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Articles 271 - 300 of 372
Full-Text Articles in International Law
Vat? A Look Inside Canada's Experience With The Goods And Services Tax, Brandon A. Ketterman
Vat? A Look Inside Canada's Experience With The Goods And Services Tax, Brandon A. Ketterman
San Diego International Law Journal
Consumption taxes have been and continue to be utilized as a staple revenue producer within systems of taxation. The value-added tax (VAT) is one form of consumption tax that has grown in popularity among nations over the last several decades. In fact, after the passage of a goods and services tax (one type of VAT) in Australia in 2000, the United States now stands alone as the only remaining OECD nation, among its 30 members, without some form of a value-added tax on consumption. As the massive topic of tax reform continually appears at the forefront of the political landscape, …
Foreword, Leslie A. Robinson
Foreword, Leslie A. Robinson
San Diego International Law Journal
This issue of the San Diego International Law Journal contains articles spanning a wide range of topics in international and comparative law. David Barnum cogently discusses the history of the "clear and present danger" test in the United States, and its increasing role in cases involving the advocacy of unlawful action before the European Court of Human Rights. This topic is of particular relevance today, as the war on terror requires us to make difficult choices in balancing protection of Constitutional liberties with national security. Jae Sung Lee explores the proposed multilateral framework on competition policy from the perspective of …
Towards A Development-Oriented Multilateral Framework On Competition Policy, Jae Sung Lee
Towards A Development-Oriented Multilateral Framework On Competition Policy, Jae Sung Lee
San Diego International Law Journal
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) is a successful attempt by the international community to codify and unify the law of the sea. After long negotiations, the LOSC opened for signature at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) in 1982. Together with its two formal associations, the Part XI Implementation Agreement 1994 and the Straddling and Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement 1995, it is regarded as one of the most comprehensive documents ever adopted by the international community. The LOSC not only succeeded in addressing all topics covered …
The Clear And Present Danger Test In Anglo-American And European Law, David G. Barnum
The Clear And Present Danger Test In Anglo-American And European Law, David G. Barnum
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article will examine the role that the danger test has played in the decisions of American courts and, more recently, in the decisions of British courts and the enforcement organs of the European Convention. Part I will briefly trace the immediate Anglo-American constitutional background from which the danger test emerged. It particular, it will examine the way in which the common law offense of seditious libel was defined by British judges and judicial commentators in the late nineteenth century. Part II will focus on the evolution in American law of judicial attempts to articulate both a "content-based" and an …
Money Talks: The Influence Of Economic Power On The Employment Laws And Policies In The United States And France, Carole A. Scott
Money Talks: The Influence Of Economic Power On The Employment Laws And Policies In The United States And France, Carole A. Scott
San Diego International Law Journal
Money talks. Money changes everything. There is nothing money cannot buy. These are all familiar phrases used to describe the desirable, and undesirable, effects of money. Money can also mean power, and more specifically, economic power. Indeed, economic power is becoming an increasingly important concept for a wide range of academic disciplines. For example, the concept of economic power has heavily influenced a new theory of international relations, namely globalization. Many globalization theorists argue that economic power is replacing military power in global politics. Other scholars contend that globalization is creating a new world order where economics are the central …
Public Trust And Political Legitimacy: Conflict Of Interests And The Role Of The Parliament's Speaker In Israel And Europe, Lior Zemer, Eyal Kimel, Sharon Pardo
Public Trust And Political Legitimacy: Conflict Of Interests And The Role Of The Parliament's Speaker In Israel And Europe, Lior Zemer, Eyal Kimel, Sharon Pardo
San Diego International Law Journal
In its six sections, this Article examines the role of Speakers, the nexus between their many duties and powers, possible points of conflict among their different duties, as well as the connection between their official duties and personal interests. This Article takes the role of the Speaker of the Israeli Parliament as its organizing principle. Sections Two and Three discuss the constitutional underpinnings of conflicts of interest and the way in which these apply to Members of the Knesset. Section Four takes the Israeli Speaker as a test case and explores in greater details the many flaws and conflicts inherent …
The Interrelation Between The Law Of The Sea Convention And Customary International Law, Martin Lishexian Lee
The Interrelation Between The Law Of The Sea Convention And Customary International Law, Martin Lishexian Lee
San Diego International Law Journal
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) is a successful attempt by the international community to codify and unify the law of the sea. After long negotiations, the LOSC opened for signature at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) in 1982. Together with its two formal associations, the Part XI Implementation Agreement 1994 and the Straddling and Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement 1995, it is regarded as one of the most comprehensive documents ever adopted by the international community. The LOSC not only succeeded in addressing all topics covered …
Litigating Child Recruitment Before The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Noah B. Novogrodsky
Litigating Child Recruitment Before The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Noah B. Novogrodsky
San Diego International Law Journal
In May 2004, the Special Court for Sierra Leone issued a landmark decision finding that an individual may be held criminally responsible for the offense of recruiting child soldiers into armed conflict. As a hybrid tribunal established by the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone to try those who "bear the greatest responsibility" for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during the country's civil war after November 1996, the Special Court is the first international criminal body to indict a person for the crime of recruiting and employing children in war. The decision in the case of …
Brief Of The University Of Toronto International Human Rights Clinic As Amicus Curiae To The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Noah B. Novogrodsky
Brief Of The University Of Toronto International Human Rights Clinic As Amicus Curiae To The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Noah B. Novogrodsky
San Diego International Law Journal
This brief addresses three questions: 1) the illegality of recruiting child soldiers into armed conflict; 2) the application of penal sanctions in international humanitarian law; and 3) the proper application of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege. Part I of our argument will establish that the recruitment of children into armed conflict is and was unquestionably a violation of international humanitarian law at the time the alleged offences took place. Part II will explain when international law permits prosecution of violations of international humanitarian law irrespective of whether penal sanctions are attached. Amici conclude that such prosecutions are permitted …
The Obligation To Use Force To Stop Acts Of Genocide: An Overview Of Legal Precedents, Customary Norms, And State Responsibility, Joshua M. Kagan
The Obligation To Use Force To Stop Acts Of Genocide: An Overview Of Legal Precedents, Customary Norms, And State Responsibility, Joshua M. Kagan
San Diego International Law Journal
Though the Genocide Convention was created to "liberate mankind from [the] odious scourge" of genocide, the dreams of its drafters have still not come to fruition. The commission of genocide, widely considered the most appalling of all crimes, did not end with the signing and ratification of the Convention in 1948. Genocide continues in the world today. While its sentiments were noble and its aims commendable, the Genocide Convention as it is interpreted and applied today is insufficient to stop the commission of genocide in the world. In order to rid the world of this crime, a new interpretation of …
Circumventing The Supremacy Clause? Understanding The Constitutional Implications Of The United States' Treatment Of Treaty Obligations Through An Analysis Of The New York Convention, Amber A. Ward
San Diego International Law Journal
The United States participation in treaties and other international agreements is becoming more necessary and an increasingly prevalent occurrence as a result of globalization. The rapid pace of technological innovation and more effective means of transportation have caused our world to shrink, making countries even more interconnected. The corresponding explosion of international business and commercial transactions has resulted in high levels of risk and uncertainty due to a complex mix of laws, monetary factors, politics and cultures that vary across countries. For global players, it has become essential to have international agreements that can mitigate the risks inherent in international …
Trips: With A Painful Birth, Uncertain Health, And A Host Of Issues In China, Where Lies Its Future, Allan Segal
Trips: With A Painful Birth, Uncertain Health, And A Host Of Issues In China, Where Lies Its Future, Allan Segal
San Diego International Law Journal
In recent decades, the United States and other western nations have used pragmatic and theoretical reasons to justify a strong, global intellectual property ("IP") regime. From a practical perspective, economically mature nations clearly have a direct, vested interest in preventing the piracy of patented goods and ensuring that their domestic agendas maximize financial protection for inventions or creations. Nevertheless, the supranational disregard of patent protection and IP piracy has a financial impact on numerous companies, as well as the taxpaying citizens, in developed countries. These disparate foundations for basic IP rights result in a haphazard theoretical grounding to the Agreement …
The Right Of Publicity: Recovering Stolen Identities Under International Law, Emily Grant
The Right Of Publicity: Recovering Stolen Identities Under International Law, Emily Grant
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article proceeds from the assumption that the claims just hypothesized ought to be universally recognized to entitle a celebrity to an action for infringement of his or her right of publicity. It surveys the possibilities for protection of the right of publicity under current international intellectual property law. First, it briefly describes the American right of publicity doctrine as well as the policy shortcomings of the American doctrine and points out the lack of explicit protection for the right in other countries. It next explores the foundations of the right of publicity through a triptych of doctrines - including …
Foreword, Leslie A. Robinson
Foreword, Leslie A. Robinson
San Diego International Law Journal
The articles appearing in Volume 7 of San Diego International Law Journal span the globe and cover the breadth of international law. The concept of globalization offers a prism through which to view the articles in this issue. The first three articles are focused on Africa. Nsongurua Udombana eloquently addresses the need for both debt relief and the full integration of Africa into the global trading system. Karol Boudreaux analyzes the conflict over land rights in Nigeria's Plateau State under the Land Use Act of 1978, which nationalized all land in Nigeria. Edward Fluet discusses the impact of the trade …
The Summer Has Ended And We Are Not Saved! Towards A Transformative Agenda For Africa's Development, Nsongurua J. Udombana
The Summer Has Ended And We Are Not Saved! Towards A Transformative Agenda For Africa's Development, Nsongurua J. Udombana
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article examines the promised debt relief and commends the G8 for taking the initiative to assist a continent in crisis. The Article, however, argues that debt relief is far from a complete cure, and that Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) needs more than handouts from the G8 to overcome poverty. Debt relief is merely the end of the beginning; it is, at best, a gesture of support to Africa's effort at meeting human security, which the African Union (A.U.) defines as "the security of the individual in terms of satisfaction of his/her basic needs." Africa's problems are conspicuous, though their solutions …
The Human Face Of Resource Conflict: Property And Power In Nigeria, Karol C. Boudreaux
The Human Face Of Resource Conflict: Property And Power In Nigeria, Karol C. Boudreaux
San Diego International Law Journal
This paper considers possible answers to these difficult questions by focusing on two issues: the evolution of legal norms in response to both endogenous and exogenous changes, and the role that African customary law and indigenous dispute resolution has played in promoting coordination and cooperation among group members, thereby reducing violent conflict. This paper explores legislative actions taken by the Nigerian government that impede the continued evolution of these relatively elastic customary legal norms. Property norms under customary Nigerian law were flexible enough to provide a wide variety of property rights and allow for the peaceful trading and reasonable protection …
Conflicts Diamonds: U.S. Responsibility And Response, Edward R. Fluet
Conflicts Diamonds: U.S. Responsibility And Response, Edward R. Fluet
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article will examine U.S. and international efforts to combat the trade in conflict diamonds. Specifically, this article will detail their failures and examine the need for U.S. backed legislation to prevent the conflict diamond trade more effectively. This article proceeds as follows: Part I will examine the effect of the conflict diamond trade on those caught in the grip of civil war and terrorism. Part II will analyze international efforts to curtail conflict diamonds trade, specifically examining international support of the Kimberley Process. Part III and IV will examine the United States'efforts to regulate conflict diamonds and the inherent …
Saving Salvage: Avoiding Misguided Changes To Salvage And Finds Law, Christopher Z. Bordelon
Saving Salvage: Avoiding Misguided Changes To Salvage And Finds Law, Christopher Z. Bordelon
San Diego International Law Journal
In recent years, as technology permitting previously impossible underwater salvage operations has become available, ancient principles of the laws of salvage and of finds as applied to sunken ships have come under attack. Those who would limit or preclude the application of salvage and finds principles and the conduct of salvage operations in the context of shipwrecks have advocated changes in both the common law of admiralty and in related statutory law. They have also supported an international convention on the subject. Academic commentary favoring heightened preservation praises these developments and promotes further initiatives to protect the "underwater cultural heritage" …
The Emerging Presence Of Mexican Law In California Courts, Jorge A. Vargas
The Emerging Presence Of Mexican Law In California Courts, Jorge A. Vargas
San Diego International Law Journal
In a quick search for cases involving foreign law that have been decided by California courts over the last two years, the results were not surprising: 100 cases were governed by Mexican law, 57 by Canadian law, 29 by Japanese law, 28 by German law, and 12 by Chinese law. I would like to pose two ideas before this learned audience: first, that becoming familiar with foreign law is a practical, intriguing and beneficial exercise for California judges and for American judges at large. And second, that Mexican law represents an emerging and a very large component of foreign law …
Legislative And Policy Responses To Terrorism, A Global Perspective, Amos N. Guiora
Legislative And Policy Responses To Terrorism, A Global Perspective, Amos N. Guiora
San Diego International Law Journal
While Tuesday morning, September 11, 2001, would strike most Americans as the starting date for terrorism- at least as understood by a recently attacked America- the truth is very different both from the American and international perspective. The scope and intensity of the attack that Tuesday morning dramatically changed the American response to terrorism in the short-term and long-term. The change in America's response has impacted the American political debate, its way of life, and its legal and policy perspectives regarding terrorism and counter-terrorism alike. September 11 also had a global impact from an operational, intelligence-gathering, policy and legal perspective. …
Mara Salvatrucha (Ms-13) And Ley Anti Mara: El Salvador's Struggle To Reclaim Social Order, Juan J. Fogelbach
Mara Salvatrucha (Ms-13) And Ley Anti Mara: El Salvador's Struggle To Reclaim Social Order, Juan J. Fogelbach
San Diego International Law Journal
MS-13 poses a threat to both Salvadorians and Americans. It is a gang that must be cooperatively contained; it will not be controlled by a simplistic burden-shifting policy that leaves El Salvador, a developing country, to unilaterally deal with the problem. This paper will argue that: (1) the deportation of gang members, which results in the arbitrary deaths of thousands of innocent Salvadorians who have no legal recourse amounts to a grave violation of human rights; (2) deportation of gang members to a society where they are likely to be killed by vigilante death squads, or in prison fires and …
The Paradox Of Omnipotence: Courts, Constitutions, And Commitments, David S. Law
The Paradox Of Omnipotence: Courts, Constitutions, And Commitments, David S. Law
University of San Diego Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series
Sovereigns, like individuals, must sometimes make commitments that limit their own freedom of action in order to accomplish their goals. Social scientists have observed that constitutional arrangements can, by restricting a sovereign's power, enable the sovereign to make such commitments. This paper advances several claims about the commitment problems that sovereigns face. First, constitutions do not necessarily solve such problems but can instead aggravate them, by entrenching inalienable governmental powers and immunities. Second, sovereigns and other actors face two distinct varieties of commitment problems - undercommitment and overcommitment - between which they must steer: an actor that can bind itself …
Securing A Journalist's Testimonial Privilege In The International Criminal Court, Anastasia Heeger
Securing A Journalist's Testimonial Privilege In The International Criminal Court, Anastasia Heeger
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article argues that given the unique and significant contribution of journalists to uncovering and documenting war crimes, the ICC should amend its evidentiary rules to recognize a qualified journalist's privilege. In doing so, the ICC should clearly identify who may benefit from such a privilege, clarify a procedure for balancing the need of reportorial testimony against prosecution and defense interests, and, lastly provide for mandatory consultations between the court and affected news organizations or journalists before allowing the issuance of a subpoena. Such clarity will benefit not only journalists working in war zones and the ICC, but will provide …
Countering Terrorism: From Wigged Judges To Helmeted Soldiers - Legal Perspectives On America's Counter-Terrorism Responses, Jackson Nyamuya Maogoto
Countering Terrorism: From Wigged Judges To Helmeted Soldiers - Legal Perspectives On America's Counter-Terrorism Responses, Jackson Nyamuya Maogoto
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article aims to evaluate the international legal perspectives attendant to U.S. counter-terrorism measures and policy and the attendant strictures an implications. Part II commences by grappling with the uneasy relationship that legal and political complexities have foisted on the UN's ability to address terrorism and the difficult issue of the definition of terrorism. Within the context of this part, the Article also addresses the two dominant counter-terrorism paradigms-law enforcement and conflict management. Part III oves on to evaluate the law enforcement paradigm which treats terrorism as a crime engaging domestic law enforcement. This part offers a discussion of the …
Foreword, Amit S. Parekh
Foreword, Amit S. Parekh
San Diego International Law Journal
In preparation for the turn of the century five years ago, the U.N. presented a comprehensive outlook of its mission in the Millennium Report (Report) entitled: "We the Peoples: The Role of the U.N. in the 21st Century." The Report Called on Member States to Commit themselves to certain goals of the U.N. Included in the Report's proposals was the view that "globalization is a powerful force offering both opportunities and challenges for nations and people, and must be made to work for all people.
China's Media: The Impact Of The Internet, Richard Cullen, D. W. Choy
China's Media: The Impact Of The Internet, Richard Cullen, D. W. Choy
San Diego International Law Journal
[T]his paper provides a review of how the use of the Internet has grown and been regulated in China. We then draw some conclusions on what the experience to date may have to tell us about future regulatory and usage patterns with respect to the Internet in China.
"When Caterpillars Kill": Holding U.S. Corporations Accountable For Knowingly Selling Equipment To Countries For The Commission Of Human Rights Abuses Abroad, Zaha Hassan
San Diego International Law Journal
With the recent trend towards holding corporations accountable for aiding and abetting human rights abuses abroad, this paper asks the question whether corporations should be held liable for knowingly facilitating human rights abuses abroad by selling equipment widely known to be used in such abuses. To this end, the case of Caterpillar sales to Israel will here be examined. Part II provides an overview of the history of the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and its applicability in United States courts. Part III gives an overview of how corporate liability for human rights abuses abroad developed under the ATCA. Part …
The Prohibition Of Widespread Rape As A Jus Cogens, Dean Adams
The Prohibition Of Widespread Rape As A Jus Cogens, Dean Adams
San Diego International Law Journal
This Comment explains why the prohibition of widespread rape should be recognized as a jus cogens through analyses of the failure of existing international legal instruments, advances within international law towards the universal prohibition of widespread rape, and policy reasons for classifying widespread rape as a jus cogens. In doing so, this comment will demonstrate the particular timeliness of this topic by reviewing the use of widespread rape in several countries through the 1990s, the widespread rape presently occurring in Kenya, and the emerging reports from Iraq of rape committed at the hands of the Saddam Hussein regime. Finally, this …
An Evaluation Of Current Legitimacy-Based Objections To Nafta's Chapter 11 Investment Dispute Resolution Process, Naveen Gurudevan
An Evaluation Of Current Legitimacy-Based Objections To Nafta's Chapter 11 Investment Dispute Resolution Process, Naveen Gurudevan
San Diego International Law Journal
The year 1994 saw the conclusion of a very important trilateral trade and investment treaty in North America: the North American Free Trade Agreement. Since then, this agreement has had a tremendous impact on the trading relations among the three signatory states-the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Of particular significance is Chapter 11, the Investment Chapter. One of the main objectives of Chapter 11 is to provide an effective means for the resolution of disputes between a foreign investor and the host government. To this end, it provides a mechanism whereby private parties can initiate arbitration proceedings against the host …