International Law Commons^™

The Obama Administration's Clean Air Act Legacy And The Unfcc, Uma Outka

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

This article is born of a panel discussion from September 18, 2015, regarding "Regulating and Treaty-Making: Addressing Climate Change under the Obama Presidency." The article examines issues that affected discussions shortly before the final negotiations at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris in 2015.

Closing The Gap: Daca, Dapa, And U.S. Compliance With International Human Rights Law, David B. Thronson

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

Political rhetoric and ongoing litigation that challenge the use of prosecutorial discretion and deferred action in immigration law often prominently feature claims that these initiatives demonstrate a lack of respect for the rule of law. This short essay seeks to highlight gaps between U.S. immigration law and its international human rights obligations and identify ways in which the use of discretion can advance rather than undermine the rule of law. In reconciling the ability of States to control matters of immigration with protections of family integrity, the touchstone in international law is balance. A State's right to expel a non-citizen …

Remarks On Executive Action And Immigration Reform, Shoba Sivaprasad Wadhia

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

This essay places the President's executive actions on immigration last November into a larger context by providing a brief history of prosecutorial discretion in immigration cases. This essay also describes how law students at Penn State Law School used the President's announcement of executive actions as a platform for local change in the State College community.

International Law In The Obama Administration's Pivot To Asia: The China Seas Disputes, The Trans-Pacific Partnership, Rivalry With The Prc, And Status Quo Legal Norms In U.S. Foreign Policy, Jacques Delisle

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

The Obama administration's "pivot" or "rebalance" to Asia has shaped the Obama administration's impact on international law. The pivot or rebalance has been primarily about regional security in East Asia (principally, the challenges of coping with a rising and more assertive China--particularly in the context of disputes over the South China Sea -- and resulting concerns among regional states), and secondarily about U.S. economic relations with the region (including, as a centerpiece, the Trans-Pacific Partnership). In both areas, the Obama administration has made international law more significant as an element of U.S. foreign policy and has sought to present the …

Inter-National Justice For Them Or Global Justice For Us?: The U.S. As A Supranational Justice Donor, Margaret M. Deguzman

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

U.S. policy concerning international justice, particularly at the ICC, involves case-by-case support when such support is in U.S. national interests. This policy signals that the U.S. considers itself a supranational justice donor rather than a member of a global justice community committed to enforcing shared values. This approach to international criminal justice both inhibits global justice efforts and undermines the U.S. claim to global moral leadership. The next U.S. administration should assert full membership in the global justice community by joining the ICC and providing unequivocal support for all efforts to address serious international crimes.

Current U.S. Policy On The Crime Of Aggression: History In The Unmaking?, Donald M. Ferencz

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

At the 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, a U.S. policy statement on the crime of aggression was presented as part of a panel entitled "The ICC Crime of Aggression and the Changing International Security Landscape." This article examines current U.S. policy on the crime of aggression, highlighting the historic role that the U.S. played in establishing aggression as an international crime after World War II, and concludes that activation of ICC jurisdiction over the crime of aggression would be a significant step forward in the development of international law.

Criminally Disproportionate Warfare: Aggression As A Contextual War Crime, Rachel E. Vanlandingham

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

International law has long recognized the general principle that an illegal act cannot produce legal rights. Yet, this principle of ex injuria jus non oritur is seemingly ignored in the uneasy relationship between the two international legal regimes most associated with war. A head of State can, for example, violate international law regulating the resort to armed force by ordering his military forces to illegally invade another country, yet he, through his military forces, simultaneously and subsequently benefits on the battlefield from the application of the separate body of international law regulating the actual conduct of war. The paradoxical benefit …

The Fission And Fusion In International Use Of Force: Relating Unlawful Use Of Force And The War Crime Of Disproportionate Force Not Justified By Miitary Necessity, Mbori Otieno, Emmah Wabuke, Smith Otieno

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

Jus ad bellum and jus in bello are not disparate in operation. There are several points of intersection in the two concepts, commencing with the context in which they apply, and further, in their interpretation of the general principles of proportionality and necessity. Although proportionality connotes divergent theoretical notions depending on the backdrop against which it is set, in practice, these notions are often fused together. However, points of fission (divergence) still persist. The best example of which is in the context of 'The Crime of Disproportionate Use of Force' where the difference between the two notions of 'proportionality' can …

Talking Foreign Policy: The Iran Nuclear Accord, Radio Program

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

one hour radio program on the Iran Nuclear Agreement, featuring Michael P. Scharf, Mileno Sterio, Avidan Cover, Paul Williams, and Col. Mike Newton

Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em: Intellectual Property Rights In The Tobacco Industry Going Up In Smoke, Kristen Lease

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act (TPPA) was passed in Australia in 2011 and set restrictions on the appearance of tobacco packages. The restrictions limited the use of trademarks to only the brand name, and banned any use of distinctive colors or images. Tobacco growing nations believed this restriction on trade dress violated Article 20 of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which guarantees that no restriction may unjustifiably encumber intellectual property. Article 8 of the TRIPS Agreement, however, allows for encumbrances when it is intended to promote the protection of public health and safety. The tobacco growing …

A Fair Return Approach To Pharmaceutical Compulsory Licensing, Maura Nuno

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

This article argues that universal access to drugs requires not only collaboration between nations and patent holders, but also the creation of a neutral International Panel. Under the supervision of a Neutral International Panel, the disequilibrium, created by the current system of global intellectual property protection can be equalized to improve access to drugs without undermining pharmaceutical companies and intellectual property rights.

Public Enemy: The Public Element Of Direct And Public Incitement To Commit Genocide, Brendan Saslow

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

Direct and public incitement to commit genocide has been an international crime since the 1940s. The public element plays a role in each international incitement case, yet many scholars consider it straightforward and unworthy of attention. This article seeks to analyze jurisprudence, primarily developed at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, on how to determine whether inciting to commit genocide is public. This element is most problematic in cases involving speech through broadcast media such as television and radio. Moreover if ICTR case law informs future international criminal proceedings it may be an issue in a future genocide that involves …

Masthead, Volume 48 Issue 1 (2016)

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Volume 48 Issue 1, Cwru Journal Of International Law

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Between Flexibility And Stability: Ad Hoc Procedures And/Or Judicial Institutions?, Chiara Giorgetti

Law Faculty Publications

The choice between the flexibility offered by ad hoc procedures and the stability proper of established judicial institutions poses many interesting questions for those interested in international dispute resolution. This chapter seeks to assess some of these questions and, possibly, to offer suggestions to future parties and their counsel on how to select the most appropriate resolution mechanism to resolve their international inter-state dispute. To begin with, it is worth noting two important and related trends that characterize contemporary international dispute resolution: first, the increased use of international litigation by diverse international actors, and second, the multiplication of dispute resolution …

A Red Card For Fifa: Corruption And Scandal In The World’S Foremost Sports Association, Chance Esposito

Law Student Publications

On a global scale, soccer (or as it is commonly called in most other countries “football”) is the most popular sport based on its numbers alone with over 250 million players. In recent years, the sport has become increasingly popular in nations or territories such as the United States. As a result of this increased interest, the sport and its governing organization, The Federation Internationale de Football Association (“FIFA”), has been thrown into the global media arena in the past two decades. Recently unearthed information, however, has put the actions of the organization at the center of controversy for alleged …

Athletes Have Rights Too, Right? Investigating The Extreme Unfairness In Sports' Purported Supreme Authority - Why The International Court Of Arbitration For Sport Fails To Reign Supreme, Zachary Gotlib

Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law

The note argues that the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), despite its role as a leading body in international sports dispute resolution, fails to achieve true supremacy due to systemic unfairness. CAS lacks key principles of fairness, particularly in its treatment of individual athletes compared to powerful entities like teams and leagues, hindering its ability to be recognized as a supreme judicial body.

The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework For Global Health Security, Lawrence O. Gostin, Rebecca Katz

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

• The International Health Regulations (IHR) are the governing framework for global health security yet require textual and operational reforms to remain effective, particularly as parallel initiatives are developed.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) is the agency charged with oversight of the IHR, and its leadership and efficient functioning are prerequisites for the effective implementation of the IHR.
• We reviewed the historical origins of the IHR and their performance over the past 10 years and analyzed all of the ongoing reform panel efforts to provide a series of politically feasible recommendations for fundamental reform.
• This article offers proposals for fundamental reform—with …

International Collaboration On Ip/Access To Medicines: Birth Of South Africa’S Fix The Patent Laws Campaign, Brook J. Baker

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.

Civil Government Lawyers In South Africa, Jonathan Klaaren

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.

Bank Frauds And Tracking The Hidden Assets, Albert F. Tellechea, Michael J. Cortes

Florida A & M University Law Review

Each year banks are the targets of insider and outsider fraudulent activity. Borrowers overstate their assets and holdings in order to obtain loans for which they would never otherwise qualify. Employees embezzle, steal, or conspire with crooked clients for a kickback, and billions are lost. Law enforcement agencies around the world are reporting increased instances of corporate, mortgage, and bank fraud. For example, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigations ("FBI") in its FY2007 Financial Crimes Report states that its corporate fraud cases doubled from five years earlier. Through FY2007, U.S. Grand Juries returned 183 indictments resulting in 173 convictions. …

Banning Metal Mining In Guatemala, Randall S. Abate, Raquel Aldana

Journal Publications

Metal mining is unsustainable for Guatemala and its harms insurmountable for its people. Guatemalans who oppose metal mining have been fighting for decades domestically and internationally against the environmental degradation and other human rights abuses from metal mining activities in the country with little to show for their efforts. The State is too weak and corrupt to offer much hope for reform. Guatemala requires extensive governance reforms to become the type of strong democracy capable of reaping the potential benefits of metal mining in its territory. This is a long-term project. Most Guatemalans opposed to metal mining already know this, …

The Michigan Guidelines On Risk For Reasons Of Political Opinion

Michigan Journal of International Law

The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Convention”) recognizes as refugees those who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted on the basis of inter alia “political opinion,” are unable or unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of their home country

(De)Legitimation At The Wto Dispute Settlement Mechanism, Cosette D. Creamer, Zuzanna Godzimirska

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

International courts employ a variety of legitimation strategies in order to establish and maintain a sound basis of support among their constituents. Existing studies on the legitimating efforts and legitimacy of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) judicial bodies have relied largely on theoretical or normative priors about what makes them legitimate. In contrast, this Article directly connects the study of courts' legitimating efforts with their effects by empirically mapping the reception of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism's (DSM) exercise of authority by the system's primary constituents--WTO Members. Using an original data set of WTO Member statements within meetings of the …

"Measuring" The Erosion Of Academic Freedom As An International Human Right, Klaus D. Beiter, Terence Karran, Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Article reports and comments on the results of an assessment of the legal protection of the right to academic freedom (an examination of its factual protection to be undertaken at a future point) in EU member states, having examined these countries' constitutions, laws on higher education, and other relevant legislation. The assessment relied on a standard scorecard, developed by utilizing indicators of protection of academic freedom, notably as reflected in UNESCO's Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel, a document of 1997 that is not legally, but "politically" binding, and which concretizes international human rights requirements in respect …

Making International Health Regulations Work: Lessons From The 2014 Ebola Outbreak, Tsung-Ling Lee

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Many legal scholars believe that the lack of enforcement mechanisms provided by the International Health Regulations (IHR) in part explains the slow containment of the deadly Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa in 2014. In contrast, some global health practitioners deem funding for global health emergencies as a key remedy to the ineffective international infectious disease control regime. Such belief underpinned the creation of the Pandemic Emergency Facility (PEF), the World Bank's new financing initiative, aiming to finance global disaster response. Some commentators hope that the establishment of the PEF will resuscitate international interest in global health security and …

Introduction To Model Laws On Lighting, Lakshman Guruswamy

Publications

No abstract provided.

Model Law On Lighting For Developing Countries, Lakshman Guruswamy, Audrey M. Huang, Mahir Haque, Ugyen Tshering

Publications

No abstract provided.

Zero-Tolerance Comes To International Law, Aya Gruber

Publications

No abstract provided.

Five Decades Of Intellectual Property And Global Development, Peter K. Yu

Faculty Scholarship

The 2016-2017 biennium marks the historical milestones of several major pro-development initiatives relating to intellectual property law and policy. These important milestones include the Intellectual Property Conference of Stockholm in 1967, the adoption of the Declaration on the Right to Development (UNDRD) in 1986 and the establishment of the WIPO Development Agenda in 2007.

On January 1, 2016, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also came into force. Adopted by the UN General Assembly in September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development featured 17 SDGs and 169 targets. Prominently mentioned in Target 3.b of SDG 3 are the WTO …