Land Use Law Commons^™

Zoning And Land Use Law, Newton M. Galloway, Steven L. Jones

Mercer Law Review

The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected the world’s economy and supply chains during this Survey period. However, real estate development did not cease. In many urban and suburban areas, including the metropolitan Atlanta area, new development projects rose from the ground, despite the economic risks and challenges created by the pandemic. Nevertheless, the long-term impacts of the pandemic may fundamentally challenge many paradigms that have long sustained successful real estate development.

Prior to the pandemic, commercial retail developments, such as malls and destination shopping centers, were already in the economic doldrums due to the rise of e-commerce and their economic vitality …

Who Gets The Drought: The Standard Of Causation Necessary In Cases Of Equitable Apportionment, E. Tate Crymes

Mercer Law Review

More than just an amenity, “[a river] is a treasure” noted Justice Holmes in a dispute over the waters of the Delaware River. Water is a unique resource in that it is fluid and can move between borders of sovereign states. When water flows across state boundaries, there are often conflicts between the rights of the powerful upstream state and the vulnerable downstream state. Although water rights laws vary across the United States, most eastern states adopt the principle that the right to water is equal for both states. ...

In the Court’s most recent equitable apportionment decision, Florida II, …

Overparticipation: Designing Effective Land Use Public Processes, Anika Singh Lemar

Fordham Law Review

There are more opportunities for public participation in the planning and zoning process today than there were in the decades immediately after states adopted the first zoning enabling acts. As a result, today, public participation, dominated by nearby residents, drives most land use planning and zoning decisions. Enhanced public participation rights are often seen as an unqualified good, but there is a long history of public participation and community control cementing racial segregation, entrenching exclusion, and preventing the development of affordable housing in cities and suburbs alike. Integrating community engagement into an effective administrative process requires addressing the various ways …

Federal Land Conservation In Rural Areas, Jessica Owley, Jess Phelps

Brooklyn Law Review

Rural land has an important role to play in environmental protection. This Article examines how the federal government works to further the goals of land conservation in rural areas—ranging from farmland to forests and wetlands; from working landscapes to national parks; and from private to public landownership. We note three approaches. The federal government mandates conservation through laws like the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Water Act. The federal government incentivizes conservation through Farm Bill programs and tax incentives. Finally, the federal government facilitates conservation through noncoercive funding, review, and technical assistance programs under the Farm Bill, the National …

Treat Thy Neighbor As Thyself? Equal Protection And The Scope Of Rluipa’S Equal Terms Clause, Noah Kane

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Methodological Challenges In Studying Trust In Natural Resources Management, Antonia Sohns, Gordon M. Hickey, Jasper R. De Vries, Owen Temby

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Trust has been identified as a central characteristic of successful natural resource management (NRM), particularly in the context of implementing participatory approaches to stakeholder engagement. Trust is, however, a multi-dimensional and multi-level concept that is known to evolve recursively through time, challenging efforts to empirically measure its impact on collaboration in different NRM settings. In this communication we identify some of the challenges associated with conceptualizing and operationalizing trust in NRM field research, and pay particular attention to the inter-relationships between the concepts of trust, perceived risk and control due to their multidimensional and interacting roles in inter-organizational collaboration. The …

Bahr V. Regan, Aspen B. Ward

Public Land & Resources Law Review

In June 2015, the Lake Fire burned through California’s San Bernardino National Forest. Three hundred miles east of the fire, six air quality monitors exceeded NAAQS in Phoenix, Arizona. Arizona’s Department of Environmental Quality petitioned the EPA to exclude those exceedances to avoid stricter regulatory burdens and the need for contingency measures. Applying the Exceptional Events Rule, the EPA permitted the petition to exclude the data therefore allowing Phoenix to successfully demonstrate attainment of the ozone NAAQS by the July 2018 deadline. Petitioners sought review of the EPA’s final decision and were denied their petition for review by the Ninth …

Municipal Optimization Of Short-Term Rental Regulations: The Reality Of Airbnb In South Texas Communities, Kenneth M. Culbreth Iii

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract forthcoming.

The Case Against The Case For Zoning, Michael Lewyn

Scholarly Works

Power points used in a presentation on a work in progress, responding to Christopher Serkin's "Case For Zoning" article at 96 Notre Dame L. Rev. 749.

Stronger Than Ever: New York’S Rent Stabilization System Survives Another Legal Challenge, Charles K. Gehnrich

Fordham Law Review

The fate of New York’s rent stabilization laws (RSL) directly concerns millions of New York City residents who take shelter in the protection of the RSL from the hardships and unfair business practices that accompany an unregulated housing market during a housing crisis. After the New York State Legislature made these tenant protections stronger than ever before in 2019, affected landlords responded by petitioning the courts to dismantle the entire rent regulation regime. A federal district court in the Eastern District of New York rejected the landlords’ broad constitutional challenge in Community Housing Improvement Project v. City of New York …

Property Law For The Ages, Michael C. Pollack, Lior Jacob Strahilevitz

Articles

Within the next forty years, the number of Americans over age sixty-five is projected to nearly double. This seismic demographic shift will necessitate a reckoning in several areas of law and policy, but property law is especially unprepared. Built primarily for young and middle-aged white men, the common law of property has been critiqued for decades for the ways in which it oppresses or simply leaves behind people based on their race, sex, Native heritage, and more. This Article contributes a new focus on property law’s treatment of people based on their advanced age. Burdened by higher relocation costs, more …

Does The Criminal Enforcement Of Federal Environmental Law Deter Environmental Crime? The Case Of The U.S. Resource Conservation And Recovery Act, Dr. Joshua Ozymy, Dr. Melissa L. Jarrell

Environmental and Earth Law Journal (EELJ)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Justice are tasked with the investigation and prosecution of hazardous waste crimes occurring under the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). For criminal sanctions to be effective, the probability of detection and severity of punishment must be significant enough to raise the cost to benefit ratio to deter environmental crimes. While research examines sanctioning under RCRA, little work examines the plausibility of the deterrent effect of criminal sanctions. Through content analysis of all environmental crime prosecutions resulting from EPA criminal investigations, 1983-2019, we explore the probability of detection and …

Hypocrisy On The High Seas: An Examination Of The Conflicting Policy Goals And Actions Of The International Community Regarding Illegal, Unreported, And Unregulated Fishing, Peter J. Tamburello

Environmental and Earth Law Journal (EELJ)

Fish and the fishing industry are one of the main sources of food protein and commerce in many areas of the world, whether it be from traditional and artisanal fishing practiced in Somalia and other undeveloped countries or large scale international commercial fishing from rich and industrialized nations. The world’s oceans are currently being plagued by overfishing both from legally authorized activities and Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the problems plaguing the world’s fisheries with an eye towards the environmental damage and economic harm that stem from it. It is also to …

The Survival Of Animal Care Organizations Impacted By The Covid-19 Pandemic In 2020, Juan Fernando Torrico

Environmental and Earth Law Journal (EELJ)

This note assessed how animal care organizations and the animals in their care were impacted, negatively and positively, by the coronavirus pandemic. Several animal care organizations in the United States–including animal shelters, rescues, sanctuaries, and zoos–were contacted directly, and invited to share their experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. They provided valuable in-depth insight into how government shutdowns and social distancing impacted their facility; if any of the animals in their care tested positive for COVID-19; how the animals in their care were affected indirectly by COVID-19; if they sought and received any government assistance to keep them operational; …

Watery Grave: One Of The Death Care Industry’S Greenest Options Is Still Illegal In Thirty-One States And That Needs To Change, Jacob Steele

Environmental and Earth Law Journal (EELJ)

Alkaline hydrolysis is an eco-friendly cremation alternative that uses water, a gentle chemical solution, and heat to break down bodies instead of fire. It has a carbon footprint that is 75% less than that of standard cremation and eliminates the possibility of soil and groundwater pollution created by traditional burials. The problem is that it is illegal and unavailable to citizens in at least 31 states. This comment examines the history, process, and legality of alkaline hydrolysis while proposing the rapid federal or mass state legalization of the method as a solution to many of the problems the death care …

Held V. State, Alec D. Skuntz

Public Land & Resources Law Review

On March 13, 2020, a group of 16 Montana children and teenagers filed a complaint in the First Judicial District, Lewis and Clark County against the State of Montana and several state agencies. These young Plaintiffs sought injunctive and declaratory relief against Defendants for their complicity in continuing to extract and release harmful amounts of greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. Plaintiffs premised their argument on the Montana Constitution’s robust environmental rights and protections. The Defendants filed a motion to dismiss which the District Court granted in-part and denied in-part. Held provides a roadmap for future litigation by elucidating …

This Must Be Our Place: Protectionism And Foreign Investment In Kazakhstan’S Farmland, Kristi Lew

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

No abstract provided.

The Euclid Proviso, Ezra Rosser

Washington Law Review

This Article argues that the Euclid Proviso, which allows regional concerns to trump local zoning when required by the general welfare, should play a larger role in zoning’s second century. Traditional zoning operates to severely limit the construction of additional housing. This locks in the advantages of homeowners but at tremendous cost, primarily in the form of unaffordable housing, to those who would like to join the community. State preemption of local zoning defies traditional categorization; it is at once both radically destabilizing and market responsive. But, given the ways in which zoning is a foundational part of the racial …

Exacting Inclusion: Property Theory, The Character Of Government Action, And Implicit Takings, Donald J. Smythe

Faculty Scholarship

Recent takings cases challenging inclusionary housing ordinances tap into an ongoing controversy about whether government interventions in the housing market do more harm than good; but they also raise much more general questions about takings law. This Article uses the controversy raised by recent housing cases to probe the relationship between the Supreme Court’s regulatory takings jurisprudence and its exaction takings jurisprudence and to suggest a more coherent approach to implicit takings. The Court’s exaction takings jurisprudence is well-designed if it is applied appropriately. As a general matter, it encourages the mitigation of socially harmful nuisances, incentivizes developers to make …

Offshore Wind Development In The Great Lakes: Accessing Untapped Energy Potential Through International And Interstate Agreement To Overcome Public Trust Concerns, Jordan Farrell

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Offshore wind energy development in the Great Lakes presents an immense opportunity for distributed generation of renewable energy; however, this potential has thus far remained untapped. One significant barrier to why there has not yet been such wind energy development in the Great Lakes is the public trust doctrine. This doctrine generally stands for the principle that a state cannot convey its submerged lands to a private party. However, there remains much legal uncertainty with regards to the doctrine. Courts and scholars have struggled to determine with any certainty the origins and grounding of the doctrine and the limits it …

Quilombo Land Rights, Brazilian Constitutionalism, And Racial Capitalism, Karen Engle, Lucas Lixinski

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The 1988 Brazilian Constitution, the first in a wave of new democratic and multicultural constitutions in Latin America, contains a transitory provision guaranteeing collective land rights to quilombo communities. These communities are composed of quilombolas, primarily descendants of formerly enslaved Africans, many of whom had escaped slavery. A 2003 executive decree to implement the land title provision became the subject of a constitutional challenge lasting over fifteen years. When the Brazilian constitutional court eventually upheld the decree in 2018, it relied heavily on the work of US political theorist Nancy Fraser to justify quilombo land title as both recognition and …

Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Journal, Volume 10, William & Mary Law School

Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Journal

Where Theory Meets Practice

October 1-2, 2020

Panel 1: Where Theory Meets Practice: A Tribute to Henry E. Smith

Panel 2: The Housing Crisis

Lunch Roundtable: Emerging Issues in Takings and Eminent Domain Law

Panel 3: The Reach of Government's Confiscatory Powers Over Exigencies and Emergencies

Panel 4: The Risk of Unjust Compensation

What To Do When People Don't Move: Ending The "Condemnation Blight" Value Rule For Forced Retreat Resulting From Sea Level Rise, Dario Rabak

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Environmental Rights For The 21st Century: A Comprehensive Analysis Of The Public Trust Doctrine And Rights Of Nature Movement, Erin Ryan, Holly Parker Curry, Hayes Rule

Cardozo Law Review

This Article contrasts two theoretically distinct approaches to pursuing related objectives of environmental protection: the public trust doctrine and the rights of nature movement. It reviews the development of public trust and rights of nature principles in both domestic and international legal contexts, and explores points of theoretical commonality and contrast between the two, giving special attention to the opposing systems of environmental ethics from which the anthropocentric public trust and ecocentric rights of nature principles arise. The marked jurisdictional variation associated with both approaches suggests their evolving and inchoate nature as a guarantor of environmental rights. Moreover, both are …

Incentivizing Fair Housing, Stewart E. Sterk

Articles

Restrictive land use regulation has thwarted the upward mobility of many Americans, particularly Americans of color. Local restrictions imposed by affluent municipalities have limited access to safe neighborhoods, better housing, and good schools. Racism and economic self-interest have both played a role in exclusionary practices which have contributed to high housing costs that place a strain on the entire economy.

Fair Housing Act litigation has been one weapon in the fight against these practices. Despite the Supreme Court's decision in Texas Department of Housing & Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc. , disparate impact litigation faces significant obstacles that …

Rluipa’S Hidden Third-Party Harms On Landowners And Local Governments, Menachem Polishuk

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Pembatalan Akta Jual Beli Saham Dalam Pelaksanaan Akuisisi Pt Sls (Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3201 K/Pdt/2019), Hertaty Sianturi

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pembatalan akta jual beli saham dalam pelaksanaan akuisisi PT SLS. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat 3 (tiga) pokok permasalahan, yaitu: (i) mengenai keabsahan akta jual beli saham pada Putusan Nomor 3201 K/PDT/2019; (ii) mengenai bentuk kelalaian Notaris dalam pelaksanaan akuisisi PT SLS yang tidak sah; dan (iii) mengenai pertanggungjawaban Notaris terhadap akta jual beli saham dalam pelaksanaan akuisisi PT SLS yang tidak sah. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, digunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis-normatif dengan tipologi penelitian eksplanatoris. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan alat pengumpulan data yaitu studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: (i) …

Tanggung Jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (Ppat) Terhadap Penggelapan Pajak Bea Perolehan Hak Atas Tanah Dan Bangunan (Bphtb) Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 738/Pid.B/2018/Pn Smg, Viny Dwivi

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai studi kasus Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Semarang Nomor 738/Pid.B/2018/PN Smg pada perbuatan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) yang tidak menuntaskan pengurusan pembayaran pajak Bea Perolehan Hak atas Tanah dan Bangunan (BPHTB) yang telah dititipkan oleh klien. Hal ini berujung kepada tindak pidana penggelapan uang pajak yang dilakukan oleh PPAT sehingga klien mengalami kerugian. Adapun Permasalahan yang diangkat adalah mengenai kewenangan PPAT dalam penerimaan penitipan pembayaran pajak BPHTB dan tanggung jawab PPAT dalam penggelapan pajak BPHTB pada transaksi jual beli hak atas tanah dan bangunan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yuridis normatif, dengan tipologi penelitian preskriptif. Hasil analisa adalah …

Tanggung Jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Terhadap Akta Jual Beli Yang Mengandung Kepalsuan Intelektual Dan Materiil (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1143/K/Pid/2019), Andri Setiawan

Indonesian Notary

Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) dalam praktiknya menjalankan jabatan berbagai bentuk kepalsuan yang mungkin melekat pada suatu akta autentik yaitu kepalsuan intelektual dan kepalsuan materiil. Permasalahan tersebut biasanya terjadi karena kurangnya kehati-hatian dalam proses pembuatan akta. Penelitian ini menganalisis tanggung jawab PPAT dalam kasus di Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1143 K/Pid/2019 dan mengidentifikasi peran PPAT dalam mencegah terjadinya kembali kasus pemalsuan seperti di Putusan tersebut. Metode penelitian ini yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian dalam hal para penghadap tidak dapat memenuhi persyaratan baik formil maupun materiil dalam pembuatan akta, maka PPAT berhak menolak membuatkan akta. PPAT juga harus lebih …

Penyelundupan Hukum Kepemilikan Tanah Pada Akta Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Yang Memuat Klausul Hak Membeli Kembali (Studi Kasus Putusan Peninjauan Kembali Nomor 539 Pk/Pdt/2020), Elvira .

Indonesian Notary

Pembuatan Akta Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB) pada praktiknya banyak menimbulkan permasalahan, salah satunya disebabkan oleh muatan Klausul Hak Membeli Kembali yang memberikan hak kepada Penjual untuk dapat membeli kembali objek tanah dan bangunan yang telah dijualnya kepada Pembeli. Sampai dengan saat ini tidak ada peraturan yang mengatur kebolehan atau larangan penggunaan hak tersebut, oleh karenanya banyak menimbulkan permasalahan, salah satunya adalah kasus pada Putusan Peninjauan Kembali Nomor 539 PK/Pdt/2020 di mana hakim justru menyatakan sah dan mengikat atas Akta PPJB yang memuat Klausul Hak Membeli Kembali. Berangkat dari hal tersebut maka permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai …