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Articles 661 - 690 of 770
Full-Text Articles in Legislation
Constitutional Law - Schools And School Districts - Teachers' Tenure Legislation, Bertram H. Lebeis
Constitutional Law - Schools And School Districts - Teachers' Tenure Legislation, Bertram H. Lebeis
Michigan Law Review
Although the question of security of employment for public school teachers was discussed as far back as the year 1885, when tenure was interpreted to mean the application of civil service principles to the teaching profession, the organized teacher tenure movement is of comparatively recent origin. From within the profession itself impetus was given to the movement by continuous campaigns carried on by local, state and national teachers' associations. From without, the growth of the movement was facilitated by a wider recognition of the evils attendant upon the unlimited power of school boards to "hire and fire" their employees at …
Securities Legislation - Securities Act - Stop Order Proceedings - Administrative Tests Of Materiality, Bertram H. Lebeis
Securities Legislation - Securities Act - Stop Order Proceedings - Administrative Tests Of Materiality, Bertram H. Lebeis
Michigan Law Review
With a view toward correcting many of the abuses which had accompanied the distribution of securities, the Congressional mandate embodied in the Securities Act of 1933, together with the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted in pursuance thereof, require the publication of much information previously withheld from the investing public. The basic objective of the act is the full disclosure of every essentially important element attending issues of securities in interstate commerce or through the mails, and to that end the commission is empowered to issue a stop order suspending the effectiveness of a registration statement if it …
"Extra Time For Overtime" Now Law, Frank E. Cooper
"Extra Time For Overtime" Now Law, Frank E. Cooper
Michigan Law Review
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 presents a great many legal and practical problems of importance commensurate with the comprehensiveness of the act itself, which is probably the most far-reaching of the New Deal statutes since the N. R. A. The act is conceived on the theory that any physical handling of goods destined to be subsequently shipped to another state is an act so closely and substantially related to the flow of interstate commerce as to be subject to Congressional regulation, and thus depends for its validity upon an extension of the theories approved in the Wagner Act …
Securities Legislation - Securities Act Of 1933 - Registration Statement - "Material Contract'', Gerald M. Stevens
Securities Legislation - Securities Act Of 1933 - Registration Statement - "Material Contract'', Gerald M. Stevens
Michigan Law Review
A registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 had borrowed from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation $200,000, payment of which was secured by mortgage of most of the debtor's assets. Registrant still owed $136,000 overdue when it filed its amended registration statement. It said therein that it had applied to the RFC for an eighteen-months extension of the debt and that the application had not then been acted upon. After the statement was filed but before it became effective, the RFC denied registrant extension of the debt and made a counter proposal for payment in part and extension in part. In …
Corporations - Interpretation Of The "Public Offering" Exemption Of The Federal Securities Act And State Blue-Sky Laws, Gerald L. Stoetzer
Corporations - Interpretation Of The "Public Offering" Exemption Of The Federal Securities Act And State Blue-Sky Laws, Gerald L. Stoetzer
Michigan Law Review
Section 5 of the Federal Securities Act of 1933, as amended, declares that it shall be unlawful to use any means of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to dispose of securities or transmit a prospectus thereon unless a registration statement as required by the act is in effect and unless the prospectus meets the statutory requirements. However, certain securities and transactions are expressly exempted from application of the act. Among the exemptions set out in section 4 are those "transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering."
Judgments - Federal Declaratory Judgments Act, Charles R. Moon Jr.
Judgments - Federal Declaratory Judgments Act, Charles R. Moon Jr.
Michigan Law Review
Underlying the declaratory judgment is the idea that in an organized and civilized society where law and order are thoroughly recognized and established, coercion is normally unnecessary to settle legal disputes between parties. The belief is that in many lawsuits the plaintiff is not seeking a means of coercing the defendant but that the plaintiff and the defendant merely want a final and conclusive decision of a disputed question on which their legal relations depend. The value of the declaratory judgment lies in that it may be used to settle this dispute, in many cases before any other form of …
Corporations - Alteration Of Charter Under Reserved Power - Change In Remedy To Enforce Stockholders' Liability, Michigan Law Review
Corporations - Alteration Of Charter Under Reserved Power - Change In Remedy To Enforce Stockholders' Liability, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The constitution of Maryland of I 867 provided that owners of bank stock should be liable for debts of the corporation to an extent equal to the value of the stock owned by them. The bank in which the defendants owned stock was organized under legislation of 1870 containing the provision, "this act and every part of it may be altered from time to time, or repealed by the legislature." The Maryland court held that, while the constitution provided no remedy, the right was conferred on each creditor in his individual capacity to be enforced by separate suits against those …
Judgments - Declaratory Judgments - Scope Of The Federal Act, Michigan Law Review
Judgments - Declaratory Judgments - Scope Of The Federal Act, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
After the insured had made formal claims for total disability benefits for four years without bringing action to enforce them, the insurer, having at all times denied the total disability of the insured, brought suit in a federal district court for a declaration that it was not liable for the benefits claimed and that the policies had lapsed for non-payment of premiums. The district court granted a motion to dismiss because the insurer failed to present a "controversy" within the Federal Constitution and the Declaratory Judgments Act and because the insurer had no "rights or other legal relations" to be …
Constitutional Law-Due Process -Fair Trade Acts, Milton Rabinowitz
Constitutional Law-Due Process -Fair Trade Acts, Milton Rabinowitz
Michigan Law Review
The New York "Fair Trade Act" proclaims price maintenance agreements subservient to the public policy of the state, and renders price cutting by any merchant with knowledge of such an agreement, even though not a party thereto, actionable as unfair competition at the suit of anyone injured thereby. In Doubleday, Doran & Co. v. Macy & Co., the New York court had condemned the enactment as violating the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Subsequently, the United States Supreme Court, in Old Dearborn Distributing Co. v. Seagram-Distiller Corp., decided the contrary as to the validity of a …
Courts Rule - Making Power, Peter S. Boter
Courts Rule - Making Power, Peter S. Boter
Michigan Law Review
A statute of the State of New Mexico delegated to the supreme court of the state the power to promulgate rules regulating pleading, practice, and procedure in judicial proceedings for the purpose of simplifying the same and for the promotion of the speedy determination of litigation upon the merits. The act further provides that all statutes relating to pleading and practice now in force shall have effect only as rules of court and remain in effect as such unless modified or suspended by rules promulgated pursuant to this Act. Held, that the rule-making power can constitutionally be delegated to …
Constitutional Law - Impairment Of Contracts - Legislative Regulation Of Deficiency Judgments, Donald H. Larmee
Constitutional Law - Impairment Of Contracts - Legislative Regulation Of Deficiency Judgments, Donald H. Larmee
Michigan Law Review
A North Carolina statute provided that when a mortagee purchases property at his own sale conducted under a power of sale, and then brings action for the deficiency, the debtor may as a matter of defense show that the true value of the property at the time and place of sale exceeded the sale price and thus defeat the deficiency claim in whole or in part. In a recent case the plaintiff, mortagee of an $8,000 mortgage, conducted a sale according to law and bought the land for $3,000. On the plaintiff's subsequent action for the deficiency the defendant pleaded …
The Patman Act In Practice, Blackwell Smith
The Patman Act In Practice, Blackwell Smith
Michigan Law Review
A recent act of Congress directed against price discrimination and related phases of buying and selling has already become famous as the Robinson-Patman Act, so named for its two principal sponsors in Congress. This act has been much written about, and yet those whose law practice confronts them with daily problems in its application to the actuality of the business world find daily new aspects. The act has something to say with reference to every business transaction (in or related sufficiently to interstate commerce) which involves a price or a service or a facility in connection with the sale of …
The Problem Of Transfers Under Bulk Sales Laws: A Study Of Absolute Transfers And Liquidating Trusts, Thomas Clifford Billig, William L. Branch Jr.
The Problem Of Transfers Under Bulk Sales Laws: A Study Of Absolute Transfers And Liquidating Trusts, Thomas Clifford Billig, William L. Branch Jr.
Michigan Law Review
Although the first bulk sales law in the United States was enacted more than forty years ago, the host of decisions still emanating from the courts bears ample witness to the fact that this field of legal learning remains remarkably fertile. For the first decade following the original Louisiana Bulk Sales Act of 1894 the several state legislatures were busily engaged in passing statutes of similar import. During the next three decades the courts became as fully occupied as had been the legislatures in determining precisely what the legislatures meant by the language employed in the several acts. This process …
The Proposed United States Administrative Court, Part Ii, Robert M. Cooper
The Proposed United States Administrative Court, Part Ii, Robert M. Cooper
Michigan Law Review
The recent movement for the passage of the Logan bill and the establishment of supervisory tribunals for the control of administrative determinations is the result of several preconceived theories concerning the shortcomings of the present system of administrative justice. These underlying theories, cautiously surrounded by a halo of judicial philosophy, have seldom been analyzed in their relation to the development of a sound policy for the administration of governmental functions. The present installment of this article will be devoted first to an examination of these fundamental theories and a consideration of the question how far the present administrative machinery is …
Section 77b, The Chandler Bill And Other Proposed Revisions, John Gerdes
Section 77b, The Chandler Bill And Other Proposed Revisions, John Gerdes
Michigan Law Review
Section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act has been in effect since June 7, 1934. Its novelty and recognized importance in the field of corporate reorganizations have aroused great interest and wide discussion. The attention which it has received has brought to the fore criticisms of many aspects of the statute.
Administrative Law - Johnson Act - Jurisdiction Of Federal Courts To Grant Injunctions Against Enforcement Of Rate Orders Of State Commissions, Donald L. Quaife
Administrative Law - Johnson Act - Jurisdiction Of Federal Courts To Grant Injunctions Against Enforcement Of Rate Orders Of State Commissions, Donald L. Quaife
Michigan Law Review
Two years have elapsed since the passage of the Johnson Act restricting the jurisdiction of federal district courts to enjoin rate-making orders of state utility commissions; and the time is now ripe to survey the case law which has grown up under the act and to evaluate its results. It will be recalled that this statute came as the culmination of a long history of agitation to prevent federal court interference with what many believed to be a function which local state courts were better fitted to review. The interference aimed at had resulted from the amendment to the Judiciary …
The Proposed United States Administrative Court, Robert M. Cooper
The Proposed United States Administrative Court, Robert M. Cooper
Michigan Law Review
The last half century has witnessed a constant, almost relentless, increase of governmental responsibilities and services in both federal and state spheres of control. Due to the changing needs of our economic and social order, the desire for speedy, efficient and inexpensive settlement of controversies and the imperative need of specialized administrators, the task of performing these new functions has not infrequently been delegated to administrative tribunals or commissions. Neither the legislature nor the judiciary was capable of administering the myriad details or countless controversies which inevitably accompanied these new functions of government. As a consequence an administrative branch of …
Taxation Of Undistributed Corporate Profits, John B. Martin Jr.
Taxation Of Undistributed Corporate Profits, John B. Martin Jr.
Michigan Law Review
The legislation proposed by President Roosevelt in his message of March 3, 1936, to prevent automatic avoidance of taxation by non-distribution of corporate profits, does not represent a new and previously unheard of system of taxation. It embraces, on the contrary, the gist of proposals made by various individuals and organizations extending back as far as the year 1864 when Congress passed, a Revenue Act providing that "gains and profits of all companies, whether incorporated or partnership . . . shall be included in estimating the annual gains, profits, or income of any person entitled to the same, whether divided …
Revenue Financing Of Public Enterprises, E. H. Foley Jr.
Revenue Financing Of Public Enterprises, E. H. Foley Jr.
Michigan Law Review
Courts have been slow to take judicial notice of the growing needs of local communities. Legislatures have restrained municipal corporations from engaging in business enterprises upon the assumption that the object was mere hope of gain, that the investment of municipal funds in such enterprises was simply a speculation, or that the effect was to divert municipal corporations from their legitimate ends and to poach upon the preserves of private enterprise. Novel municipal undertakings have been feared as an entering wedge of state socialism or governmental paternalism. Even when the instrumentality of private adventure was disposed to leave a need …
The Banking Act Of 1935, Harold James Kress
The Banking Act Of 1935, Harold James Kress
Michigan Law Review
The purpose of this article is to consider in a non-technical manner the principal changes in federal central and commercial banking law which have been brought about by the enactment of the Banking Act of 1935, and in that connection to take some account of the preexisting law and the announced or ostensible reasons for the changes made.
Legislative Attack On "Heart Balm", Nathan P. Feinsinger
Legislative Attack On "Heart Balm", Nathan P. Feinsinger
Michigan Law Review
Public resentment over the abuses incident to "heart balm" suits has recently culminated in sweeping legislative reform. Through the repeated efforts of a woman legislator, Indiana has abolished actions for seduction of females over twenty-one years of age, for breach of promise to marry, and for criminal conversation and alienation of affections. Almost immediately New York, and shortly thereafter Illinois, passed similar legislation, and at least ten other states are now considering analogous proposals.
Statutes- Constitutional Law - Legislative Action At Special Session Limited By Governor's Message
Statutes- Constitutional Law - Legislative Action At Special Session Limited By Governor's Message
Michigan Law Review
At a special session called by the executive to consider, among other matters, a bill "providing for the validation of bonds issued by a municipality under sufficient popular vote regardless of technical requirements," the legislature enacted a statute permitting validation of bonds even when issued without legal power, and the bill was approved by the governor. Pursuant to the statute, the common council of Detroit, in order to refund the city's bonded debt, approved the validity of the old obligations of the municipality, and petitioned for a writ of mandamus to compel the city controller to issue the refunding bonds …
The Gold Clause Decisions, John P. Dawson
The Gold Clause Decisions, John P. Dawson
Michigan Law Review
The gold clause decisions of February 18, 1935, have already taken their place among the great landmarks of American constitutional history. They have given a partial answer to some basic questions of constitutional law. Directly they have disposed of claims amounting to a total of many billions of dollars. But their further implications, both for public and private law, are of even greater magnitude; it may be many years before these wider implications are more fully understood.
Constitutional Law-Validity Of State Anti-Injunction Legislation
Constitutional Law-Validity Of State Anti-Injunction Legislation
Michigan Law Review
The development of organized labor in the United States has created difficult legal and social problems with which the courts and the legislatures are required to deal. The courts were the first to deal with these problems and, rightly or wrongly, attempted to apply to them the existing rules of law. For instance, the rules of property law have been applied. Where organized labor interfered with the carrying of the mail, it was said that the federal government had a property right in the mails. Where the carrying on of a business was interfered with, it was held that the …
The Delegation Of Federal Legislative Power To Executive Officials, Theodore W. Cousens
The Delegation Of Federal Legislative Power To Executive Officials, Theodore W. Cousens
Michigan Law Review
It will be the purpose of this article to attempt (1) a chronological survey of the previous Supreme Court cases relating to alleged delegations of legislative power, and (2) an analysis and discussion of the Panama Refining Co. decision in the light of this background. No discrimination is made between delegations of state and of federal legislative power, as the Supreme Court makes no such discrimination.
Constitutional Law - New Deal Legislation - Gold Hoarding Statute
Constitutional Law - New Deal Legislation - Gold Hoarding Statute
Michigan Law Review
Two cases involving acts of Congress passed in March 1933 to prevent the hoarding of gold' were denied a review by the United States Supreme Court on October 8. Both of these cases involved the same facts. Plaintiff had delivered certain gold bars to a bank for safe-keeping. Later the bank notified him that, pursuant to an executive order by the President of the United States, it would have to surrender the gold. Immediately the plaintiff demanded the return of the bullion, which demand was refused, and he filed bills for specific performance of the bailment contract against the bank …
The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934, John E. Tracy, Alfred Brunson Macchesney
The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934, John E. Tracy, Alfred Brunson Macchesney
Michigan Law Review
The Congress has enacted and the President has just signed an act for the regulation of stock exchanges, to be known as the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In order that we may understand the nature of the Act and the reasons for its enactment, it will be well first to consider briefly the organization and functions of stock exchanges, the evils that are claimed to have arisen from their existence, and some of the previous attempts which have been made to prevent the occurrence of such evils.
The Grant Of Rule-Making Power To The Supreme Court Of The United States, Edson R. Sunderland
The Grant Of Rule-Making Power To The Supreme Court Of The United States, Edson R. Sunderland
Michigan Law Review
The determined effort on the part of the American Bar Association, which continued without relaxation for almost a quarter of a century, to place the regulation of federal trial court procedure in law actions under the control of the Supreme Court of the United States, has at last been successful. Senate Bill No. 3040, granting full rulemaking power to the Supreme Court, became a law on June 19, 1934.
Amendments To The Securities Act Of 1933, Laylin K. James
Amendments To The Securities Act Of 1933, Laylin K. James
Michigan Law Review
Title II of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 amends the Securities Act of 1933. These amendments make substantial concessions to the persistent and continuous clamor against the Securities Act. They will help to allay some of the fears of corporate managements and merchant bankers. The changes affect the definition section, the exemptions, the prospectus, the civil liabilities, and administration provisions.
Federal Housing And Home Loan Legislation And Its Consequences, Ernest M. Fisher
Federal Housing And Home Loan Legislation And Its Consequences, Ernest M. Fisher
Michigan Law Review
The laissez-faire policy characteristic of both federal and state policy prior to 1932 in connection with housing was first departed from in a provision in the "Emergency Relief and Construction Act of 1932," passed by the 72nd Congress just before adjournment in July. This provision authorized the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to "make loans to corporations, formed wholly for the purpose of providing housing for families of low incomes, or for reconstruction of slum areas, which are regulated by state or municipal law as to rents, charges, capital structure, rate of return, and areas and methods of operation, to aid in …