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Articles 91 - 120 of 453
Full-Text Articles in International Law
"The Little State Department": Hollywood And The Mpaa's Influence On U.S. Trade Relations, Kevin Lee
"The Little State Department": Hollywood And The Mpaa's Influence On U.S. Trade Relations, Kevin Lee
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In this article, I argue that the U.S. government has actively advocated domestic film industry interests in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements because of Hollywood's importance to the U.S. economy, and also because of the MPAA's influential lobbying efforts. Furthermore, I show that the MPAA has intervened directly in bilateral trade relations to protect its interests, even when such interests may run counter to the benefit of the U.S. economy.
Addicted To The Pump, Shaneka Reese
Addicted To The Pump, Shaneka Reese
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Most of the world has acknowledged a growing problem with greenhouse gas emissions ("GHG"), and has expressed that acknowledgement by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol ("Kyoto"). The United States, however, has refused to ratify Kyoto. Automobiles are responsible for the largest portion of the global increase in carbon dioxide emissions. As part of the most powerful industry in the world, U.S. automakers are capable of reducing emissions as required by Kyoto. Adopting Kyoto will in fact prove beneficial to American automakers, by forcing them to adjust to the new market condition that has contributed to the ascendancy of foreign automakers--the desire …
Ec Reforms Of Corporate Governance And Capital Markets Law: Do They Tackle Insiders' Opportunism?, Luca Enriques, Matteo Gatti
Ec Reforms Of Corporate Governance And Capital Markets Law: Do They Tackle Insiders' Opportunism?, Luca Enriques, Matteo Gatti
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Company and capital markets laws are rapidly evolving everywhere: there are few countries around the world where they have not been the subject of reform or where at least a reform agenda has not been devised. There are various reasons for this, both global and local. Among the global (or common) reasons for reform, two at least deserve to be singled out: large-scale market crises or prominent economic scandals, and financial development.
Methanex V. United States: The Realignment Of Nafta Chapter 11 With Environmental Regulation, Kara Dougherty
Methanex V. United States: The Realignment Of Nafta Chapter 11 With Environmental Regulation, Kara Dougherty
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In July 1999, the Canadian firm Methanex Corporation ("Methanex") notified the United States of its intention to seek approximately $1 billion in damages for the United States's alleged breach of Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement ("NAFTA"). NAFTA, a trilateral agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico (the "Parties"), gives private, foreign investors from each country the right to bring claims against another Party under certain circumstances. Methanex claimed a California measure banning the use of the gasoline additive MTBE discriminated against and expropriated its investments. The case of Methanex v. United States highlights two unintended …
Beyond Enron: Regulation In Energy Derivatives Trading, Alexia Brunet, Meredith Shafe
Beyond Enron: Regulation In Energy Derivatives Trading, Alexia Brunet, Meredith Shafe
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation in December 2002 is the biggest corporate bankruptcy in U.S. history. The Houston-based company, formed in 1985, became the nation's seventh-largest company in revenue by buying electricity from generators and selling it to consumers. Because Enron made the market in energy trading, its collapse fundamentally altered the U.S. energy trading industry. Equally important, the disclosure of Enron's role in California's power market crisis shattered confidence in deregulated wholesale-electricity and natural gas markets, creating obstacles for new players seeking to restore confidence in energy trading markets. New market entrants offer their clients a more complete …
Hedge Fund Regulation: What The Fsa Is Doing Right And Why The Sec Should Follow The Fsa's Lead, Lartease Tiffith
Hedge Fund Regulation: What The Fsa Is Doing Right And Why The Sec Should Follow The Fsa's Lead, Lartease Tiffith
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Recent news about hedge funds' successes and failures, and in some cases outright fraud, has increased the public's interest in a field that often prefers to cloak itself in a hidden veil. One can analogize hedge fund managers and the hedge fund industry to the nostalgic era of cowboys and the wild frontier. Hedge fund managers, like cowboys of the old days, do not want to be regulated. Just as the cowboys entering the frontier appreciated the lack of law or authority over their actions, today's hedge fund managers appreciate the lack of law or authority over their actions. And …
Development In International Energy Law, David Van Zandt
Development In International Energy Law, David Van Zandt
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
International energy law embodies a matter of keen interest that affects the daily lives of citizens in developing and developed countries worldwide. Among numerous other effects, international energy law influences gas prices, wages, employment rates and domestic market regulations. The weight of these direct consequences of international energy law and policy led to the creation of this year's symposium topic. The goal of this year's symposium is to identify issues arising from various international energy laws as well as to understand the effects that recent international events, including the fall of Enron, the creation of NAFTA and the political unrest …
The Equivalence Approach To Securities Regulation, Tzung-Bor Wei
The Equivalence Approach To Securities Regulation, Tzung-Bor Wei
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
It is undisputed that the world's financial markets are becoming increasingly international and increasingly integrated. "How should regulators respond?" is a hotly contested issue. Academic literature debates two competing approaches to international securities regulation--"harmonization" and "regulatory competition." Harmonization is the idea that rules and regulations should be standardized across countries as much as possible. Countries may achieve harmonization by ceding lawmaking authority to an international body or agency; alternatively, countries may agree to enact similar rules through their normal, domestic rule-promulgating procedures. In contrast to the harmonization approach stands the regulatory competition approach. Under this model, countries do not coordinate …
Code Or Contract: Whether Wal-Mart's Code Of Conduct Creates A Contractual Obligation Between Wal-Mart And The Employees Of Its Foreign Suppliers, Katherine E. Kenny
Code Or Contract: Whether Wal-Mart's Code Of Conduct Creates A Contractual Obligation Between Wal-Mart And The Employees Of Its Foreign Suppliers, Katherine E. Kenny
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This comment examines whether corporate codes of conduct and more specifically, Wal-Mart's Code of Conduct, are binding contracts between foreign suppliers and their employees or whether they are voluntary and non-contractual devices. An analysis of U.S. law and the text and implementation of Wal-Mart's Code of Conduct reveals that the Code should not be interpreted as a contract binding on foreign suppliers and their employees for the breach of contract for denial of minimum and overtime wages, the breach of contract for forced labor, and the breach of contract for denial of the fundamental right to freely associate. The comment …
Class Actions And Group Litigation In Switzerland, Samuel P. Baumgartner
Class Actions And Group Litigation In Switzerland, Samuel P. Baumgartner
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In what follows, I hope to contribute to that information with a look at group litigation devices in Switzerland. To begin with, Switzerland is one of the many countries that do not currently have an American-style class action. Suggestions to examine the possibility of introducing such a procedural vehicle have met with considerable opposition. Some of the reasons for that opposition are grounded in reactions to litigation in the United States. More broadly, however, there seems to be a general unease with civil litigation involving more than the traditional plaintiff and defendant and an occasional individual joined out of an …
Center Of Main Interests, International Insolvency Case Venue, And Equality Of Arms: The Eurofood Decision Of The European Court Of Justice, Samuel L. Bufford
Center Of Main Interests, International Insolvency Case Venue, And Equality Of Arms: The Eurofood Decision Of The European Court Of Justice, Samuel L. Bufford
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The European Court of Justice ("E.C.J.") issued a ruling on May 2, 2006 in the Eurofood case, finding that the commencement of an insolvency case for Eurofood in Ireland gave the Irish court priority under E.U. law over a similar insolvency case commenced shortly thereafter in Italy. The E.C.J.'s ruling responded to the Supreme Court of Ireland's referral to the E.C.J. of five questions of E.U. law based on the E.U. Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings ("E.U. Regulation"). The Irish Supreme Court had referred these questions to the E.C.J. preliminary to deciding a pending appeal of the Dublin High Court's decision …
Legal Hurdles To Developing Wind Power As An Alternative Energy Source In The United States: Creative And Comparative Solutions, Adam M. Dinnell, Adam J. Russ
Legal Hurdles To Developing Wind Power As An Alternative Energy Source In The United States: Creative And Comparative Solutions, Adam M. Dinnell, Adam J. Russ
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article discusses how parties have used current domestic environmental laws to curb the development of a more "environmentally-friendly" alternative energy source: wind power. As the ever-increasing demand for oil and petroleum around the world leads to rising costs throughout the nation, investing in new energy sources is considered crucial to sustainable development in the United States. Wind power has the potential to serve as a clean, efficient, and renewable source of energy in the 21st Century. The further development of wind power could create a meaningful alternative energy supply, relaxing geopolitical and economic concerns over this country's strict century-old …
Western Unionizing The Hawala: The Privatization Of Hawalas And Lender Liability, Smriti S. Nakhasi
Western Unionizing The Hawala: The Privatization Of Hawalas And Lender Liability, Smriti S. Nakhasi
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Hawala, an ancient banking system used predominantly in South Asia and the Middle East, has recently posed a regulatory quandary for law enforcement and capital markets.1 This comment addresses the pitfalls of a prominently proposed, well-intentioned solution to bring the hawala system into the modern banking structure and under the regulatory eye of law enforcement. As will be seen, the inherent nature of the hawala system and the lender risks associated with privatizing create enormous obstacles to realizing these privatization efforts. The problem with many proposed solutions is that they try to impose guidelines upon a system based on cultural, …
Arbitration Of International Oil, Gas, And Energy Disputes In Latin America, Alexia Brunet, Juan Agustin Lentini
Arbitration Of International Oil, Gas, And Energy Disputes In Latin America, Alexia Brunet, Juan Agustin Lentini
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
An increase in global reliance on fossil fuels has prompted greater discussion on energy security. For the United States, interest has focused on ensuring that countries in the Western Hemisphere, which currently supply roughly half of U.S. imports of crude oil and petroleum products, remain stable sources of energy. While concerns have focused on political instability and a rising interest in the hemisphere's energy resources by China and India, the conversation centers on a hemispheric trend toward resource nationalism. Resource nationalism is exemplified by the global trend of placing the world's oil reserves under the control of national oil companies …
From North-South Divide To Private-Public Debate: Revival Of The Calvo Doctrine And The Changing Landscape In International Investment Law, Wenhua Shan
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
After dominating Latin American states for over a century, the Calvo Doctrine has been widely described as "dead," particularly in the wake of the global tide of economic liberalization that began in the 1990s. However, some recent moves within and beyond Latin America suggest that this principle is not dead, but on the resurgence. The "Revival of Calvo" phenomenon signals a change of direction in international investment law: neo-liberalism no longer dominates international investment law-making, and a more balanced, and perhaps also a more conservative and nationalistic approach, is gaining ground. This Article explores these recent events and analyzes to …
Comparison Between U.S. And E.U. Antitrust Treatment Of Tying Claims Against Microsoft: When Should The Bundling Of Computer Software Be Permitted, James F. Ponsoldt, Christohper D. David
Comparison Between U.S. And E.U. Antitrust Treatment Of Tying Claims Against Microsoft: When Should The Bundling Of Computer Software Be Permitted, James F. Ponsoldt, Christohper D. David
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article will analyze the recent U.S. and E.U. judicial approaches to tying charges which stem from software bundling. Part II reviews U.S. tying jurisprudence both generally and as applied to software bundling. Part III outlines the D.C. Circuit's approach to Microsoft's Windows/Internet Explorer bundle. Part IV briefly covers tying jurisprudence in the European Union. Part V describes the European Commission's ("E.C.") analysis of Microsoft's Window/Windows Media Player bundle. By comparing the two approaches, Part VI shows that neither approach is ideal: although the U.S. approach offers too little guidance to software manufacturers seeking to avoid liability and unduly discounts …
Competition Law And Policy In Flux: The Developing Country Experience Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries: Introduction , David Van Zandt
Competition Law And Policy In Flux: The Developing Country Experience Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries: Introduction , David Van Zandt
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This issue sheds light on the meaningful themes which are the driving forces in the global sphere of competition law and policy. It is also pertinent to note that the timing of this symposium is unique and coincides with the annual conference of the International Competition Network (ICN) to be held in South Africa in May 2006. The ICN is the only international body devoted exclusively to competition law enforcement and it consists of some ninety-four competition authorities from eighty-three countries. It has also become the premier international discussion forum on competition issues. With great pride, I invite you to …
Enforcement Of Arbitral Awards Against Foreign States Or State Agencies, S.I. Strong
Enforcement Of Arbitral Awards Against Foreign States Or State Agencies, S.I. Strong
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
For years, U.S. courts took a highly deferential, "hands-off' approach to litigation involving a foreign sovereign. However, recent case law out of the D.C. Circuit has radically diminished the jurisdictional elements that plaintiffs must establish before a U.S. court will assert its power to enforce an arbitral award against a foreign state or state agency. This Article investigates this recent shift and describes what contacts, if any, a foreign state or state agency must have with the United States before a U.S. court will assert jurisdiction under sections 1605(a)(1) and 1605(a)(6) of the U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ("FSIA").4 This …
Falling Short Of The Mark: The United States Response To The European Union's Data Privacy Directive, Morey Elizabeth Barnes
Falling Short Of The Mark: The United States Response To The European Union's Data Privacy Directive, Morey Elizabeth Barnes
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In the spring and summer of 2005, the headlines of America's major newspapers provided a constant reminder of an issue about which Americans have grown increasingly worried: data security. Rather than publicizing the war in Iraq or the buzz over potential Supreme Court nominees, these headlines warned: "Info theft slams chain: 1.4 million card numbers stolen;" "Poll Says Identity Theft Concerns Rose After High-Profile Breaches;" "Data Security Breaches Alarm Consumers." In the previous few months, a series of high-profile companies such as Bank of America, Reed Elsevier Group's LexisNexis, PayMaxx, Choice Point, and SAIC had announced that millions of records …
Defragmenting World Trade, Sungjoon Cho
Defragmenting World Trade, Sungjoon Cho
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The global trading community is in a state of deep crisis. Its main system, multilateralism, has recently been clogged by viscous trade barriers created by a proliferation of bilateral, regional trading blocs. Globalization offers a worldwide "production value chain" which enables even small economies to take part in the global commerce by offering raw materials or labor. In fact, small economies hold a comparative advantage at certain stages of the international manufacturing process.1 However, the current pattern of regional trading blocs militates against such participation by erecting new barriers against non-members and thus compartmentalizing the global market.2 This is not …
Islamic Principles Governing International Trade Financing Instruments: A Study Of The Morabaha In English Law, Jason C. T. Chuah
Islamic Principles Governing International Trade Financing Instruments: A Study Of The Morabaha In English Law, Jason C. T. Chuah
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The past years have seen a clear and incontrovertible rise in the use of international financial and commercial instruments expressed to be governed by Islamic principles. Banks and other commercial entities in Islamic and non-Islamic countries are increasingly aware of the commercial need to offer services which are specifically tailored to meet this sector of the international market. Disputes over the interpretation and application of such instruments invariably arise. English courts are not insulated from such disputes, given that the City of London is at the forefront of many international commercial and financial dealings. As a matter of law, the …
The Hague Convention On Choice Of Court Agreements: The United States Joins The Judgment Enforcement Band, Matthew H. Adler, Michele Crimaldi Zarychta
The Hague Convention On Choice Of Court Agreements: The United States Joins The Judgment Enforcement Band, Matthew H. Adler, Michele Crimaldi Zarychta
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In 2005, the United States signed a treaty that, if ratified, would be the United States' first-ever international agreement on judgment enforcement. The treaty provides that (a) where two commercial parties elect to resolve disputes between them in a particular forum, and (b) a judgment issues from that forum, then (c) all member states must enforce the judgment. It is a document driven by party autonomy; absent a choice of court agreement (in U.S. parlance, a choice of forum clause), the treaty has no meaning or applicability. The treaty's signing was the end of a rigorous journey. The United States …
The New Chapter 15 Of The Bankruptcy Code: A Step Toward Erosion Of National Sovereignty, John J. Chung
The New Chapter 15 Of The Bankruptcy Code: A Step Toward Erosion Of National Sovereignty, John J. Chung
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
If Chapter 15 and universalism offer uncertain benefits but certain harms, why have their principles gained such a following? One explanation is that Chapter 15 is part of today's growing trend to internationalize American law. Much like the inclination of some Supreme Court Justices to look to foreign law for guidance, it appears many bankruptcy scholars, judges, and practitioners have developed a taste for international trendiness. This article contends that the debate surrounding Chapter 15 in bankruptcy circles is a variation of the ongoing national debate regarding the citation of foreign law in Supreme Court opinions. This internationalism is a …
Taxing The International Athlete: Working Toward Free Trade In The Americas Through A Multilateral Tax Treaty, Jeffrey Dunlop
Taxing The International Athlete: Working Toward Free Trade In The Americas Through A Multilateral Tax Treaty, Jeffrey Dunlop
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
At first glance, it does not appear that taxation issues facing the international athlete and developing free trade between North and South America are closely related; they represent very different aspects of cross-border transactions and investment. On the other hand, they may be related when viewed as sequential steps in the process toward developing sustained economic relationships. This article will attempt to bridge that gap. First, Part II of this article discusses the current United States approach toward taxation of international athletes. Next, Part III reviews the history and issues facing tax treaty negotiations between the United States and developing …
Brazil's Recent Threat On Abbott's Patent: Resolution Or Retaliation, Jennifer Bjornberg
Brazil's Recent Threat On Abbott's Patent: Resolution Or Retaliation, Jennifer Bjornberg
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In June 2005, Brazil threatened to infringe the patent of an anti-AIDS medication, Kaletra, patented and produced by a U.S. based pharmaceutical company, Abbott Laboratories. The resulting controversy necessarily implicated the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property ("TRIPS Agreement") as Brazil was a Member Nation under the agreement and Abbott's product was protected under that agreement. Ultimately, the threat came to a voluntary resolution between both parties, but the dispute raised a number of unique questions relating to international trade and public health concerns. This article will discuss the recent controversy between Abbott and Brazil …
A Dual Catastrophe Of Protectionism, Sungjoon Cho
A Dual Catastrophe Of Protectionism, Sungjoon Cho
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Suppose that a consortium of wealthy and powerful local industries, acting through lawmakers captured by these industries, managed to pass a statute, damaging to the larger public welfare, purely for a protectionist purpose. Suppose further that this statute victimizes exports from a small, poor country such as Vietnam, to a large, rich country such as the United States, because these imported products are cheaper and thus pose a competitive threat to rival domestic industries. Suppose also that courts in the importing country can do little to stop this chain of events. Rational individuals might find these events objectionable, if not …
Meaning, Ambiguity And Legitimacy: Judicial (Re-)Construction Of Nafta Chapter 11, Ari Afilalo
Meaning, Ambiguity And Legitimacy: Judicial (Re-)Construction Of Nafta Chapter 11, Ari Afilalo
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) benignly named the "Investment Chapter," is a theater for some of the most advanced issues of 21st century international law and adjudication. The Chapter gives private parties the right to challenge national policies that burden their ability to do business freely. It empowers arbitral tribunals to assess damages against the governments of NAFTA parties. The adjudicators, as this Article illustrates, render opinions with a constitutional flavor in that they assess the validity of domestic norms against larger principles of international economic law. In a drastic move away from classical century …
General Exclusion Orders Under Section 337, Gary M. Hnath
General Exclusion Orders Under Section 337, Gary M. Hnath
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Your company, Widgets Unlimited, imports foreign-made widgets into the United States. One day, you're informed that U.S. Customs & Border Protection (Customs) has detained your goods and is determining whether they infringe a patent owned by The American Widget Corporation, based on an exclusion order issued by the International Trade Commission (ITC) after a recent ITC investigation, titled Certain Widgets with Extra Shiny Surfaces. Since you were never a party to any proceeding at the ITC, and indeed, you never even knew American Widget had patents on its widgets, you conclude that there must be some mistake and wait for …
International Convergence Of Accounting Standards-Perspectives From The Fasb On Challenges And Opportunities, Robert H. Herz, Kimberley R. Petrone
International Convergence Of Accounting Standards-Perspectives From The Fasb On Challenges And Opportunities, Robert H. Herz, Kimberley R. Petrone
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Convergence of international accounting standards is not a new initiative at the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB or Board); in fact, the FASB has pursued international "convergence" for almost half of its more than thirty year existence.' The FASB's international activities initially fell under the heading of harmonization, or internationalization, of accounting standards. Today those activities are referred to as convergence.Whatever the term, the Board has long held the view that a single set of high-quality international accounting standards is desirable because its use will improve international comparability of financial information; reduce costs to financial statement users, preparers, auditors, and …
Creation Of World Wide Accounting Standards: Convergence And Independence, David S. Ruder, Charles T. Canfield, Hudson T. Hollister
Creation Of World Wide Accounting Standards: Convergence And Independence, David S. Ruder, Charles T. Canfield, Hudson T. Hollister
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
"Cross-border trading" in the stocks of multinational companies is the code word for the ability of all companies worldwide to be able to sell their securities in the markets of all countries. In a cross-border trading environment, the world's investment resources would be freely available to companies in all countries and capital would be allocated in an optimal fashion. One of the primary barriers to cross-border trading is the requirement that the financial statements of the companies being traded in the securities markets of a particular country be compatible. With comparable financial statements, multinational companies would be able to access …