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Articles 61 - 90 of 453
Full-Text Articles in International Law
Toward A Regulatory Model Of Internet Intermediary Liability: File-Sharing And Copyright Enforcement, Christopher M. Swartout
Toward A Regulatory Model Of Internet Intermediary Liability: File-Sharing And Copyright Enforcement, Christopher M. Swartout
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
One of the major problems presented by digital content and the internet has been the failure of traditional copyright enforcement mechanisms to adequately address infringement that takes place via online file-sharing. Recently, laws that would introduce a new copyright enforcement paradigm have been proposed in numerous countries and have received strong support from content industries seeking a more effective enforcement regime. These laws are often referred to as "graduated response" policies. Although there is some variation, graduated response laws typically impose requirements on Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to cooperate with rightsholders and government in policing illegal file-sharing. ISPs are required …
The Derivative Market’S Black Sheep: Regulation Of Non-Cleared Security-Based Swaps Under Dodd-Frank, Barry Le Vine
The Derivative Market’S Black Sheep: Regulation Of Non-Cleared Security-Based Swaps Under Dodd-Frank, Barry Le Vine
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This paper seeks to comprehensively analyze the SEC's security-based swaps mandate and how it should regulate those non-cleared OTC derivatives within its regulatory ambit to promote market stability, protect counterparties, and reduce the incentives for cross-border regulatory arbitrage which leads to systemic risk creation. It argues that there are many legitimate and compelling reasons for entering into bespoke security-based swap transactions and that imposing collateral and margin requirements would only distort the economics of these trades. It further argues that the SEC should not be in the business of setting margin requirements, which would be an unprecedented move for the …
"You Say Nano, We Say No-No:" Getting A "Yes" Instead For Special Economic Zones In India, Sumeet Jain
"You Say Nano, We Say No-No:" Getting A "Yes" Instead For Special Economic Zones In India, Sumeet Jain
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have the potential to be valuable in-struments of economic growth and development in India. Yet, as a result of the resistance facing them, SEZs in India have not delivered economic benefits to their fullest potential. For this reason, reducing the resistance facing SEZs is critical to their success. This article seeks to reduce this resistance by devising a consensus-building plan based on a regulatory negotiation approach. The ar-ticle first shows that the past and present resistance facing India’s economic zones is a product of the lack of public input in the design of their policy. It …
The Revolving Door Of Emigration: The Economic Influences Of Remittances In Developing Countries, Laura L. Norris
The Revolving Door Of Emigration: The Economic Influences Of Remittances In Developing Countries, Laura L. Norris
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Economic incentives play an integral role in many individuals' choices to leave their country of origin. While a person may independently make the decision to migrate, some governments have developed extensive programs to promote the export of workers. Developing nations often initiate such programs for the purpose of acquiring additional sources of foreign exchange and external financing, as emigrants in transnational families can play a critical role in development through remittances. Remittances to developing countries totaled $325 billion in 2010, and they will likely continue to increase along with emigration. The following Comment considers the palpable contribution remittances have on …
Regulation Not Prohibition: The Comparative Case Against The Insurable Interest Doctrine, Sharo Michael Atmeh
Regulation Not Prohibition: The Comparative Case Against The Insurable Interest Doctrine, Sharo Michael Atmeh
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
American law requires an insurable interest—a pecuniary or affective stake in the subject of an insurance policy—as a predicate to properly obtaining insurance. In theory, the rule prevents both wagering on individual lives and moral hazard. In practice, the doctrine is avoided by complex insurance transaction structuring to effectuate both origination and transfers of insurance by individuals without an insurable interest. This paper argues that it is time to abandon the insurable interest doctrine. As both the English and Australian experiences indicate, elimination of the insurable interest doctrine will have little detrimental pecuniary effect on the insurance industry, while freeing …
Is Latin American Taxation Policy Appropriate For Promoting Foreign Direct Investment In The Region?, Hugo A. Hurtado
Is Latin American Taxation Policy Appropriate For Promoting Foreign Direct Investment In The Region?, Hugo A. Hurtado
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The purpose of this article is to analyze whether the international tax policy adopted by different Latin American countries is the most appropriate for promoting foreign direct investment and what measures can be adopted by these countries in order to improve such policy. I conclude that an integrated international tax policy would promote greater FDI in the region. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the appropriate tax policy must be delivered to a multidisciplinary body with a presence in the whole region that is able to interact with scholars, private practitioners, and treasury ministries to exchange ideas and adapt …
“Say On Pay”: The Movement To Reform Executive Compensation In The United States And European Union, Marisa Anne Pagnattaro, Stephanie Greene
“Say On Pay”: The Movement To Reform Executive Compensation In The United States And European Union, Marisa Anne Pagnattaro, Stephanie Greene
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In the aftermath of an array of economic failures, there is a growing movement to reform executive compensation. Concerned that executive compensation structures reward inappropriate risk taking and create a short-term perspective, the United States and the European Union are taking steps to reform the ways executives are compensated. Part I analyzes governmental and regulatory action in the United States, including SEC disclosure rules and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Part II details new initiatives in the European Union that recommend changes to remuneration for directors of listed companies and remuneration in the financial services sector, …
Recent Decisions Under The Investment Canada Act: Is Canada Changing Its Stance On Foreign Direct Investment?, Simone Collins
Recent Decisions Under The Investment Canada Act: Is Canada Changing Its Stance On Foreign Direct Investment?, Simone Collins
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
With the globalization of the world’s economy, countries have relied heavily on foreign direct investment within their borders to spur domestic economic growth and compete in the global marketplace. Canada, historically a leading destination for foreign investors, has seen its share of global foreign direct investment decline steadily over the past several decades. Most recently, Canada has made waves in the global community by taking positive actions to interfere with foreign acquisitions of Canadian entities, despite the Canadian government’s declarations to global competitors advocating free market principles and denouncing protectionist policies. This article discusses Canada’s procedures governing foreign direct investment …
Federalism And Concurrent Jurisdiction In Global Markets: Why A Combination Of National And State Antitrust Enforcement Is A Model For Effective Economic Regulation, Katherine Mason Jones
Federalism And Concurrent Jurisdiction In Global Markets: Why A Combination Of National And State Antitrust Enforcement Is A Model For Effective Economic Regulation, Katherine Mason Jones
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The focus of the article is on the proper role of U.S. state governments in regulating international business. The specific issue analyzed is the desirability of having state attorneys general enforce federal antitrust laws in global markets concurrently with federal antitrust regulators. Congress granted state officials this power in 1976. In 2009, however, a large proportion of the world's commerce is now conducted in international, rather than national markets. This development has led Judge Richard A. Posner and others to advocate that the states be stripped of their statutory power to enforce federal antitrust laws on behalf of their residents …
Judicial Politics And International Investment Arbitration: Seeking An Explanation For Conflicting Outcomes, David Schneiderman
Judicial Politics And International Investment Arbitration: Seeking An Explanation For Conflicting Outcomes, David Schneiderman
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In taking on the controversial debate over the role of state attorneys general in antitrust enforcement, the article draws upon recent legal and historical scholarship on federalism to argue that globalization requires a paradigm change in concepts of U.S. federalism. While many assume that increasing international economic integration makes state participation in economic regulation with international implications inherently problematic, the article demonstrates that, to the contrary, states have an important role to play in the regulation of international business. States have a long history of challenging the federal government in a way that has promoted a robust national dialogue on …
Don't Tread On Me: Has The United States Government's Quest For Customer Records From Ubs Sounded The Death Knell For Swiss Bank Secrecy Laws, Bradley J. Bondi
Don't Tread On Me: Has The United States Government's Quest For Customer Records From Ubs Sounded The Death Knell For Swiss Bank Secrecy Laws, Bradley J. Bondi
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Privacy protection is a defining characteristic of Swiss culture and a pillar of the Swiss economy. For centuries, the Swiss people have coveted the principles of individual privacy, regularly reaffirming those principles in response to referendums designed to limit them. Swiss banking secrecy, one aspect of privacy, is protected by Swiss criminal and civil laws and professional duties. Swiss banks pride themselves on protecting customer identity and have leveraged their legal and cultural commitment to secrecy to gain a competitive advantage in the global banking market. This brief Article discusses the Swiss banking laws that prohibit a Swiss bank from …
Private Commercialization Of Space In An International Regime: A Proposal For A Space District, Zach Meyer
Private Commercialization Of Space In An International Regime: A Proposal For A Space District, Zach Meyer
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The Soviet Union inaugurated the Space Age in 1957 with the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, into the Earth's orbit. Human activity in space, once only a dream, had become reality. The hope for human advancement was immense. However, over the past five decades, the progress of the Space Age has not matched the measure of that hope. National space agencies have slowly and inefficiently explored and developed the space frontier. But, the success of a recent private competition suggests a better channel for facilitating space exploration and development: private commercial enterprise. However, certain problems are holding …
Transparency In Lending In The United States And The United Kingdom: Which Business Model Does It Best, Mara Hart
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The recent downturn of the global economy, spurred in large part by an unparalleled housing crisis and credit crunch in the United States and abroad, cannot be practicably understood or explained by an examination of isolated factors. Although the impact of the economic downturn has been felt globally, many blame the meltdown of the U.S. subprime mortgage market for their individual country's woes. Therefore, the mortgage regulatory scheme in the United States, in terms of lending practices and housing policies, is an important place to begin an inquiry into the origins of the global crisis. In order to better understand …
Short Selling In A Financial Crisis: The Regulation Of Short Sales In The United Kingdom And The United States, Katherine Mcgavin
Short Selling In A Financial Crisis: The Regulation Of Short Sales In The United Kingdom And The United States, Katherine Mcgavin
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In a well-regulated market with minimal risk of abuse, the liquidity and information efficiency benefits of short selling far outweigh its potential harm. Contrary to the recent hostility short sellers face from market regulators and the popular press, short sellers in aggregate are neither market villains nor agents of destruction. While a small minority of short sellers have exploited lax regulation and inattentive enforcement of anti-abuse rules to manipulate stock prices and earn substantial fees, these rare episodes suggest that the world's major capital markets need better enforcement of existing rules and not new rules per se. The failure of …
Proportional Pragmatism: A Defense Of International Arbitration Agreements In The Face Of Asymmetrical Paternalism, Rusty O'Kane
Proportional Pragmatism: A Defense Of International Arbitration Agreements In The Face Of Asymmetrical Paternalism, Rusty O'Kane
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
With foreign direct investment's increasingly important role in the global market, a more comprehensive regulatory system has emerged to guide key participants. Bilateral investment treaties have developed as an essential piece of the emerging regulatory system. Bilateral investment treaties are "[international investment] agreements between two countries for the reciprocal encouragement, promotion and protection of investments in each other's territories by companies based in either country." These treaties have drastically affected the way foreign investors interact with host countries, especially in the area of dispute resolution. A distinctive feature of many BITs is that they provide for alternative dispute resolution procedures …
Law Without Order In Chinese Corporate Governance Institutions, Donald C. Clarke
Law Without Order In Chinese Corporate Governance Institutions, Donald C. Clarke
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The substantive norms of Chinese corporate governance have been studied extensively inside and outside China. Yet much less attention has been paid to the Chinese institutional environment that determines whether and how far those norms will be made meaningful. While complaints about general lack of enforcement are common, less common are analyses that concretely tie institutional capacity to specific enforcement problems. This Article aims to fill that gap. It surveys a number of state and non-state channels for the enforcement of corporate governance rules and standards in China, from markets to regulatory bodies, looking at the specific capacities of each. …
Lowering The Cost Of Rent: How Ifrs And The Convergence Of Corporate Governance Standards Can Help Foreign Issuers Raise Capital In The United States And Abroad, Kyle W. Pine
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Since the early 1990s the United States has experienced a dramatic growth in the number of foreign firms choosing to trade their shares in U.S. markets. Meanwhile, Europe and other markets have not experienced this effect to the same extent. there has been an observable worldwide growth in stock market capitalization since the 1990s with an increasing number of foreign issuers choosing to cross-list their shares abroad, usually in the United States. Traditional explanations for why firms choose to cross-list have focused primarily on access to trade in more liquid markets. A more convincing theory for why firms cross-list, attributed …
Incremental International Tax Reform: A Review Of Selected Proposals, David L. Cameron, Philip F. Postlewaite
Incremental International Tax Reform: A Review Of Selected Proposals, David L. Cameron, Philip F. Postlewaite
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Business people, tax practitioners, and legal academics generally agree that the United States' international tax regime is broken. Criticisms abound that the system is overly complicated, disadvantageous to American businesses competing in a global economy, and frequently subject to manipulation and abuse. In the recent past, individuals and groups across the political spectrum have proposed numerous reforms to address these problems, some of which seek simply to modify current requirements while others jettison the current system in favor of dramatic alternatives. Two of the more ambitious proposals regarding international tax reform have centered on implementing changes that would significantly modify …
Rethinking The Foreign Direct Investment Process And Incentives In Post-Conflict Transition Countries, Kojo Yelpaala
Rethinking The Foreign Direct Investment Process And Incentives In Post-Conflict Transition Countries, Kojo Yelpaala
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Burdened by the remnants of conflict, continuing threats of security lapses, significant market failures and weak institutions, post-conflict transition countries can hardly be described as normal economies. The task of transforming them into vibrant, productive, and self-sustaining economies is no simple assignment. Constructing the blueprint for reconstruction and economic development requires creativity of the first order. Conventional theories or pure neo-liberal market driven policy levers preached by the Washington Consensus Group are not likely to be productive. The design of the investment regime for development should therefore focus on non-conventional policy constructs. Contrary to the received theories, the history and …
Of All Things Made In America Why Are We Exporting The Penn Central Test, Anthony B. Sanders
Of All Things Made In America Why Are We Exporting The Penn Central Test, Anthony B. Sanders
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Developing countries enter into bilateral investment treaties ("BITs") in order to increase foreign direct investment ("FDI"). Ignoring this straightforward fact has led to a great deal of confusion in the assessment of BITs and their protection of regulatory takings. This article addresses the question of how a BIT should approach regulatory takings with the purpose of increasing FDI in mind. It explores the background of the United States Supreme Court's Penn Central test and the test's incorporation into the post-NAFTA round of U.S. BITs. Then, the article examines whether an uncertain and flexible test such as Penn Central is suitable …
Inversions Under Section 7874 Of The Internal Revenue Code: Flawed Legislation, Flawed Guidance, Jefferson P. Vanderwolk
Inversions Under Section 7874 Of The Internal Revenue Code: Flawed Legislation, Flawed Guidance, Jefferson P. Vanderwolk
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The Obama Administration's international tax proposals would, if enacted, be likely to increase the U.S. tax costs of many multinational groups that are owned by a U.S. entity. One possible response by the managers or owners of such a group would be to restructure the group via an inversion transaction so that the group would have a foreign corporate parent instead of a US parent entity. Inversions were in vogue in the late 1990s and the early years of this decade until Congress passed the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, adding section 7874 to the Internal Revenue Code. The …
Credit Vs. Exemption: A Comparative Study Of Double Tax Relief In The United States And Japan, Lawrence Lokken, Yoshimi Kitamura
Credit Vs. Exemption: A Comparative Study Of Double Tax Relief In The United States And Japan, Lawrence Lokken, Yoshimi Kitamura
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The overriding issue in international taxation is the problem of double taxation. Under the tax laws of most countries, income may be taxed on the basis of either residence or source. That is, a country may tax residents of the country on worldwide income and may tax nonresidents on income from sources within the country. Thus, if a resident of one country has income from a business activity or investment in another country, the person may be taxed on the income on a residence basis by its home country and on a source basis in the other country. Most countries …
U.S. International Tax System At A Crossroads, Barbara Angus, Tom Neubig, Eric Solomon, Mark Weinberger
U.S. International Tax System At A Crossroads, Barbara Angus, Tom Neubig, Eric Solomon, Mark Weinberger
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The current U.S. international tax system, the administration's international tax proposals, and other potential international tax reforms all have ramifications for U.S. businesses, American workers, and the U.S. economy that must be fully discussed and understood. This report focuses on some of the most important facts and perspectives that should be considered as part of that discussion. This process starts by asking, at a minimum, questions like these: (1) How have the dynamics of the global economy changed? (2) What role should differences between the U.S. tax system and those of other countries play in determining an advantageous international tax …
The Significance Of South-South Bits For The International Investment Regime: A Quantitative Analysis, Lauge Skovgaard Poulsen
The Significance Of South-South Bits For The International Investment Regime: A Quantitative Analysis, Lauge Skovgaard Poulsen
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Initially, bilateral investment treaties ("BITs") were intended as legal instruments to promote and protect investments from rich capital exporting states to the developing world. While BITs signed between developing countries (hereinafter South-South BITs) began to emerge from the mid-1960s onwards with the 1964 Kuwait-Iraq BIT, a typical BIT was until recently negotiated between a developed and a developing country (hereinafter North-South BITs). In order to examine these questions, this paper will investigate whether there are systematic differences in investment-rule making between South-South and North-South BITs. As noted by UNCTAD in its cursory review of South-South BITs, such an analysis has …
Transfer Pricing And Fin 48: Removing Uncertainty Through The Advanced Pricing Agreement Process, Christopher Capuzzi
Transfer Pricing And Fin 48: Removing Uncertainty Through The Advanced Pricing Agreement Process, Christopher Capuzzi
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The increasing globalization of companies is indisputable, and the multinational enterprise offers many heuristic challenges. Among these are jurisdiction-specific taxation and accounting standards and principles. Enterprises often operate without regard to legal entity structures but rather along business lines. While entities may operate without regard to jurisdictional lines, local taxing and accounting regimes are steadfast on ensuring adherence to their respective principles. Chief among these is ensuring that there is a proper allocation of the tax base. The proper allocation of the tax base has long been at the forefront of concerns, so much so that normative transfer pricing principles …
Coping With Uncertainty: The Role Of Contracts In Russian Industry During The Transition To The Market, Kathryn Hendley
Coping With Uncertainty: The Role Of Contracts In Russian Industry During The Transition To The Market, Kathryn Hendley
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In the decade following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia earned a reputation for being a chaotic environment for business. Some commentators went so far as to label it as the "Wild East," a scary place where law was largely irrelevant and criminal gangs held sway. In a series of articles, I have begun to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the day-to-day reality of life for industrial enterprises in Yeltsin's Russia. The picture that emerges is more nuanced than the stereotype of industry beholden to the mafia that the popular media has perpetuated. In this article, …
International Tax Reform Should Begin At Home: Replace The Corporate Income Tax With A Territorial Expenditure, William B. Barker
International Tax Reform Should Begin At Home: Replace The Corporate Income Tax With A Territorial Expenditure, William B. Barker
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The present U.S. system of international taxation is riddled with problems because it does not satisfy critical principles of economics, justice, or common sense. It fails to accomplish the most important goals that an international system should achieve - that is, protecting the domestic tax base in a way that fosters domestic economic development and the creation of jobs. This paper explores alternatives to the present system to see if they do a better job. Some of the alternatives fail for the same reasons as the present system because they are predicated on the same outmoded theories. Some are clearly …
President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board: Suggested Considerations In Fundamental Reform Of The United States Tax Treatment Of Income From Cross Border Trade And Investment, Robert H. Dilworth
President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board: Suggested Considerations In Fundamental Reform Of The United States Tax Treatment Of Income From Cross Border Trade And Investment, Robert H. Dilworth
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board ("PERAB") has as part of its mandated inquiry the reform of the U.S. tax treatment of income from cross border trade and investment. This paper sets forth a short set of recommendations as to tax reform methodology and some substantive proposals. Tax reform should not "start over," or undertake significant changes, without a fairly detailed understanding of what the present regime actually does, or does not do, and identifying the relationship (if any) between the various existing provisions and whatever "the problem" is perceived to be. The present architecture results from the striking of …
The Nafta Trucking Provisions And The Teamsters: Why They Need Each Other, Erica Richman
The Nafta Trucking Provisions And The Teamsters: Why They Need Each Other, Erica Richman
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Part I of this comment lays out the basic structure of the Bush pilot program and outlines the general arguments anchoring the Teamsters' opposition. Part II discusses the history of NAFTA and the specific NAFTA trucking program, and charts the controversy surrounding the implementation of these provisions. Part III examines the current status of the NAFTA trucking debate and the Bush pilot program, and looks at the various legislative attacks on completing NAFTA implementation. Part IV offers an overview of the trucking industry's organized labor landscape in both the United States and in Mexico. Part V explores why the Teamsters …
"Perfectly Properly Triable" In The United States: Is Extradition A Real And Significant Threat To Foreign Antitrust Offenders?, Daseul Kim
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Seeking extradition of foreign officers in charge of foreign corporations for trial in the United States is one of the latest policies that the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") has adopted to enforce U.S. antitrust laws internationally. As a result, the world has become a much riskier place for foreign officers and executives, who, in the past, could practically ignore U.S. antitrust laws and still hide safely behind the protection of their own countries' borders. The DOJ expects this "real and significant" threat of extradition to incentivize foreign corporate officers to comply with U.S. antitrust laws by altering their conduct, …