Law and Economics Commons^™

The Push Green Development Zone: Building Housing Equity From The Ground Up, Sam Magavern, Aaron Bartley

Buffalo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Is Incorporation Really Better Than Central Management And Control For Testing Corporate Residency? An Answer To Corporate Tax Evasion And Inversion, Charles Edward Andrew Lincoln Iv

Student Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Why Anti-Surcharge Laws Do Not Violate A Merchant's Freedom Of Speech, Annie P. Anderson

American University Law Review

First Amendment litigation is surrounding state anti-surcharge laws, which prevent merchants from imposing surcharges on transactions where customers use credit cards. These laws effectively prevent stores from passing credit card "swipe fees" onto their customers. Merchants argue that because the laws still allow them to provide discounts to customers who use other forms of payment, the laws violate their First Amendment rights by impermissibly restricting the way the stores can communicate. The state governments, in contrast, have defended the laws by asserting that they regulate conduct, not business speech, and therefore do not violate the First Amendment.

The Supreme Court …

Martin Luther King, Jr. Celebration Keynote Speaker: Don Graves, Deputy Assistant To President Obama And Counselor To Vice President Biden: January 24, 2017, Roger Williams University School Of Law

School of Law Conferences, Lectures & Events

No abstract provided.

The Professional Prospectus: A Call For Effective Professional Disclosure, Benjamin P. Edwards

Scholarly Works

Without easy access to relevant information, many consumers unwittingly trust serious decisions to professionals with histories of malpractice and negligence-leading to both individual and societal harms. This Article proposes to improve professional services markets with a tool that has already proven effective in the securities markets: a prospectus. A "Professional Prospectus" would reduce information asymmetries and improve the market for professional services through disclosure and consumer choice.

A Professional Prospectus would alter the market for professional services by making professional reputation a more potent force. Economic theory often relies on "reputation effects" to ensure the efficient functioning of the market …

Achieving American Retirement Prosperity By Changing Americans' Thinking About Retirement, Peter H. Huang

Publications

There are many decisions that Americans have to make about retirement before, at, and after retirement. For example, Americans have to decide when to start saving for retirement, how much to save, how to invest those savings, when to retire, when to claim social security, and how to take required minimum distributions from 401(k) plans or Individual Retirement Accounts. Different things can go wrong at each of these decisions for different reasons. Many Americans, for various reasons, including insufficient energy, money, motivation, time, and understanding, do no retirement planning. Some Americans do some retirement planning, yet worry they are doing …

Entrepreneurial Administration, Philip J. Weiser

Publications

A core failing of today’s administrative state and modern administrative law scholarship is the lack of imagination as to how agencies should operate. On the conventional telling, public agencies follow specific grants of regulatory authority, use the traditional tools of notice-and-comment rulemaking and adjudication, and are checked by judicial review. In reality, however, effective administration depends on entrepreneurial leadership that spearheads policy experimentation and trial-and-error problem-solving, including the development of regulatory programs that use non-traditional tools.

Entrepreneurial administration takes place both at public agencies and private entities, each of which can address regulatory challenges and earn regulatory authority as a …

ปัญหาการไม่นำหลักคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัยมาใช้ในการคำนวณเงินสำรองเพื่อหักรายจ่ายในการคำนวณกำไรสุทธิเพื่อเสียภาษีเงินได้นิติบุคคลของบริษัทประกันชีวิต, จณัญญา รังสิพราหมณกุล

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

จากการศึกษากฎหมายภาษีอากรของประเทศไทยเกี่ยวกับการหักรายจ่ายเงินสำรองของบริษัท ประกันชีวิต พบว่าปัจจุบันสามารถหักรายจ่ายเงินสำรองเบี้ยประกันภัยเพื่อสมทบทุนประกันชีวิตที่กัน ไว้ก่อนคำนวณกำไร ในอัตราไม่เกินร้อยละ 65 ของจำนวนเบี้ยประกันภัยรับสุทธิ และเงินสำรองเบี้ย ประกันภัยเพื่อสมทบทุนประกันภัยอื่นที่กันไว้ก่อนคำนวณกำไร ในอัตราไม่เกินร้อยละ 40 ของจำนวน เบี้ยประกันภัยรับสุทธิ ในการคำนวณกำไรสุทธิเพื่อเสียภาษีเงินได้นิติบุคคล ซึ่งอัตราร้อยละต่อเบี้ย ประกันภัยรับสุทธิดังกล่าว ยังไม่สะท้อนถึงความเสี่ยงที่แท้จริง ทาให้การนำส่งรายได้เข้ารัฐยังไม่มี ความเหมาะสมและเป็นธรรม และยังไม่เป็นไปตามหลักเกณฑ์สากล ที่เงินสำรองดังกล่าวจะได้จาก การคำนวณโดยนักคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัยที่ได้รับการรองรับจากสานักงานคณะกรรมการกำกับและ ส่งเสริมการประกอบธุรกิจประกันภัย หรือที่เรียกว่าหลักทางคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัย สภาพปัญหาที่พบมาจากการที่เงินสำรองเบี้ยประกันภัยของบริษัทประกันชีวิตในปัจจุบัน มีการ ประเมินมูลค่าที่สูงขึ้น จากปัจจัยในด้านต่างๆ เช่น แบบประกันชีวิตที่มีจานวนเงินเอาประกันภัยสูง มี ผลประโยชน์สูง เป็นต้น เมื่อศึกษาถึงเงินสำรองเปรียบเทียบกับเบี้ยประกันภัยรับสุทธิ เพื่อหาสัดส่วน เงินสำรองต่อเบี้ยประกันภัยรับสุทธิ พบว่ามีสัดส่วนในอัตราที่สูงกว่าอัตราร้อยละที่สรรพากรอนุญาต ให้หักรายจ่ายทางภาษีอากรค่อนข้างมาก ซึ่งการประเมินมูลค่าเงินสำรองเบี้ยประกันภัยในปัจจุบัน ประเมินมูลค่าด้วยวิธีทางคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัย ซึ่งการมีเงินสำรองเบี้ยประกันภัยเป็นรายจ่ายตาม ความเป็นจริงสูงกว่าอัตราที่สรรพากรอนุญาตให้หักรายจ่ายได้ ส่งผลต่อผลประกอบการของบริษัท ประกันชีวิต ในการชำระภาษีเพิ่มเติมในส่วนของเงินสำรองที่เกินจากหลักเกณฑ์ในประมวลรัษฎากร ทาให้บริษัทต้องแบกรับภาระภาษีที่เกินสมควร นอกจากนี้ ส่งผลต่อต้นทุนในการออกและพัฒนา ผลิตภัณฑ์ประกันชีวิตบางประเภทสู่ตลาดเพื่อการแข่งขัน เช่น ประกันชีวิตแบบเงินออมระยะสั้น เป็น ต้น ทำให้ประชาชนผู้ลงทุนในการทำประกันชีวิตมีทางเลือกในการลงทุนลดลง ไม่เกิดการกระตุ้นตลาด การประกันชีวิต ทำให้แข่งขันกับธุรกิจอื่นๆ ได้ยาก นอกจากนี้ ทำให้บริษัทมีเม็ดเงินลงทุนลดลง ซึ่ง ด้วยลักษณะของธุรกิจประกันชีวิต เป็นบริษัทที่มีการลงทุนค่อนข้างสูง โดยเฉพาะในหุ้นทุน เพื่อให้ ได้รับผลตอบแทนตามเป้าหมายและสอดคล้องกับผลิตภัณฑ์ประกันชีวิตที่ได้เสนอขายไป และสามารถ จ่ายผลประโยชน์ต่างๆ คืนให้แก่ผู้เอาประกันภัยตามกรมธรรม์ประกันชีวิตได้ จากการที่แนวโน้มของสัดส่วนของเงินสำรองเบี้ยประกันภัยต่อเบี้ยประกันภัยรับสุทธิค่อนข้างสูง จึงได้มีการศึกษาแนวทางการนำหลักทางคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัยมาใช้ในการคำนวณเงินสำรองเพื่อหัก รายจ่ายในการเสียภาษีเงินได้นิติบุคคล ซึ่งเป็นหลักการเดียวกับที่ใช้ในการบันทึกบัญชีของบริษัท ประกันชีวิต ทาให้บริษัทไม่ต้องรับภาระภาษีที่เกินสมควร จากรายจ่ายส่วนเกินที่ไม่สามารถหักได้ตาม ความเป็นจริง ทำให้การนำส่งรายได้เข้าสู่ภาครัฐมีความเหมาะสมและเป็นธรรมมากยิ่งขึ้น เนื่องด้วย หลักคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัยสามารถนำมาซึ่งมูลค่าที่ใกล้เคียงกับความเสี่ยงที่แท้จริง และสามารถ แก้ปัญหาในหลายๆ ด้าน ที่กระทบต่อธุรกิจประกันชีวิต นอกจากนี้ เมื่อมีการศึกษากฎหมายภาษี อากรของต่างประเทศ คือประเทศออสเตรเลียและประเทศสิงคโปร์ พบว่ามีการระบุหลักเกณฑ์การ ประเมินมูลค่าไว้อย่างชัดเจน โดยมีการนำหลักทางคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัยมาใช้ในการประเมินมูลค่า หนี้สินตามกรมธรรม์ประกันภัย โดยนักคณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัยที่มาประเมินมูลค่า ต้องได้รับการรองรับ จากหน่วยงานกำกับดูแล ดังนั้น หากประเทศไทยสามารถใช้เงินสำรองเบี้ยประกันภัยจากหลักทาง คณิตศาสตร์ประกันภัยมาเป็นรายจ่ายทางภาษีอากรได้เหมือนในต่างประเทศ จะสามารถลดความ เสี่ยงที่บริษัทได้รับ …

Putting Distribution First, Robert C. Hockett

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

It is common for normative legal theorists, economists and other policy analysts to conduct and communicate their work mainly in maximizing terms. They take the maximization of welfare, for example, or of wealth or utility, to be primary objectives of legislation and public policy. Few if any of these theorists seem to notice, however, that any time we speak explicitly of maximizing one thing, we speak implicitly of distributing other things and of equalizing yet other things. Fewer still seem to recognize that we effectively define ourselves by reference to that which we distribute and equalize. For it is in …

Inside The Arbitrator's Mind, Susan D. Franck, Anne Van Aaken, James Freda, Chris Guthrie, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

Arbitrators are lead actors in global dispute resolution. They are to global dispute resolution what judges are to domestic dispute resolution. Despite its global significance, arbitral decision making is a black box. This Article is the first to use original experimental research to explore how international arbitrators decide cases. We find that arbitrators often make intuitive and impressionistic decisions, rather than fully deliberative decisions. We also find evidence that casts doubt on the conventional wisdom that arbitrators render “split the baby” decisions. Although direct comparisons are difficult, we find that arbitrators generally perform at least as well as, but never …

The Black Hole Problem In Commercial Boilerplate, Stephen J. Choi, G. Mitu Gulati, Robert E. Scott

Faculty Scholarship

Rote use of a standard form contract term can erode its meaning, a phenomenon made worse when the process of encrustation introduces various formulations of the term. The foregoing process, when it occurs, weakens the communicative properties of boilerplate terms, leading some terms to lose much, if not all, meaning. In theory, if a clause is completely emptied of meaning through this process it can create a contractual “black hole.” The more frequent and thus potentially more pervasive problem arises when, as the term loses meaning, random variations in language appear and persist, resulting in what we term a “grey …

Making The Minimum Wage Work: An Examination Of The Economic Impact Of The Minimum Wage, Steve P. Calandrillo, Taylor Halperin

Articles

With the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938, Congress mandated a federal “living wage” in order to “maintain the minimum standard of living necessary for the health, efficiency, and general well-being of workers.” Advocates have long insisted that increases in the minimum wage result in a net gain to employees’ standard of living. Critics have countered that those gains come at the expense of higher prices and shrinking overall employment numbers, leaving a new class of potential workers out in the cold.

This Article synthesizes the empirical economic impact data from minimum wage increases over the past …

Utilizing Alternative Dispute Resolution To Foster Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Michael Meyers

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

ADR, and more specifically mediation, could increase funding towards TBI prevention and recovery research. Section II explores the TBI Reauthorization Act in an effort to highlight its many successes and some of its shortcomings. Following the assessment of the national legislation, it is appropriate to examine efforts being made at the state-level. Next, because professional and collegiate sports leagues control a great deal of revenue, it is important to assess the initiatives set forth through their official league policies and rules, public relations efforts, and scientific contributions. This calls for an extensive examination of the NFL, NHL, NCAA, and FIFA's …

Money Norms, Julia Y. Lee

Faculty Scholarship

Money norms present a fundamental contradiction. Norms embody the social sphere, a system of internalized values, unwritten rules, and shared expectations that informally govern human behavior. Money, on the other hand, evokes the economic sphere of markets, prices, and incentives. Existing legal scholarship keeps the two spheres distinct. Money is assumed to operate as a medium of exchange or as a tool for altering the payoffs of different actions. When used to make good behavior less costly and undesirable behavior more costly, money functions to incentivize, sanction, and deter. Although a rich literature on the expressive function of law exists, …

Constitutional Economic Justice: Structural Power For "We The People", Martha T. Mccluskey

Journal Articles

Toward that goal, this essay proposes a structural principle of collective economic power for “we the people.” This principle is both consistent with longstanding Constitutional ideals and tailored to the current challenges of neoliberal ideology and policy. It develops two premises: first, it rejects the neoliberal economic ideology that defines legitimate power and freedom as individualized “choice” constrained by an existing political economy. Instead, this proposed principle recognizes that meaningful political economic freedom and power fundamentally consist of access to collective organizations with potential to create a “more perfect union” with better and less constrained options. Second, the post-Lochner principle …

Recognizing Women's Rights At Work: Health And Women Workers In Global Supply Chains, Erika R. George, Candace D. Gibson, Rebecca Sewall, David Wofford

Faculty Scholarship

The Guiding Principles mandate that businesses respect the human fights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights and in the International Labour Organization (ILO)'s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Due diligence processes and risk impact assessments are the main recommended means for ensuring compliance with companies' commitments to respect international human fights. Because OSH as a conceptual framework and regulatory order is not sufficient to identify the risk of health fights violations to women workers, we argue companies should not anchor their due diligence and risk assessment in OSH conventions and settle for a check-the-box solution …

Optimal Remedies For Patent Infringement, Keith N. Hylton, Mengxi Zhang

Faculty Scholarship

This paper derives optimal remedies for patent infringement, examining damages awards and injunctions. The fundamental optimality condition that applies to both awards and injunctions equates the marginal static cost of intellectual property protection with the marginal “dynamic” benefit from the innovation thereby induced. When the social value of the patent is sufficiently high, the optimal award induces socially efficient investment by giving the innovator the entire social value of her investment.

The Economics Of Healthcare Rationing, Michael D. Frakes, Matthew B. Frank, Kyle Rozema

Faculty Scholarship

This article examines the economics of healthcare rationing. We begin with an overview of the various dimensions across which healthcare rationing operates, or at least has the potential to operate, in the first place. We then describe the types of economic analyses used in healthcare rationing decision-making, with particular reference to cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. We also discuss healthcare rationing in practice, such as how economic analyses inform decisions regarding which services to cover, and conclude by discussing various practical and conceptual challenges that may arise with economic analyses and that span both economics and ethics.

Teaching And Practicing Community Development Poverty Law: Lawyers And Clients As Trusted Neighborhood Problem Solvers, Susan Bennett, Alicia Alvarez, Louise Howells, Hannah Lieberman

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

No abstract provided.

$=Euro=Bitcoin, Hilary Allen

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

Bitcoin (and other virtual currencies) have the potential to revolutionize the way that payments are processed, but only if they become ubiquitous. This Article argues that if virtual currencies are used at that scale, it would pose threats to the stability of the financial system-threats that have been largely unexplored to date. Such threats will arise because the ability of a virtual currency to function as money is very fragile-Bitcoin can remain money only for so long as people have confidence that bitcoins will be readily accepted by others as a means of payment. Unlike the U.S. dollar, which is …

Narrowly-Tailored Privatization, Brandon Weiss

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

Affordable housing projects in the United States have served as an integral part, and often the backbone, of broader community economic development (CED) initiatives for as long as community development corporations (CDCs) have existed. As the field of CED evolves, and critical thinking about the role of law and lawyers within it continues to develop, it is important that this thinking include a rigorous reevaluation of how affordable housing strategies can best support the broader aims of CED. Evidence from eighty years of significant federal policy intervention in affordable housing, fifty years of experimentation by CDCs, and thirty years of …

Using A Shield As A Sword: Are International Organizations Abusing Their Immunity?, Daniel D. Bradlow

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

The starting point for this paper is that IOs are as subjects of international law. Since IOs do not control territory or a population and so always operate within the jurisdiction of one of their member states, they are vulnerable to interference by their member states. In order to mitigate this risk, IOs have been granted qualified immunity, usually referred to as functional immunity, from the jurisdiction of their member states. For most of the twentieth century, this grant of functional immunity made sense for two reasons.

First, the founding states envisaged that IOs would have limited capacity to act …

Comments On Omb's Interim Guidance Implementing Section 2 Of Executive Order 13,771 Reducing Regulation And Controlling Regulatory Costs, Jeffrey Lubbers

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

No abstract provided.

Putting The Substance Back Into The Economic Substance Doctrine, Nicholas Giordano

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The foreign tax credit, which saves U.S. taxpayers from paying both foreign and domestic income taxes on the same income, is critical to facilitating global commerce. However, as savvy taxpayers discover increasingly complicated ways to abuse the foreign tax credit regime through the structuring of business transactions, courts have become increasingly skeptical of the validity of those transactions. Using the economic substance doctrine, a common law doctrine codified in 2010 at I.R.C. § 7701(o), courts will disallow tax benefits stemming from a transaction that is not profitable absent its tax benefits, and which the taxpayer had no incentive to undertake …

A Bridge Too Far: A Critical Analysis Of The Securities And Exchange Commission's Approach To Equity Market Regulation, John Polise

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Using the framework articulated by Thomas S. Kuhn in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, this Article traces the evolution of equity market regulation in terms of its epistemological foundations and operative paradigms. It examines the SEC’s growth from a more passive partner with the securities industry to being an aggressive and perhaps overly intrusive arbiter of equity market operations. This Article identifies two distinct paradigms of securities regulation—the “Self-Regulatory Paradigm” and the “Micro-Intervention Paradigm.” The Self-Regulatory Paradigm and the Micro-Intervention Paradigm are not compatible, and this Article explains how the intellectual dissonance between them ultimately allowed the Micro-Intervention …

The Death Of Private Practice: How The Rising Cost Of Healthcare Is Destroying Physician Autonomy, Oliver Owaid

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Over the past two decades, the number of physicians in private practice has dropped dramatically. This trend is the result of the financial pressure imposed by the federal government in response to the skyrocketing cost of healthcare. Physicians, frustrated by stagnant reimbursement rates in conjunction with increased administrative costs and overhead, are choosing hospital staff employment in favor of private practice. This trend is to the detriment of the physician, the taxpayers, and, most importantly, the patients. Patients treated in hospital outpatient settings have worse outcomes than those treated in private practice. In addition, hospital procedures cost both the government …

Full Disclosure: Moving Beyond Disclosure Regulations To Affirmative Regulation Of Executive Compensation, Christopher Saverino

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

In the period following the financial crisis of 2008, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank), which compelled the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to engage in substantial rulemaking. The Dodd-Frank mandate in Section 953(b) required the SEC to promulgate a rule, which it eventually finalized and is currently known as Pay Ratio Disclosure. Historically, SEC rulemaking has received great deference when rules are judicially challenged. However, following the passage of Dodd-Frank, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals has begun to grant less deference to SEC rulemaking where it has found that the SEC has …

Accountability In Corporate Governance In China And The Impact Of Guanxi As A Double-Edged Sword, Andrew Keay, Jingchen Zhao

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Accountability is an essential aspect of corporate governance and it has been argued that the “wenze” system of accountability in China comes very close to the accountability systems developed in Anglo-American corporate governance. This Article examines the role of cultural factors, namely guanxi and its derivatives, in corporate governance in China to determine what effect, if any, these cultural factors have on the operation and development of the “wenze” system in large listed companies. The Article specifically considers whether the cultural elements affect accountability, and if so, how and to what extent. It also explores whether these cultural factors are …

Abuse Of The Hatch-Waxman Act: Mylan's Ability To Monopolize Reflects Weaknesses, Kieran Meagher

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, better known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, is intended to lower the average price paid by consumers for prescription drugs. The Hatch-Waxman Act attempts to do so by simplifying the application process for generic drug manufacturers, allowing generic drug applications to circumvent the lengthy FDA testing and approval process that brand-name manufacturers must undergo. Though the Hatch-Waxman Act has successfully created a clear path to the market for generic drugs, it contains loopholes that allow brand name and generic companies to engage in practices aimed at maximizing monopoly profits, effectively …

The Legal Climate On Climate Change: The Fate Of The Epa's Clean Power Plan After Michigan And Uarg, Israel Katz

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

One of the centerpieces of the United States’ effort to combat climate change is the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) controversial Clean Power Plan, which consists of the first-ever federal regulations requiring states to achieve massive carbon dioxide emissions reductions from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants. The regulations operate by setting interim and final emissions target dates for states to ultimately reach an aggregate 32% reduction in carbon emissions by the year 2030. This Note argues that the current regulations will not survive judicial scrutiny, because the U.S. Supreme Court has moved away from traditional administrative deference in instances where an …