Labor and Employment Law Commons^™

The Use Of Statistics To Prove Intentional Employment Discrimination, Elaine W. Shoben

Scholarly Works

Two decades after the once fiery debate about the meaning of "discrimination" in employment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the issue has recently been rekindled. In simplest form, the question is whether the type of discrimination statutorily prohibited is only purposeful exclusions, or whether it includes unintended exclusions caused by tests or requirements that disproportionately affect a group defined by race, sex, or ethnicity. The Supreme Court's decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Co. resolved the question in one major area, thus causing the issue to lie dormant since 1971. Griggs held that liability under …

Proving Title Vii Sex-Based Wage Discrimination After County Of Washington V. Gunther, Muriel Joyce Reynard

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

You're Fired!, Theodore J. St. Antoine

Articles

In 1967 Professor Lawrence Blades of Kansas criticized the iron grip of the contract doctrine of employment at will, and argued that all employees should be legally protected against abusive discharge. The next dozen years saw a remarkable reaction. With rare unanimity, a veritable Who's Who of labor academics and labor arbitrators, Aaron, Blumrosen, Howlett, Peck, Stieber, and Summers, to name only some, stepped forth to embrace Blades' notion, and to refine and elaborate it. But the persons who counted the most, the judges and the legislators, hung back. In the 1960s, vast strides were taken at both the federal …

Compound Discrimination: The Interaction Of Race And Sex In Employment Discrimination, Elaine W. Shoben

Scholarly Works

The courts have not yet clearly resolved whether Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits compound discrimination, that is, discrimination based on a combination of protected characteristics—such as race and sex-rather than single protected characteristics—such as race alone or sex alone. Professor Shoben argues that both the logic and the legislative history of Title VII support the view that compound discrimination is separately protected. She then offers a systematic method for statistically determining whether an employer is discriminating on the basis of a combination of characteristics. Finally, Professor Shoben considers whether single plaintiffs can, consistently with rule …

On The Use Of Statistics In Employment Discrimination Cases, Richard M. Cohn

Indiana Law Journal

No abstract provided.

In Defense Of Disparate Impact Analysis Under Title Vii: A Reply To Dr. Cohn, Elaine W. Shoben

Indiana Law Journal

No abstract provided.

In Defense Of Disparate Impact Analysis Under Title Vii: A Reply To Dr. Cohn, Elaine W. Shoben

Scholarly Works

The preceding article by Dr. Richard M. Cohn' concerning the use of statistics in Title VII employment discrimination cases makes three basic points. First, Cohn rejects the methods used to assess disproportionate differences between groups on tests, such as ability tests. He finds fault both with the approach of the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures and with the method based on finding statistical significance that I have advocated. Second, he also rejects the approach courts have adopted for evaluating the relative exclusion of groups defined by race, sex, or national origin in the employer's work force. He argues that …

Civil Rights - Unequal Contributions To Employee Retirement Plans Determined By Using Sex Segregated Morality Tables Constitute Unlawful Sex Discrimination Under Title Vii, Harold E. Rainbolt

University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Developing Law Of Equal Employment Opportunity At The White Collar And Professional Levels, Andrea R. Waintroob

William & Mary Law Review

No abstract provided.

United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers Of America V Michelin Tires (Canada) Limited, Innis Christie

Innis Christie Collection

A COMPLAINT of Unfair Labour Practice having been made to the Labour Relations Board (Nova Scotia) on February 29, 1978, alleging that Michelin Tires (Canada) Limited violated Section 51 (1) (a) and 5 (3) (a) of the Trade Union Act;

Discrimination As A Field Of Law, Arthur Larson

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Employers' Garnishment Policies - Do They Engender Racial Discrimination In Violation Of Title Vii And The Civil Rights Act Of 1866?, Amy S. Vance

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This note evaluates the hypothesis that employment policies which mandate suspension or discharge for multiple garnishments are racially discriminatory. It considers the methods of challenge such as a claim under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the lack of consensus between the courts and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and also emerging issues. The note finds that the legality of employment practices imposing disciplinary action against garnished employees is left uncertain. Proof of a disproportionate effect on minorities employees may be adequate, although a satisfactory showing of business necessity may be a defense against a claim …

American And British Employment Discrimination Law: An Introductory Comparative Survey, Robert N. Covington

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Age, alienage, ethnicity, race, religion, and sex lead to differential treatment of individuals the world over. Employment discrimination is felt most acutely in those industrialized nations where one's income level is the major determinant of so many other things: where one lives, what one wears, how one's children are educated. Concern over the social and economic consequences of employment discrimination has led to the development of new legal techniques on both sides of the Atlantic. The recent enactment in Britain of the Sex Discrimination Act, 1975, and the Race Relations Act, 1976, invites a comparison of those statutes and related …

After Albemarle: Class-Wide Recovery Of Back Pay Under Title Vii, B. Martin Druyan

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides administrative and judicial remedies for victims of discrimination in employment. Employers, engaged in “an industry affecting commerce” and having fifteen or more employees who work at least twenty weeks out of the year, are subject to the statutes strictures. Unions are also subject to the statute if they have fifteen or more members, operate an office or hiring hall, and represent employees. One remedy available under Title VII is an award of back pay from the date of the alleged violation. Back pay may be defined as court-awarded compensation for …

Affirmative Action: Hypocritical Euphemism Or Noble Mandate?, Theodore J. St. Antoine

Articles

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was adopted in an atmosphere of monumental naivete. Congress apparently believed that equal employment opportunity could be achieved simply by forbidding employers or unions to "discriminate" on the basis of "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin," and expressly disavowed any intention to require "preferential treatment." Perhaps animated by the Supreme Court's stirring desegregation decisions of the 1950's, the proponents of civil rights legislation made "color-blindness" the rallying cry of the hour. Today we know better. The dreary statistics, so familiar to anyone who works in this field, tell the story. …

Employer Racial Discrimination: Reviewing The Role Of The Nlrb, Lawrence F. Doppelt

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

The NLRB and various commentators rely upon three basic legal arguments in rejecting this interpretation: first, the EEOC, and not the NLRB, is the sole and proper agency for litigating racial issues; second, employer racial discrimination does not interfere with the protected rights of employees under the Act, and third, it is not, and never was, Congress' intent in passing the Act to bring racial discrimination within its purview. Unquestionably, each of these legal arguments has, or at some time had, surface appeal, and, at one time, considerable force. The great mass of legal commentary supports at least one of …

The Nlrb And National Labor Policy: An Introduction, Edward B. Miller,

Vanderbilt Law Review

Each of the five articles in this symposium deals with a recent development in American labor law. Professor Sanders addresses the interesting question whether strikes have a place in future labor dispute settlement. Mr. Nash discusses at length the important new policy of NLRB deferral to arbitration under Collyer Insulated Wire. Mr. Kilberg then examines the recurring problem of discrimination in American labor organizations, and Mr. Bakaly reconsiders the important case of Burns International Security Services, Inc. v. NLRB and gives us a critical evaluation of that decision. Finally, Professor Rabin presents a comprehensive synthesis of the law relating to …

Recent Cases, Vanderbilt Law Review

Vanderbilt Law Review

Civil Rights--Private Education-Racially Discriminatory Admissions Policies Violate Right to Contract Provision of 42 U.S.C. § 1981

Plaintiffs, ' blacks who had been denied admission solely on the basis of their race to two all-white private schools that received no state aid,' sought damages and injunctive relief in federal district court contending that these rejections violated section 1981 of 42 U.S.C. by denying them the same right to contract as enjoyed by white citizens.

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Copyright--Telecommunications--CATV Importation of Distant Television Signals Constitutes Infringement Under Sections One (c) & (d) of the Copyright Act

Plaintiffs,' creators and producers of television programs,brought a …

Title Vii And Postjudgment Class Actions, John F. Crawford

Indiana Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Facially Neutral Criteria And Discrimination Under Title Vii: "Built-In Headwinds" Or Permissible Practices?, Dianne Brou Fraser

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

This article discusses how Title VII affects the operation of these facially neutral practices and attempts to determine when such practices are unlawful under Title VII. It also discusses the possible effects of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 on this problem.

Civil Rights--Employment Testing And Job Performance, Henry C. Bowen

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

Discriminatory Hiring Practices Due To Arrest Records - Private Remedies, Baldo M. Carnecchia Jr.

Villanova Law Review (1956 - )

No abstract provided.

Discrimination Against Women In Employment In Higher Education, Alan Miles Ruben, Betty J. Willis

Cleveland State Law Review

Having been forced to adjust the structure of academic governance and the design of the curriculum responsively to large-scale student protest, it now appears that universities will have to rework their traditional patterns for the appointment, compensation and promotion of faculty and administrative staff to satisfy the demands being made by the women's liberation movement for an end to sexist employment practices.

Civil Rights Act Of 1964: Racial Discrimination And Union Membership, Paul Seward Trible Jr.

Washington and Lee Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Experience Of State Fair Employment Commissions: A Comparative Study, Arnold H. Sutin

Vanderbilt Law Review

Passage of the new federal civil rights law in 1964 might have been expected to decrease the importance of the state fair employment practices (FEP) laws. Congress, however, chose not merely to permit these laws to continue in force to deal with purely local problems,but went further to entrust the primary administration of title VII, the federal fair employment statute, to state agencies where they exist. Thus the experience of these state agencies is of even greater importance now than formerly, for they will perform the day to day work of carrying out our nation's policy to prohibit discrimination in …

Right To Work, A Decade Of Development, William F. Swindler

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Labor Law -Refusal To Reinstate As An Unfair Labor Practice, David Davidoff

Michigan Law Review

The defendant company, operating a produce plant, was found guilty by the National Labor Relations Board of several unfair labor practices, inter alia, the discrimination against certain employees in refusing to reinstate them because of their union affiliations and activities. Defendant's superintendent testified that he had refused to rehire the employees in question because of their inability to get along with the other employees and the ill feeling which their union activities had engendered toward them. The board did not accept this explanation, and ordered the reinstatement of these employees with back pay. Held, there was discrimination under section …

Teacher Tenure Contracts-Discrimination Against Married Women Teachers

Indiana Law Journal

No abstract provided.