Labor and Employment Law Commons^™

Sovereign Immunity In A Constitutional Government: The Federal Employment Discrimination Cases, Charles F. Abernathy

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Very early in our history we took steps to insure that the.rule of law, as expressed in the Constitution, would prevail over the mortals who run our government. Yet even as the concepts of rule of law and judicial review came into ascendancy, we also harbored the sovereign immunity doctrine as a restraint on judicial power and as an apparent repudiation of the rule of law.

The inherent antagonism between the rule of law and the sovereign immunity doctrine has produced much mischief in our courts...this Article will argue that the sovereign immunity doctrine is not anticonstitutional, but rather reflects …

The Constitutionality Of The 1972 Amendment To Title Vii's Exemption For Religious Organizations, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

This note will examine the constitutionality of the title VII exemption for religious associations, focusing on the extent to which the exemption is required by the free exercise clause and the extent to which it must be limited to avoid conflict with the establishment clause. The religion clauses will be considered solely in the context of the private business sector; this note will not consider the possibility that the establishment clause would require a narrower exemption for a quasi-public institution, such as a broadcast licensee or a religious association receiving public funds.

The Tentative Settlement Class And Class Action Suits Under Title Vii Of The Civil Rights Act, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

This Note will examine the potential utility of a tentative settlement class (TSC) in suits initiated under title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The advantages and disadvantages of the TSC will be discussed in the context of analyzing whether the use of a TSC is valid under rules 23(a) and 23(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The discussion of the merits of the TSC in the title VII context will illustrate the problems inherent in the use of a tentative class for encouraging settlements of any class action.

Credit Discrimination Against Women: Causes And Solutions, Margaret J. Gates

Vanderbilt Law Review

This article deals both with the laws that cause credit discrimination against women and with those that have been and could be formulated to solve the problem. It first explains the nature and importance of the problem, then discusses the apparent legal and economic bases of the discrimination, and finally explores the adequacy of existing and proposed remedies.

Title Vii And Nlra: Protection Of Extra-Union Opposition To Employment Discrimination, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act guarantees freedom from employment discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or national origin and establishes remedial procedures for aggrieved employees. A nondiscrimination clause in a collective bargaining agreement may also protect employees from discriminatory treatment; typically, the contract will also contain grievance machinery through which the employee, with the aid of his union, can present his complaint. The question remains: When both title VII and contract grievance procedures are available, can an individual employee or a group of employees take direct action against an allegedly discriminatory employer independently of the union and …

Affirmative Action: Quotas And Traditional University Standards With Particular Emphasis On The Role Of The Department Chairman, William D. Wheeler

IUSTITIA

The higher educational institution is often an exclusive citadel. Students are selected after close scrutiny of past achievements. Teachers as merchants of ideas, virtues, and cosmic thoughts are invited to membership only after certain academic passports have been acquired. These eligibility criteria are established by the faculty who, presumably, are the only ones capable of assessing reasonable standards for those seeking admission. Colleges and universities are closed sub-communities. They practice discrimination while giving lip service to liberal thought, knowledge, and enlightenment. It comes, therefore, as little surprise to clear thinkers that the house of intellect leads the parade of culprits …

Strangers In Paradise: Griggs V. Duke Power Co. And The Concept Of Employment Discrimination, Alfred W. Blumrosen

Michigan Law Review

In March 1966, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) negotiated an extensive agreement with the Newport News Shipyard to eliminate employment discrimination. The outcome of these negotiations-which were conducted by the Office of Conciliations which I then headed-was the first major achievement for the EEOC under title Vll of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Following that episode, Ken Holbert, Deputy Chief of Conciliations, and I decided to try to negotiate a model conciliation agreement on the subject of discriminatory employment testing. We knew that many companies had introduced tests in the 1950's and early 1960's when they could no …

Protecting The Older Worker, H. Patrick Callahan, Charles T. Richardson

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

Unlike racial discrimination, age discrimination statutes do not prohibit all forms of discrimination but only those forms that are arbitrary. In this respect age is most analogous to sex as a basis of discrimination: in neither case has a conclusive statutory presumption been made that these factors are irrelevant in an employment situation; in both situations the employer must make his decision to hire or not to hire on the abilities of the individual and not on assumptions, proven or unproven, about the class as a whole. This note considers the extent of arbitrary age discrimination and what measures have …

Religious Discrimination And The Role Of Arbitration Under Title Vii, Harry T. Edwards, Joel H. Kaplan

Michigan Law Review

One of the major thrusts of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed by the 88th Congress of the United States after much procrastination and debate, is title VII, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, which prohibits selected forms of employment discrimination.

In drafting title VII, the proponents of the Act were chiefly concerned with racial discrimination in employment. In fact, the entire Civil Rights Act was written with an eye toward the elimination of the "glaring ... discrimination against Negroes which exists throughout our nation." Given this intent, it is not surprising that, during the hearings and debates preceding the …

Employment Discrimination: The Burden Is On Business - Griggs V. Duke Power Co.

Maryland Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Use Of Tests In Promotions Under Seniority Provisions, Aubrey L. Coleman, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

The testing requirements enunciated by the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to eliminate certain types of discrimination through tests will assuredly have application in the further development of sound, overall testing programs for all employees. While at present very few contracts have provisions with respect to testing, undoubtedly most future agreements will. This development should reduce the number of disputes, since requirements now imposed by arbitrators will be written into bargaining agreements. While there will still be disagreements over whether the tests were properly evaluated, controversies as to whether the tests are specifically related to …

Racial And Religious Discrimination In Employment And The Role Of The Nlrb, Walter H. Maloney Jr.

Maryland Law Review

No abstract provided.