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Articles 271 - 300 of 770
Full-Text Articles in Legislation
The Indefinite Detention Of Excluded Aliens: Statutory And Constitutional Justifications And Limitations, Michigan Law Review
The Indefinite Detention Of Excluded Aliens: Statutory And Constitutional Justifications And Limitations, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Part I of this Note examines the statutory authority for the indefinite detention of excluded aliens. It concludes that although the INA does not explicitly authorize such detention, the statute's purposes and specific provisions imply that Congress intended to establish a statutory preference for the detention of excluded aliens. The Note then argues in Part II that indefinite detention is constitutionally permissible when it is necessary to vindicate the government's sovereign right to exclude aliens. The Note concludes, however, that the Constitution requires the government to make a continuing good faith effort to deport a detained, excluded alien.
The Propriety Of Section 10(J) Bargaining Orders In Gissel Situations, Michigan Law Review
The Propriety Of Section 10(J) Bargaining Orders In Gissel Situations, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The courts have split on the question of whether a bargaining order constitutes ''just and proper" relief under section 10(j). This Note contends that such an order is always just in a Gissel situation but that a district court may properly issue one only in situations where the Board's prior decisions clearly establish the relevant labor policy and indicate a high probability that the Board will eventually issue a Gissel bargaining order. Part I of the Note develops the criteria relevant to determining what kind of temporary relief is "just." Although section 10(j) does not itself define these criteria, the …
The Scope Of Judicial Review Of Consent Decrees Under The Antitrust Procedures And Penalties Act Of 1974, Michigan Law Review
The Scope Of Judicial Review Of Consent Decrees Under The Antitrust Procedures And Penalties Act Of 1974, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
In the wake of this uncertainty, this Note analyzes the proper scope of judicial review of consent decrees. The Note argues that to further the policies embodied in the APP A, courts should undertake intense review of proposed settlements before entering them as final judgments. Both the congressional intent in enacting the APP A and the public's interest in effective enforcement of the antitrust laws support intense judicial review. The Note then demonstrates that the deferential standard that some courts have applied is derived mainly from a case that is inapplicable to the review of consent decrees. Finally, the Note …
Claim Requirements Of The Federal Tort Claims Act: Minimal Notice Or Substantial Documentation?, Michigan Law Review
Claim Requirements Of The Federal Tort Claims Act: Minimal Notice Or Substantial Documentation?, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note finds both the Adams and Swift positions unsatisfactory. Part I contends that Adams misconstrued the legislative history of the FTCA amendments by applying a minimal notice standard and then argues that Swift contravenes the amendments' fairness policy by permitting ambiguous, overreaching documentation requests. Part II contends that courts should interpret section 2675's "presented the claim" language as an accommodation between two competing Congressional objectives: presuit claims settlement and fair treatment of claimants. The Note proposes that until the Department of Justice modifies its current claims regulations, courts should toll the statute of limitations whenever an individual's claim includes …
The Courts' Inherent Power To Compel Legislative Funding Of Judicial Functions, Michigan Law Review
The Courts' Inherent Power To Compel Legislative Funding Of Judicial Functions, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Litigation results when the legislative branch contests the inherent power order. Because judicial compulsion of legislative action must derive from constitutional authority, and because of the practical and doctrinal challenges such litigation presents, many courts have struggled to resolve these cases in a principled fashion. This Note defends the inherent power doctrine, but argues that current judicial approaches to its application have failed to confront squarely the central issues raised by inherent power orders. The Note advocates an alternative procedure for defining the legitimate scope of judicial authority to compel appropriations on its own behalf. Part I examines the constitutional …
A Banker's Adventures In Brokerland: Looking Through Glass-Steagall At Discount Brokerage Services, Michigan Law Review
A Banker's Adventures In Brokerland: Looking Through Glass-Steagall At Discount Brokerage Services, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Several banks have recently entered or announced their intention to enter the discount brokerage business, and the Federal Reserve Board is considering a rule listing discount brokerage as an acceptable bank holding company activity. The securities industry has contested this entry, asserting that the Glass-Steagall Act requires separation between investment and commercial banking. Though the Act does mandate some division between the two lines of business, this Note argues that bank discount brokerage services do not violate the Act. Part I examines the competing "accommodation" and "agency" interpretations of the relevant statutory sections, concluding that the agency interpretation, which permits …
Does Nepa Require An Impact Statement On Inaction?, Michigan Law Review
Does Nepa Require An Impact Statement On Inaction?, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note considers the question of whether NEPA requires an EIS in cases of official refusal to exercise discretionary agency authority. Part I develops the competing theories for resolving this question. The current judicial attitude, which has excluded important cases with far-reaching environmental effects from the EIS requirement, plainly frustrates the statute's procedural purposes. Regulations promulgated by the Council on Environmental Quality define "major federal action" to include the failure to act under certain circumstances, and offer one alternative to the current approach. But the regulations condition the classification of inaction as action upon reviewability under the Administrative Procedures Act, …
Extraterritorial Application Of The Export Administration Act Of 1979 Under International And American Law, Michigan Law Review
Extraterritorial Application Of The Export Administration Act Of 1979 Under International And American Law, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note investigates the legality of the extraterritorial application of the EAA under American and international law, with a particular focus on the presidential action in the Soviet Oil and Gas Equipment Export Controls case (hereinafter the Soviet Pipeline case). Part I examines the language and legislative history of the EAA and concludes that Congress clearly and affirmatively expressed its intention to apply export controls to foreign subsidiaries of American corporations as well as goods and technology that originate in the United States. Part II analyzes the extraterritorial application of the EAA under the generally recognized principles of international law. …
The Twentieth-Century Primacy Of Statutory Law, Albert Tate Jr.
The Twentieth-Century Primacy Of Statutory Law, Albert Tate Jr.
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Dealing with Statutes by James Williard Hurst
Common Sense About The Age Of Statutes, Steve Macisaac
Common Sense About The Age Of Statutes, Steve Macisaac
Michigan Law Review
A Review of A Common Law for the Age of Statutes by Guido Calabresi
Prohibitive Policy: Implementing The Federal Endangered Species Act, Michigan Law Review
Prohibitive Policy: Implementing The Federal Endangered Species Act, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Prohibitive Policy: Implementing the Federal Endangered Species Act by Steven Yaffee
The Environmental Decade In Court, Michigan Law Review
The Environmental Decade In Court, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Environmental Decade in Court by Lettie McSpadden Wenner
Eis Supplements For Improperly Completed Projects: A Logical Extension Of Judicial Review Under Nepa, Michigan Law Review
Eis Supplements For Improperly Completed Projects: A Logical Extension Of Judicial Review Under Nepa, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note argues that the private cause of action under NEPA retains its utility despite the completion of the project sued upon. Part I describes the procedural implementation of the policy concerns underlying NEPA through the EIS process for proposed actions, and the EIS supplementation process for project changes made after the original EIS has been prepared. Part II examines current law applicable to projects completed in violation of NEPA and concludes that the denial of post-completion relief conflicts with the underlying goals of NEPA. Part III analyzes extension of relief to completed projects, and proposes court-ordered EIS supplementation for …
Interview Notes Of Government Agents Under The Jencks Act, Michigan Law Review
Interview Notes Of Government Agents Under The Jencks Act, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Most courts that have considered the issue have concluded that the Jencks Act does not require the government to retain and produce rough interview notes. This Note examines the language and purpose of the Act to determine whether interview notes should be considered Jencks Act statements. Part I examines the policy underlying the Jencks Act and argues that the majority position sanctioning pre-trial destruction of interview notes conflicts with these statutory purposes. Part II discusses the statutory language and argues that the status of the witness as a government agent or a private individual determines the applicable section of the …
Tax Treatment Of Previously Expensed Assets In Corporate Liquidations, Michigan Law Review
Tax Treatment Of Previously Expensed Assets In Corporate Liquidations, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note argues that although the Tennessee-Carolina majority adopts overbroad language and ignores established tax principles, a more careful refinement of its theory will yield the same proper result, without, in most situations, departing from accepted principles. The proper inquiry must focus first on whether the corporation has received any benefit, and then on whether that gain should be exempted by the nonrecognition provisions of section 336, or on any other basis. Part I of this Note examines these questions from a theoretical perspective, and concludes that expensed assets remaining at the time of liquidation give rise to corporate income, …
Intent Or Impact: Proving Discrimination Under Title Vi Of The Civil Rights Act Of 1964, Michigan Law Review
Intent Or Impact: Proving Discrimination Under Title Vi Of The Civil Rights Act Of 1964, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note analyzes the controversy and concludes that courts must apply an impact standard in title VI cases. After reviewing the relevant Supreme Court decisions, Part I contends that Bakke did not overrule Lau's approval of an impact standard. Part II examines the regulations on which the Lau court relied. It first characterizes them as legislative; they derive the force of law from an explicit congressional delegation of substantive power. Part II then tests the regulations' impact standard against the language, legislative history, and policy of title VI and finds it valid. Since courts may not disregard valid legislative regulations, …
Awarding Attorneys' Fees To Prevailing Pro Se Litigants, Michigan Law Review
Awarding Attorneys' Fees To Prevailing Pro Se Litigants, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note examines- the propriety of awarding attorneys' fees to prevailing pro se litigants in the federal courts. It focuses on the four major statutes under which almost all pro se cases have been filed: the Freedom of Information Act of 1974 (FOIA), the Privacy Act of 1974 (Privacy Act), the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976 (CRAFAA), and the Truth in Lending Act (TILA). In so doing, it will attempt to devise common principles that can be applied to most requests for pro se attorneys' fees. Part I looks first to the statutes' language and legislative histories …
How Courts Govern America, Michigan Law Review
How Courts Govern America, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of How Courts Govern America by Richard Neely
The Policy Dilemma: Federal Crime Policy And The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Michigan Law Review
The Policy Dilemma: Federal Crime Policy And The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Policy Dilemma: Federal Crime Policy and the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration by Malcolm M. Feeley and Austin D. Sarat
The Labor-Bankruptcy Conflict: Rejection Of A Debtor's Collective Bargaining Agreement, Michigan Law Review
The Labor-Bankruptcy Conflict: Rejection Of A Debtor's Collective Bargaining Agreement, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note examines the courts' accommodation of the labor and bankruptcy policies when a debtor in possession or trustee seeks to reject a collective bargaining agreement. Part I criticizes a series of recent cases that failed to confront the statutory conflict. If these courts had recognized the conflict between the language of the Bankruptcy Act (now the Code) and the Labor Act, they would have been forced to consider whether the labor and bankruptcy policies actually clashed. Part II finds that in most instances they do not, and argues that requiring the debtor in possession to bargain with the union …
The Proper Role Of Res Judicata And Collateral Estoppel In Title Vii Suits, Charles C. Jackson, John H. Matheson, Thomas J. Pikorski
The Proper Role Of Res Judicata And Collateral Estoppel In Title Vii Suits, Charles C. Jackson, John H. Matheson, Thomas J. Pikorski
Michigan Law Review
The Article proceeds from the premise, established in Part I, that federal courts must apply preclusion principles unless Congress clearly indicates otherwise. Part II considers a number of indicators of Congress's intent, and finds no evidence to rebut the presumption that federal courts must give preclusive weight to certain state decisions. Part III then proposes general guidelines for the application of preclusion doctrines in title VII litigation.
The Decline And Fall Of Taxable Income, Glenn E. Coven
The Decline And Fall Of Taxable Income, Glenn E. Coven
Michigan Law Review
After first exploring the intellectual climate that has facilitated the congressional disregard of taxable income, this Article will examine three areas in which taxable income is no longer the exclusive mechanism for allocating the burden of taxation. That examination will outline the undesirable consequences of the decline of taxable income, and demonstrate that Congress need not have disregarded taxable income to secure the desired pattern of taxation. Because the use of multiple rate schedules constitutes the most significant deviation from the concept of taxable income in terms of the number of taxpayers that it affects and the popular resentment against …
Enjoining The Application Of The British Protection Of Trading Interests Act In Private American Antitrust Litigation, Michigan Law Review
Enjoining The Application Of The British Protection Of Trading Interests Act In Private American Antitrust Litigation, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note argues that American courts should mitigate the impact of the PTIA on American antitrust litigation by enjoining British defendants from pursuing their rights under the Act. Part I examines the Act's principal effects on antitrust enforcement and the settlement process, and concludes that these effects are serious enough to warrant judicial intervention. Part II establishes a court's power to issue transnational antisuit injunctions, and considers the propriety of doing so. After briefly rejecting two practical objections to such injunctions - that they are impossible to enforce and will provoke international retaliation - Part II analyzes the doctrine of …
Disclosure Of Grand Jury Materials Under Clayton Act Section 4f(B), Michigan Law Review
Disclosure Of Grand Jury Materials Under Clayton Act Section 4f(B), Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note analyzes the controversy and concludes that the latter courts are correct: Congress never intended to abrogate or modify rule 6(e)'s "particularized need" standard when it enacted section4F(b). Part I discusses whether Congress intended section 4F(b) to require the Attorney General to disclose grand jury materials to state attorneys general upon request, thereby abrogating rule 6(e)'s explicit prohibition against such disclosure. Part II examines the statutory language and legislative history of section). 4F(b) to determine whether Congress intended section 4F(b) to modify rule 6(e)'s "particularized need" standard. Finally, Part III evaluates the policies affected by liberalized disclosure of grand …
Implying A Cause Of Action Under Section 503 Of The Rehabilitation Act Of 1973, Michigan Law Review
Implying A Cause Of Action Under Section 503 Of The Rehabilitation Act Of 1973, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note urges courts to recognize a private right of action under section 503. Part I reviews all the evidence of legislative intent available today. It concludes that by now the congressional desire for a private right of action has become abundantly clear. Part II examines the more difficult issue of when that congressional desire crystallized into law. It finds ample reliable evidence that a private right of action has existed since Congress first passed section 503 in 1973.
Set-Offs Against Back Pay Awards Under The Federal Age Discrimination In Employment Act, Michigan Law Review
Set-Offs Against Back Pay Awards Under The Federal Age Discrimination In Employment Act, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note proposes a theory to govern set-offs against ADEA damage awards that best effectuates congressional ~tent. It suggests that courts should set off those types of benefits received after a violation that, had they been lost because of a violation, would have been included in the damage award. Part I identifies the proper measure of damages under the ADEA as the net loss of 'job-related benefits," doubled in cases of willful violation. It explains first that job-related benefits should be broadly defined to include unemployment compensation and social security benefits as well as wages, and second that the congressional …
National Parks And Self-Restraint, Peter Steinhart
National Parks And Self-Restraint, Peter Steinhart
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks by Joseph L. Sax
Recent Developments In The Struggle For Probate Reform, Richard V. Wellman
Recent Developments In The Struggle For Probate Reform, Richard V. Wellman
Michigan Law Review
The two Als being honored by this issue have honored me with years of precious friendship and many words a!!-d acts of support and encouragement. In return, they and their friends and others who may peruse these pages prepared as they near retirement really deserve better reading than can be expected of an article that wallows in the dreadful details of legislation dealing with probate procedure. Conard and Smith are old hands when it comes to efforts at improvement of law and legal institutions. They know better than to immerse themselves deeply in a piece like the one that follows, …
Black English And Equal Educational Opportunity, Michigan Law Review
Black English And Equal Educational Opportunity, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
There is a danger that the King case will be misunderstood. The press has sometimes portrayed it as a vindication of the right to use black English in the classroom rather than of the educational opportunities of the children who speak it, and the King opinion itself is at times confusing. This Note clarifies the meaning of King and section 1703(f) by examining four critical steps in Judge Joiner's reasoning. Section I examines the court's holding that "language barriers" under section l 703(f) include impediments to equal educational opportunity arising from dialect differences, and concludes that although the court's argument …
Notice By Citizen Plaintiffs In Environmental Litigation, Michigan Law Review
Notice By Citizen Plaintiffs In Environmental Litigation, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note evaluates judicial handling of citizen suits tainted by defective notice. After reviewing the legislative history of the citizen suit provisions, the Note presents an array of judicial responses to defective notice and classifies decisions by their stringency in applying the notice provision. In the final section, the Note argues that Congress's purpose in requiring notice should determine the limits of judicial tolerance of defective notice. It concludes that courts should dismiss citizen suits unless actual notice of intent to sue, whether or not in the form specified by EPA regulations, was given sixty days before the filing of …