International Humanitarian Law Commons^™

Book Review, John B. Marshall

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Neither author devotes major attention to the vast array of practical problems that beset the developing world and impair all efforts for progress. This was not their purpose. Neither book attempts to catalog the problems or discuss proposed solutions, other than economic regionalism. Taking a broader view than these books and their treatment of economic regionalism, one finds that the problems of material circumstances and human condition appear to be more extensive and more powerful than regionalism can solve. The variety and seriousness of the problems faced by the developing countries explain the lack of success of regionalism and discourage …

Panel Discussion, Professor Jonathan Charney, Professor Thomas Franck, Professor Jordan Paust, Professor John Murphy, Geoffrey Levitt, Professor Kenneth Abbott, Professor Robert Friedlander, Professor Alberto Coll, Professor Jerome Reichman

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Kelsen, in his writings, took the position that in law, particularly international law, there are superior and inferior limits to the law; that is, when a norm is articulated and the society behaves in conformance with the norm, and it would do so even in the absence of the norm, the norm is not serving a legal function; it is not serving a normative function of encouraging behavior because the behavior would be in conformance with that norm in any event. There's also the inferior limit to the law; that is, a situation where a rule is articulated but the …

Salvadorans In The United States - Caught In A Web Of Unresolved Tension, Kathleen M. Smith

Antioch Law Journal

Since civil war broke out in 1979, the plight of the Salvadoran people has been well documented.' The United States Department of State which tends to be restrained in its reporting states that,[h]uman rights conditions in El Salvador are strongly affected by the ongoing civil strife. The achievement of a stable public order sufficient to protect individual rights has been disrupted by guerilla military operations, partisan hatreds, acts of revenge, fear and a prevailing uncertainty characterized by violence. This situation contributes to and is complicated by, the ineffective operation of the judicial system, caused in part by corruption and intimidation.2 …

Ensuring The Credibility Of United States Food Aid: Proposals For Insulating The Food Security Wheat Reserve From Economic Influences, Ann Marie Neugebauer

Washington Law Review

This Comment proposes and evaluates two amendments to the legislation governing the emergency reserve that would help insulate the reserve from the market. Insulation can be accomplished by creating and protecting certain contract rights of the farmer/vendor against the United States government. The farmer could enforce those rights if the government released the reserve for purposes other than urgent humanitarian food aid. The Appendix contains proposed legislation which creates and protects such remedies. These proposals should contribute positively to public policy debate over methods of ensuring world food security. However, this Comment considers only the legal viability, not the political …

Special Project--Feast Or Famine: Issues, Problems, And Procedures Relating To Massive Relief Efforts With A Focus On The African Crisis, Peggy F. Brandenburg, Susan N. Burgess, Scott N. Greenspun, Sharon M. Janarek, Patrick M. Thomas, Linda L. Kotis

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

"The profound promise of our era is that for the first time we may have the technical capacity to free mankind from the scourge of hunger. Therefore, today we must proclaim a bold objective--that within a decade no child will go to bed hungry, that no family will fear for its next day's bread, and that no human being's future and capacities will be stunted by malnutrition."

One decade later, the ongoing drought and famine in Ethiopia, Chad, Mozambique and other African countries cruelly portray the failure of that promise. Each year, millions of dollars worth of aid, much of …

Immigration And Naturalization Service V. Stevic: Standards Of Proof In Refugee Cases Involving Political Asylum And Withholding Of Deportation, Arthur C. Helton

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

Separation Of Powers And Adjudication Of Human Rights Clalims Under The Alien Tort Claims Act—Hanoch Tel-Oren V. Libyan Arab Republic, 726 F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir. 1984), Cert. Denied, 105 S. Ct. 1354 (1985), Laura Wishik

Washington Law Review

This Note examines the opinions in Tel-Oren that relied upon separation of powers principles to foreclose adjudication of section 1350 suits. The Note explores the underlying reasons for advocating judicial deference on foreign affairs issues. Judge Robb's application of the political question doctrine to Tel-Oren, and Judge Bork's use of both the political question and act of state doctrines as evidence of separation of powers principles that require judicial abstention, are analyzed in detail. Alternative principles that limit jurisdiction over such claims are examined, including the act of state doctrine, sovereign immunity, forum non conveniens, and the evidence required to …

The Constitution And Informational Privacy, Or How So-Called Conservatives Countenance Governmental Intrustion Into A Person's Private Affairs, 18 J. Marshall L. Rev. 871 (1985), Michael P. Seng

UIC Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Kahan Report, Ariel Sharon And The Sabra-Shatilla Massacres In Lebanon: Responsibility Under International Law For Massacres Of Civilian Populations, Linda A. Malone

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Book Review Of Passion: An Essay On Personality , Richard F. Devlin Frsc

Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press

Passion is a cogently structured, compel Jingly argued and seductively enthralling masterpiece which, in years to come, will undoubtedly stand out as an inspirational source for many who seek social transformation. Unger's style, in this essay at least, is lucid and inviting. Substantively, Passion demonstrates not only the depth of his penetrating intellect but also his command of an array of' disciplines. Unger's polymathy is all the more impressive when we remember that ours is an era in which idiosyncratic specialization is the norm.

Political Refugees, Nonrefoulement And State Practice: A Comparative Study, Robert C. Sexton

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Article will survey and assess the attempts of five of the major refugee receiving countries of the West, the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, and Italy, to comply with the mandates of the Convention and Protocol. Specifically, inquiry will focus on the two issues most applicable to the admission and exclusion of political refugees: (1) domestic interpretation of the Convention definition of "refugee;" and (2) adherence to the principle of nonrefoulement, which is the Convention's proscription on returning persons falling within its refugee definition to countries of alleged persecution.

Section II explores the precise substantive provisions of the …

A Commentary On American Legal Scholarship Concerning The Admission Of Migrants, James A.R. Nafziger

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

The following essay will focus attention on American legal scholarship concerning the admission of migrants. This topic is instructive and practical because of its impact on both municipal and global law. An eminent international jurist observed that greater foresight by scholars twenty-five years ago could have averted many current problems of migration. Today, these problems arise from such sources as the population explosion, periodic droughts, the pull factor of opportunities in advanced economies, and massive political unrest in the Horn of Africa, Afghanistan, Southeast Asia, Central America, and elsewhere. Migrants are knocking at the gates of sovereignty, even crashing some …

Human Rights In The Middle East, Linda A. Malone

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Arab-Israeli Conflict, Linda A. Malone

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Political Asylum Under The 1980 Refugee Act: An Unfulfilled Promise, Arthur C. Helton

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

Part I of this Article reviews the history and development of asylum law in the United States which culminated in the passage of the Refugee Act of 1980. It analyzes the failure of the responsible administrative authorities to follow the dictates of the law - a circumstance which prompted the passage of the Act and which now threatens to subvert the right to asylum in the United States. Part II considers the impact on asylum seekers of new alien interdiction and detention programs, and the legality of those programs under domestic and international law. Finally, Part III makes specific recommendations, …

Political Asylum In The Federal Republic Of Germany And The Republic Of France: Lessons For The United States, T. Alexander Aleinikoff

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

The recent flood of asylum claims, and the concerns it engenders, are not peculiar to the United States. Western European nations have witnessed similar increases in asylum applications over the past decade, .and institutions charged with adjudicating claims have become severely overburdened. This Article will describe the experience of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of France in coping with the explosion of asylum claims. A comparative analysis may provide perspective on the American situation and perhaps suggest - or rule out - proposals for change currently under consideration in the United States. To appreciate the saliency of …

Human Rights, U.S. Foreign Policy, And Haitian Refugees, John Scanlan, Gilburt Loescher

Articles by Maurer Faculty

No abstract provided.

U.S. Foreign Policy, 1959-80: Impact On Refugee Flow From Cuba, John Scanlan, Gilburt Loescher

Articles by Maurer Faculty

Migration from Cuba to the United States since Castro assumed power, and the haracterization of those leaving as refugees, have been strongly affected by U.S. foreign policy concerns. During the 1959-62 migration wave, particularly prior to the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cubans were welcomed as temporary exiles, likely to topple Castro and return home. The second major migration wave began in 1965, in the midst of a U.S. campaign for systematically isolating and economically depriving Cuba and its citizens. When thousands of those citizens left Cuba, primarily to improve their economic circumstances and rejoin family members, they …

Torture As A Violation Of International Law Providing Federal Jurisdiction: Filartiga V. Pena Irala And The Alien Tort Statute, Neil J. Conway

Antioch Law Journal

In Filartiga v. Pefia-IralaI the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal courts over an action between foreign nationals for the wrongful death by torture of a seventeen year old boy in Paraguay. Reversing the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, the Second Circuit held that deliberate torture committed by a foreign police official violates international law, and that an action may therefore be brought in district court under 28 U.S.C. § 1350 (The Alien Tort Statute).2 The Alien Tort Statute, rarely invoked since its …

Mass Asylum And Human Rights In American Foreign Policy, John Scanlan, G. D. Loescher

Articles by Maurer Faculty

No abstract provided.

Normative And Policy Restraints On War, William V. O'Brien

Michigan Law Review

A Review of Restraints on War: Studies in the Limitation of Armed Conflict edited by Michael Howard, and Humanitarian Politics: The International Committee of the Red Cross by David P. Forsythe

Book Reviews, W. Paul Gormley, John E. Semonche

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Book Reviews

CHEMICAL WEAPONS: DESTRUCTION AND CONVERSION

Published for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

London: Taylor and Francis, 1980. Pp. 201.

Reviewed by W. Paul Gormley

-----------------------------------

THE DEFINITION OF LAW

Hermann Kantorowicz

Edited by A.H.Campbell, with an introduction by A.L. Goodhart

New York: Octagon Books, 1980. Notes and bibliography. Pp. 113.

Reviewed by John E. Semonche

The North-South Dialogue, Thomas Ehrlich

Articles by Maurer Faculty

No abstract provided.

International Law And The American Hostages In Iran, Walter L. Williams Jr.

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Approach Of The Helsinki Declaration To Human Rights, Antonio Cassese

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the basic attitude toward human rights evidenced in the Helsinki Declaration. By way of introduction, I shall describe summarily how perceptions of human rights have evolved in the United Nations since the adoption of the Charter in 1945. It is in this context that the novelty of the Helsinki exercise can be viewed and assessed.

There are many ways of analyzing and appraising United Nations action in the field of human rights over the years. This complex phenomenon can be divided into various stages, according to prevailing political philosophy. Three phases …

Charter 77 In Czechoslovakia And The International Protection Of Human Rights, Roger Errera

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Charter 77 was published in Prague in early January, 1977. At that time the document contained 240 signatures, a number which increased by 1977 to over 600. This Charter marked the beginning of a new period in the political history of Czechoslovakia, a period of public affirmation of fundamental liberties. It is useful to recall briefly reactions to the publication of this document in the East and the West, and to analyze its profound significance. It is also important to examine the major events that have taken place since 1977 and the inspiration which Charter 77 derived from the United …

The Place Of Helsinki On The Long Road To Human Rights, Vojin Dimitrijevic

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The ten principles enumerated in the Helsinki Final Act mark the beginning of a process that could improve relations among the signatory States. Such rapprochement would create a more favorable climate for fuller realization of human rights or values by every person living in their territories. In the other direction, Principles VI and VIII try to define the societal preconditions for amelioration of interstate relations. The term "progress" implies gradual development to be assessed at certain intervals. The assessment can hardly be unanimous; thus, the fact that government representatives in Belgrade parted without substantive agreement was not in itself a …

United States Compliance With The Helsinki Final Act: The Treatment Of Aliens, David Carliner

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

A casualty, sorely if not fatally wounded, of the Soviet armed intervention in Afghanistan is the once widely-touted Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe concluded in Helsinki on August 1, 1975. The Conference was originally proposed by the Soviet Union in the 1950's in order to promote its perceived security interest in Europe and to legitimize its territorial boundaries in Eastern Europe. Though initially opposed to the idea, the United States finally supported it in 1972 as a means of promoting the "security that would come from an expansion of cooperation between East and West …

Yamashita, Nuremberg And Vietnam: Command Responsibility Reappraised, Franklin A. Hart

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.

The Position Of Individuals In International Law, Herbert W. Briggs

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.