Statute Overworked? Expanded Use Of Magistrates--An Alternative To Exhaustion, Brian P. Owensby
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I of this Note discusses the history and purpose of section 1983 and identifies the danger unmanaged growth of 1983 suits poses to civil rights. Part II examines several judicial responses to the 1983 caseload problem and concludes that congressional action is more appropriate. Parts III and IV explore two areas of possible legislative action. Part III questions the efficacy of a legislatively imposed requirement that the claimant exhaust state administrative remedies as a prerequisite to a 1983 suit in federal court. Part IV proposes an alternative congressional response to the 1983 caseload problem: a carefully tailored use of …
Section 558( C ) Of The Administrative Procedure Act: Provision For Informal Agency Hearings Prior To License Revocation Or Suspension, Joan P. Snyder
Section 558( C ) Of The Administrative Procedure Act: Provision For Informal Agency Hearings Prior To License Revocation Or Suspension, Joan P. Snyder
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that section 558(c) should be interpreted to require an agency to provide a hearing prior to license suspension or revocation. Part I argues that all courts that have adjudicated whether section 558(c) requires a hearing have misconstrued the statute by failing to consider the general policies served by the APA. Part II examines section 558(c) in light of the major policies of the APA, uniformity and fairness in administrative procedure. It argues that these policies are best served by an interpretation that requires a hearing prior to suspension or revocation of any federal license. It does, however, …
Political Asylum In The Federal Republic Of Germany And The Republic Of France: Lessons For The United States, T. Alexander Aleinikoff
Political Asylum In The Federal Republic Of Germany And The Republic Of France: Lessons For The United States, T. Alexander Aleinikoff
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The recent flood of asylum claims, and the concerns it engenders, are not peculiar to the United States. Western European nations have witnessed similar increases in asylum applications over the past decade, .and institutions charged with adjudicating claims have become severely overburdened. This Article will describe the experience of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of France in coping with the explosion of asylum claims. A comparative analysis may provide perspective on the American situation and perhaps suggest - or rule out - proposals for change currently under consideration in the United States. To appreciate the saliency of …
Political Asylum Under The 1980 Refugee Act: An Unfulfilled Promise, Arthur C. Helton
Political Asylum Under The 1980 Refugee Act: An Unfulfilled Promise, Arthur C. Helton
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I of this Article reviews the history and development of asylum law in the United States which culminated in the passage of the Refugee Act of 1980. It analyzes the failure of the responsible administrative authorities to follow the dictates of the law - a circumstance which prompted the passage of the Act and which now threatens to subvert the right to asylum in the United States. Part II considers the impact on asylum seekers of new alien interdiction and detention programs, and the legality of those programs under domestic and international law. Finally, Part III makes specific recommendations, …
Resolving The Problem Of Undocumented Workers In American Society: A Model Guest Worker Statute, Marjorie E. Powell
Resolving The Problem Of Undocumented Workers In American Society: A Model Guest Worker Statute, Marjorie E. Powell
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that a temporary foreign worker program is needed to alleviate the effects of illegal immigration. Part I describes the problems that illegal aliens present and discusses the interests of the groups affected by their presence in the United States. Part II discusses the inability of forced repatriation, amnesty, closing the border, or employer sanctions to satisfy these interests. Part II also discusses the undesirability of ignoring the problem of illegal aliens. Part III explains how a program for admission of temporary foreign workers best meets the interests of domestic employers, domestic and foreign workers, sending countries, and …
The Propriety Of Denying Entry To Homosexual Aliens: Examining The Public Health Service's Authority Over Medical Exclusions, Robert Poznanski
The Propriety Of Denying Entry To Homosexual Aliens: Examining The Public Health Service's Authority Over Medical Exclusions, Robert Poznanski
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note defends the position that the PHS has the authority to define homosexuality for the purpose of the section 212(a)(4) exclusion, and that the PHS definition is binding upon the INS. Therefore, the PHS's decision to refuse to examine aliens for homosexuality precludes the INS from excluding aliens on that basis. Part I of this Note traces the history of the policy of excluding homosexual aliens. Part II maintains that, regardless of the psychiatric profession's interpretation of ''psychopathic personality,'' Congress intended the expression to encompass homosexuality. Part III contends that Congress intended to empower the PHS to change its …
The Immigration Reform And Control Act: Immigration Policy And The National Interest, Alan K. Simpson
The Immigration Reform And Control Act: Immigration Policy And The National Interest, Alan K. Simpson
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Today more than ever the United States is a target for international migration. Population growth and economic stagnation in the Third World are increasing the pressures for emigration, and current United States immigration law is incapable of responding to the growing flow of illegal immigrants. The number of illegal aliens apprehended in the United States increased forty percent in 1983, and reached 1.4 million by the year's end. The backlog of applications for political asylum is over 165,000, and many of these claims are frivolous. Polls by Roper, Gallup, NBC, and others have shown that ninety percent of the American …
Using The Federal Tort Claims Act To Remedy Property Damage Following Customs Service Seizures, Richard F. Neidhardt
Using The Federal Tort Claims Act To Remedy Property Damage Following Customs Service Seizures, Richard F. Neidhardt
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I of this Note explains the general application of the FTCA to tort claims asserted against the federal government. Part II demonstrates the inadequacy of current judicial arguments regarding the adjudication of detention-related property damage claims under section 2680(c). Part III presents the. policy considerations behind the FTCA and concludes that those considerations allow courts to interpret the Act to cover detention-related property damage claims.
Limiting The Use Of The Rico Act As A Defense To Hostile Corporate Takeovers, Mary Ann Lesniak
Limiting The Use Of The Rico Act As A Defense To Hostile Corporate Takeovers, Mary Ann Lesniak
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that RICO could be a legitimate defense to a hostile corporate takeover pursuant to a cash tender off er if shareholders who retain stock will be harmed by the takeover. Part I of this Note examines the general background of the RICO Act. Part II applies the Act to a hostile cash tender offer and examines each element of a civil RICO action. Part III advocates the use of RICO's injury requirement to limit this application of the Act and analyzes the potential injuries to shareholders and management during a hostile cash tender offer. This limitation upon …
The Deduction Of Unemployment Compensation From Back-Pay Awards Under Title Vii, Eric A. Martin
The Deduction Of Unemployment Compensation From Back-Pay Awards Under Title Vii, Eric A. Martin
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that federal courts should not deduct unemployment insurance benefits from Title VII back-pay awards. Part I reviews the legislative history and purposes behind the remedial provisions of Title VII. Part I also presents the arguments that courts have advanced regarding the deduction of unemployment benefits from Title VII back-pay awards. Part II assesses these arguments in light of analogous common law doctrine and the legislative objectives of Title VII, and advances arguments not yet considered by the courts. Finally, Part II concludes that federal courts should resolve this division of authority by not deducting unemployment benefits from …
Reforming At-Will Employment Law: A Model Statute, Liana Gioia, Per Ramford
Reforming At-Will Employment Law: A Model Statute, Liana Gioia, Per Ramford
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Effective relief for at-will employees can only be achieved through statutory reform. Although specific legislation has been proposed on the federal 4 and state levels, 5 none of these bills have been sufficiently comprehensive to provide optimal relief. Moreover, those commentators who have called for a statutory remedy have failed to explain precisely what the mechanism for dispute resolution should be, or how it should operate. 6 This Note, therefore, proposes a model statute utilizing mediation-arbitration to provide consistent, informal, and economical protection for at-will employees. Part I explores the development of the at-will rule and the deficiencies of current …
Protection Against Unjust Discharge: The Need For A Federal Statute, Jack Stieber, Michael Murray
Protection Against Unjust Discharge: The Need For A Federal Statute, Jack Stieber, Michael Murray
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
We argue that only a federal statute can fully protect American workers from the harsh consequences of the employment-at-will rule. Part I of this Article outlines the nature and scope of the problems caused by the at-will doctrine. Part II surveys a variety of potential solutions to these problems - unionism, voluntary internal grievance mechanisms, existing statutes, the Constitution, and judicially created exceptions to the at-will rule - and finds each an inadequate source of protection. The final Part urges the enactment of a federal statute to protect all American workers from unjust dicharge and sets out several substantive criteria …
Employment-At-Will Doctrine: Providing A Public Policy Exception To Improve Worker Safety, Daniel T. Schibley
Employment-At-Will Doctrine: Providing A Public Policy Exception To Improve Worker Safety, Daniel T. Schibley
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Occupational safety would be greatly enhanced if employees had a viable option of refusing to work under unsafe conditions without risking their jobs. This Note proposes a public policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine that would give a cause of action to an employee discharged for refusing to work under unsafe conditions. Part I examines the employment-at-will rule and its recognized exceptions. Part II analyzes the inadequacies of existing statutory remedies for a discharged employee who refused to work under unsafe conditions. Finally, Part III proposes an alternative remedy: providing a common-law exception to the employment-at-will rule that will give …
Employment Problems Of The Handicapped: Would Title Vii Remedies Be Appropriate And Effective?, Cornelius J. Peck
Employment Problems Of The Handicapped: Would Title Vii Remedies Be Appropriate And Effective?, Cornelius J. Peck
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article argues that the employment problems of the handicapped are not well-suited for treatment under a statutory discrimination model. Underlying this argument is the belief that the concept of discrimination is not adaptable to the problems of the handicapped, and efforts to apply it will only worsen existing problems. Part I begins by defining the meaning of discrimination, and then explores the similarities and differences between discrimination against the handicapped, and discrimination based on race, sex, religion, and national origin. The purpose of this discussion is to provide a basic framework for understanding claims that the handicapped should be …