International Law Commons^™

Bargaining In The Shadow Of Investor-State Mediation: How The Threat Of Mediation Will Improve Parties' Conflict Management, Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Nancy A. Welsh

Faculty Scholarship

Issues of access to justice, threats to national sovereignty, and perceptions of inconsistency and arbitrariness have led to a crisis of confidence in the investor-state arbitration system. In response, there has been a successful push for the inclusion of mediation in treaty provisions and arbitration rules, as well as ratification of the Singapore Convention for the expedited enforcement of mediated agreements. Nonetheless, very little mediation is actually occurring on the ground. Efforts to increase the use of mediation have failed to address concerns such as the political costs of settling cases, the lack of coordination between state agencies with different …

Table Of Contents - Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review, Vol. 4, Iss. 3

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

No abstract provided.

Contractual Protections Against The Resource Nationalism Cycle In Zambia, Sangwani Patrick Ng'ambi

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in resource rich nations is typically fostered through concession or development agreements, which enable investors to explore and exploit the host State's natural resources. Under these agreements various incentives are offered to the investor by the host State, so as to attract their capital. However, once the investment is sunk, the investor becomes susceptible to the resource nationalism cycle. Investors are particularly vulnerable when the natural resource experiences a sustained upward trend. In such instances, the host State seeks to maximize the benefits accruingfrom the natural resource. This can either be accomplished through reversing the tax …

A Concept Of Shared Principles And The Constitutional Homogeneity In Europe: The Case Of Subsidiarity, Volker Roeben

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The article explores the concept of subsidiarity as a shared legal principle in both the European Union (EU) and German law, focusing on its role in ensuring the accountability of central authority while safeguarding the autonomy of peripheral legislatures. It highlights the convergence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) on a rationale of legality, aimed at preventing central overreach into peripheral competences. Despite this alignment, the article notes divergent outcomes in the application of subsidiarity, with the FCC more frequently invalidating federal legislation compared to the CJEU's more restrained …

Interior Landmark Designation And Regulation: Should Government Regulate Publicity Inaccessible Interior Landmarks, Victoria Tesone

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note argues that government regulation of interior landmarks should be contingent upon public access, as such regulation otherwise fails to serve its intended public benefit and unjustly burdens property owners. It proposes that without public access, landmark designation should not impose regulatory obligations on property owners, and suggests that the financial burden of preservation should shift to taxpayers rather than private owners.

Policing Pregnancy Loss: Misuse Of Abuse Of A Corpse Laws, Monica Siwiec

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note examines the misuse of abuse of a corpse laws to criminalize pregnant persons for pregnancy loss, arguing that such prosecutions violate constitutional principles, including the void-for-vagueness doctrine and equal protection. These laws, originally designed to regulate corpse desecration and mistreatment, are increasingly being applied in ways that disproportionately target marginalized groups, particularly women of color. The analysis highlights how the broad and vague language of these statutes enables arbitrary enforcement, undermining legal clarity and perpetuating reproductive injustice.

Dignity, Freedom, And Digital Rights: Comparing American And European Approaches To Privacy, Virginia Kozemczak

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note examines the contrasting approaches of the United States and the European Union to digital privacy, emphasizing how the US prioritizes liberty while the EU focuses on dignity. It argues that US privacy law, particularly under the Fourth Amendment, struggles to adapt to technological advancements, as seen in cases like Carpenter v. United States. In contrast, the EU's framework, guided by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, offers more comprehensive protections by addressing the broader context of data collection and processing. The author suggests that the US could enhance its privacy protections by adopting elements …

The Prison Litigation Reform Act And The Physical Injury Requirement In The Context Of Transgender Inmates, Hunter Kravitz

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note examines the impact of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) on transgender inmates, focusing on its physical injury requirement, which disproportionately bars access to justice for those with mental or emotional injuries. It highlights the ethical and constitutional concerns arising from the PLRA's application, particularly its unequal treatment of transgender inmates, and advocates for reforms to ensure equitable access to justice.

Prostitutes And Policing - Analysis Of Tactics Used To Reduce The Demand For Sex, Morgan Helfman

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note critically examines the tactics used to reduce demand for commercial sex, focusing on the Nordic Model and its implementation in the U.S. It argues that while these tactics aim to deter buyers through shaming and criminalization, they raise ethical, legal, and practical concerns, particularly regarding police misconduct and the impact on marginalized communities. The analysis advocates for a shift toward education and rehabilitation over punitive measures to address the root causes of prostitution.

On Command, Diane Marie Amann

Scholarly Works

By reference to the Lieber Code and other sources, this essay emphasizes the history of responsibility underlying the doctrine of command responsibility, and further criticizes developments that seem to have intermingled that doctrine with what are called “modes of liability. The essay urges that consideration of commander responsibility stand apart from other such “modes,” and cautions against a jurisprudence that raises the risk that, before fora like the International Criminal Court, no one can be held to account. It appears in a symposium issue exploring a 2020 Cambridge University Press book by Darryl Robinson, Justice in Extreme Cases: Criminal Law …

Africanization And The Reform Of International Investment Law, Olabisi D. Akinkugbe

Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press

Recent trends in reforms by African states in the field of International Investment Law (IIL) has been dubbed as the Africanization of IIL. These important debates regarding reform of IIL in Africa foreground innovative aspects of International Investment Agreements (IIA) in contrast to the traditional IIL regime. The debates also remind us of the relative lack of African voices in the global IIL reform agenda. There is however little research that critically analyze the Africanization of IIL thesis.

This article undertakes this analysis. Drawing on TWAIL, it characterizes Africanization of IIL into ‘moderate’ and ‘radical’ reforms. The article analyzes the …

The Impact Of Covid-19 On Immigration Detention, Fatma Marouf

Faculty Scholarship

COVID-19 has spread quickly through immigration detention facilities in the United States. As of December 2, 2020, there have been over 7,500 confirmed COVID-19 cases among detained noncitizens. This Article examines why COVID-19 spread rapidly in immigration detention facilities, how it has transformed detention and deportation proceedings, and what can be done to improve the situation for detained noncitizens. Part I identifies key factors that contributed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in immigration detention. While these factors are not an exhaustive list, they highlight important weaknesses in the immigration detention system. Part II then examines how the pandemic changed …

Rehabilitating Charge Bargaining, Nancy Amoury Combs

Faculty Publications

Nobody likes plea bargaining. Scholars worldwide have excoriated the practice, calling it coercive and unjust, among other pejorative adjectives. Despite its unpopularity, plea bargaining constitutes a central component of the American criminal justice system, and the United States has exported the practice to a host of countries worldwide. Indeed, plea bargaining has even appeared at international criminal tribunals, created to prosecute genocide and crimes against humanity--the gravest crimes known to humankind. Although all forms of plea bargaining are unpopular, commentators reserve their harshest criticism for charge bargaining because charge bargaining is said to distort the factual basis of the defendant's …

Beyond The "Made In America Tax Plan": Gilti And International Tax Cooperation's Next Golden Age, Steven A. Dean

Faculty Scholarship

Tumultuous times can be particularly difficult for the vulnerable. That may be no less true in the international tax context than it is elsewhere, but disruptive change can also open the door to greater participation by, and rewards for, those long treated as outsiders. With international tax cooperation's first golden age receding into history, new priorities have begun to take root. Unprecedented challenges buffet the international tax regime, suggesting that its future may depend less on its capacity to shield businesses from taxation than on its ability to find common ground among very different states.

International tax cooperation has long …

Death Star Drones: How Missile Defense Drone Technology Marks The Advent Of Contingent Sovereignty, Ben Forsgren

BYU Law Review

Are advances in national security worth pursuing at the expense of sovereign equality? A new U.S. drone program may soon force the world to decide. Thanks to recent technological advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and directed energy weapons, the United States will soon have a fleet of missile defense UAVs outfitted with advanced laser weapons designed to destroy intercontinental ballistic missiles before the missiles complete their launch phase. While these drones would significantly decrease the threat of a nuclear attack against the United States, they can only function if they are preemptively stationed in the sovereign airspace of other …

Foreign Cyber Interference In Elections, Michael N. Schmitt

International Law Studies

In the 2020 U.S. elections, Russia authorized and conducted influence operations designed to support former President Trump, although it did not attempt to alter any technical aspect of the voting process. Russia was not alone. Iran mounted a multi-pronged covert influence campaign intended to undercut Trump’s reelection prospects, while other foreign actors–like Lebanese Hizballah, Cuba, and Venezuela–also tried to influence the election. Interestingly, China did not conduct operations designed to alter the outcome, although it did consider doing so. The phenomenon of election meddling, however, extends well beyond the United States to such countries as Austria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, …

Konsep Privatisasi Di Indonesia, Mohammad Rezza Naufal

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

The phenomenon of privatization in the world has long been initiated and spearheaded by the United States and Britain. Privatization is a shift in management by the state to the private sector, this is very reasonable because this effort is considered to produce significant improvements related to increasing the efficiency of state enterprises that are considered less efficient than private companies. Privatization has also been applied in Indonesia since 1997 after the economic crisis and with the same goal of increasing the efficiency of state enterprises. In Article 33 paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, it is …

Status Kedudukan Dan Harta Kekayaan Bumn Analisa Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 62/Puu-Xi/2013, Made Wira Pratama

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Legal certainty regarding the status of legal entity and the financial status of BUMN (State- Owned Enterprises) in Indonesia is often a problematic in its determination therefore the need for an understanding of the SOE's own legal entity and the state's financial position in SOEs, thereby providing certainty about the status the position of the legal entity and the state of the state that is clear and has no ambiguity in the regulation, in this article the application of the state finance law testing against SOEs which on the examination of Law No. 17 of 2003 on the State Finance, …

Peran Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara Dalam Mewujudkan Pemerintahan Yang Baik, Muhammad Kamil Akbar

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Based on Act 9 Paragraph 1 Law No.30/2014 concerning Government Administration that any decree and / or government’s actions are based on legislation and the principles of good governance (AAUPB). But, in the reality, sometimes Government Officials ignored that matter and then become abuse of authority. So, the authority of the administrative court has expanded based on Law No.30/2014 concerning Government Administration, not only can cancel the implementation of a decree, but also to examine and decide whether or not there is an element of abuse of authority by Government Officials in carrying out their duties. Administrative court as a …

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Dalam Penerapan Pengampunan Pajak (Studi Di Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Purwokerto), Imam Wildan Purbo Prakoso

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Tax amnesty is the right of every taxpayer so there's necessary for legal protection and maximum service as the consequence of the tax amnesty provisions, where this research specializes in individual taxpayer in Tax Services Office (KPP) Pratama Purwokerto. The problem of this reseach is about how legal protection of individual taxpayer in implementation and application, and aims to examine and analyze the application and legal protection to individual taxpayer in the implementation of tax amnesty in KPP Pratama Purwokerto.Through normative juridical research by using primary and secondary data that were presented qualitatively and analyzed descriptively it was obtained that …

Kebutuhan Perluasan Doktrin Orisinalitas Dan Fiksasi Dalam Undang-Undang Hak Cipta Sebagai Perlindungan Kreativitas Anak Bangsa, Pratiwi Eka Sari

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

The concept that copyright deals solely with the form of embodiment or fixation of a work is one of the fundamental principles of copyright and is the most fundamental principle of copyright protection. In that principle it implies that fixation relates only to the embodiment of a created being and is not concerned with the matter of substance and regardless of (not limited to) the form or type of creation. However, the fixation arrangements in Article 1 number 13 of Law 28/2014 turn out to cover only works that are poured in the form of audio, visual and audiovisual. Therefore, …

Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan Tentara Isis Yang Akan Kembali Ke Indonesia, Reza Adhitya Akbar

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

ISIS's troops are not only citizens of Iraq or Syria, but come from various citizens and also Islam recruited by ISIS, not excluding Indonesian citizens. Based on the above description, two formulas are defined, namely: (1) What is the legal status of a citizen who is a soldier of ISIS; And (2) Is the Indonesian government obliged to protect its citizens who consciously become ISIS troops. The type of research used is normative legal research. The result of this research is the status of Indonesian Citizen who becomes ISIS soldier can not be revoked his citizenship because it does not …

Perlindungan Hukum Atas Rumah Adat Sebagai Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional, Leonard Julio Axel Mahal

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Traditional houses are not considered part of the scope of traditional cultural expressions. In the Copyright Law the explanation of the scope of traditional cultural expression does not cover traditional houses. The lack of public awareness in the protection of architectural works in Copyright also makes traditional houses seem to receive less attention as something that must be protected in terms of Intellectual Property Rights as an expression of traditional culture. In this paper, we will look at the definition of traditional houses and whether traditional houses can be included as part of traditional cultural expressions. Then in this paper …

Ketenagakerjaan Ditinjau Dari Pemberlakuan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 78 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pengupahan, Indah Datu Anggraini

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Wages are a source of income for workers to fulfill their needs properly. The rightto wages arises from an employment agreement and is one of the rights in anemployment relationship. The wage regulation in positive law is regulated in LawNumber 13 Year 2003 concerning Manpower, and the implementing regulation is Government Regulation Number 78 Year 2015 concerning Wages. There aredemonstrations by the trade unions every year to commemorate World Labor Daywhich falls on May 1, or known as May Day, where workers through unions everyyear always demand decent wages, abolish the politics of cheap wages, abolish contract labor systems, outsourcing …

Dampak Hukum Peraturan Menteri Pupr No. Ll/Prt/M/2019 Tentang Sistem Perjanjian Pendahuluan Jual Beli Rumah Susun Terhadap Hak Dan Kewajiban Pelaku Pembangunan Dan Konsumen, Rahima Malik

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

The development of Apartment across Indonesia has been an alternate solution amidst housing problems in Indonesia. One of the key aspects in Apartment subject is the provision of apartment which for the time being may be procured before the physical of apartment even exists (pre project selling). In consideration of the above complexities and development, the Government of Indonesia enacted Minister of General Construction and People Housing Regulation Number No. 11IPRTIMI20I9. However, the promulgation has attracted criticism due to the provision contained in the regulation doesn’t reflect the equality or fairness for the developer. Some of …

Toko Roti Sebagai Wajib Pajak Restoran Atau Pajak Pertambahan Nilai, Patardo Yosua Andreas Naibaho

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Restaurant Tax is one of Regional Tax which growing along with the development of the service and tourism sector It is an indirect tax, which paid by customer based on services provided unto them. In its implementation, there are different views on whether a bakery should pay Value Added Tax (VAT) or Restaurant Tax. Therefore, this paper will provide legal analysis on how restaurant tax regulated and identify such conditions to apply VAT or restaurant tax to the bakery that provides a place for customer to consume products.Restaurant tax is regulated by Peraturan Daerah, for example Peraturan Daerah Kota Medan …

Kewajiban Endorser Atas Penganjuran Suatu Produk Pada Media Sosial Menurut Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia Dalam Perbandingan Dengan Amerika Serikat, Inggris Dan India, Nurul Ain Mubarikah

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Endorsement of products and services in social media is a lucrative business for celebrities or social media influencers. Producers of goods and services believe that celebrities or social media influencers has the power to influence purchasing decisions of many people. Social media endorsements are not specifically regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations. However, Indonesian Advertising Ethics – 2014 Amendment, compiled by Indonesian Advertising Board, specifies that an endorser is prohibited from using personal social media as an advertising medium to endorse goods and/or services, unless if the endorser clearly mention that it is a paid endorsement. The financial aspect …

Peran Perbankan Dalam Pencegahan Dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Narkotika, Muhammad Zulamanah Isnaem

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Narcotics crimes have become a tremendous problem for now. Narcotics crime continues to grow in every country, including Indonesia. With the globalization of banking, through the banking system, funds from the proceeds of narcotics crime, moving or moving beyond the state jurisdiction using bank secrecy issued by the banks. The role of Banks in the Prevention and Eradication of Narcotics Crimes must carry out the principle of customer due diligence. This is very useful to find out the latest position for users of banking services. There fore the role of the implementation of CDD is very broad, both in terms …

Tinjauan Yuridis Mengenai Anjak Piutang: Studi Kasus Tentang Perjanjian Anjak Piutang Antara Pt. A Dengan Pt. B, Lina Novita B.

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Factoring in Indonesia is financing activity in the form of short-term trade receivables purchase a company including management of that receivables. This research is normative juridical research with descriptive conceptual approach. The result in this research is factoring agreement without cessie not void the agreement as long as all the parties include the investor known and agreed with that factory agreement however before the agreement have a notary deed, there is not a prestatie that appear from that agreement. Investo (debt recognition notes) issued by investor have not legitimate and it can not void the agreement because the recognition is …

Penerapan Prinsip Kontribusi Dan Prinsip Subrogasi Dalam Asuransi Pengangkutan Laut (Studi Kasus Pt. Asuransi Axa Indonesia Dengan Pt. Asuransi Buana Independent), Luthfiana Arumsari

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

In insurance, for the same object can be insured to more than 1 (one) insurance company, which means it is possible for an insured to receive profits from 2 (two) or more insurers, to avoid this, in the insurance law in Indonesia known indemnity principle , which serves to avoid the benefits received by the insured that exceeds the losses suffered. The author conducted research at PT. AXA Insurance Indonesia (hereinafter referred to as PT. AXA) and PT. Buana Independent Insurance (hereinafter referred to as PT. ABI), each of which is an Insurance company that has equally guaranteed a cargo …