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Full-Text Articles in International Humanitarian Law
The Occupation Of Maritime Territory Under International Humanitarian Law, Marco Longobardo
The Occupation Of Maritime Territory Under International Humanitarian Law, Marco Longobardo
International Law Studies
This article explores whether it is possible to apply the law of occupation beyond land territory, to maritime areas characterized here as “maritime territory.” The article argues that the definition of territory under Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations comprises internal waters, territorial sea, and archipelagic waters, whereas other areas such as the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone, and high seas fall outside the scope of Article 42. Accordingly, internal waters, the territorial sea, and archipelagic waters may be placed under occupation if a hostile force exercises actual authority over them without valid legal title. The article describes …
Can We Starve The Civilians? Exploring The Dichotomy Between The Traditional Law Of Maritime Blockade And Humanitarian Initiatives, Phillip J. Drew
Can We Starve The Civilians? Exploring The Dichotomy Between The Traditional Law Of Maritime Blockade And Humanitarian Initiatives, Phillip J. Drew
International Law Studies
The contemporary practice of maritime blockade can trace its origins to the Dutch Placaat of 1564, under which the Dutch Navy enforced the closure of Spanish ports to maritime traffic, both inbound and outbound. Although originally designed to stop all military reinforcements from reaching an area, in the ensuing 450 years, blockade has developed into a method of warfare whose effects are primarily economic. As a result of the urbanization of much of the world’s population over the past 200 years, many States have become heavily reliant on imported foodstuffs and commodities, most of which moves by sea. When those …
The Updated Icrc Commentary On The Second Geneva Convention: Demystifying The Law Of Armed Conflict At Sea, Bruno Demeyere, Jean-Marie Henckaerts, Heleen Hiemstra, Ellen Nohle
The Updated Icrc Commentary On The Second Geneva Convention: Demystifying The Law Of Armed Conflict At Sea, Bruno Demeyere, Jean-Marie Henckaerts, Heleen Hiemstra, Ellen Nohle
International Law Studies
Since their publication in the 1950s and 1980s respectively, the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 have become a major reference for the application and interpretation of those treaties. The International Committee of the Red Cross, together with a team of renowned experts, is currently updating these Commentaries in order to document developments and provide up-to-date interpretations of the treaty texts. Following a brief overview of the methodology and process of the update as well as a historical background to the Second Geneva Convention, this article addresses the scope of applicability of the …
Belligerent Obligations Under Article 18(1) Of The Second Geneva Convention: The Impact Of Sovereign Immunity, Booty Of War, And The Obligation To Respect And Protect War Graves, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
Belligerent Obligations Under Article 18(1) Of The Second Geneva Convention: The Impact Of Sovereign Immunity, Booty Of War, And The Obligation To Respect And Protect War Graves, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
International Law Studies
Article 18(1) of the Second Geneva Convention requires parties to an international armed conflict, “after each engagement” and “without delay,” to “take all possible measures to search for and collect the wounded and sick, to protect them against pillage and ill-treatment, to ensure their adequate care, and to search for the dead and prevent their being despoiled.” This article focuses on the latter obligation: the duty to search for and collect the dead. It assesses this obligation in light of the International Committee of the Red Cross 2017 Commentary on the Second Geneva Convention, the first such commentary completed by …
Duty To Render Assistance To Mariners In Distress During Armed Conflict At Sea: A U.S. Perspective, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
Duty To Render Assistance To Mariners In Distress During Armed Conflict At Sea: A U.S. Perspective, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
International Law Studies
In 2017, the International Committee of the Red Cross published an updated Commentary on the Second Geneva Convention. One question left unanswered by the new Commentary is the relationship between international humanitarian law and other international treaties applicable to the maritime domain, such as the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and treaties adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The Second Geneva Convention establishes a legal framework for the humane treatment and protection of victims of armed conflict at sea—the wounded, sick and shipwrecked. There are circumstances, however, in which the belligerents do not have the …
Combat Losses Of Nuclear-Powered Warships: Contamination, Collateral Damage And The Law, Akira Mayama
Combat Losses Of Nuclear-Powered Warships: Contamination, Collateral Damage And The Law, Akira Mayama
International Law Studies
There have been non-combat losses of nuclear-powered warships during sea trials and peacetime patrol missions. Nuclear contamination is spreading from some of these sinking sites. It is also conceivable that combat losses of nuclear-powered warships could cause contamination of civilians, civilian objects and the natural environment. If such combat losses occur at sea, both belligerent and neutral States will have to deal with a difficult question: to what extent and by who can harm resulting from such contamination be compensated for payment of damages. This article examines legal issues stemming from prospective combat losses of nuclear-powered warships from the perspectives …
Exclusion Zones In The Law Of Armed Conflict At Sea: Evolution In Law And Practice, Sandesh Sivakumaran
Exclusion Zones In The Law Of Armed Conflict At Sea: Evolution In Law And Practice, Sandesh Sivakumaran
International Law Studies
This article analyses the changes in the law and practice of exclusion zones in the law of armed conflict at sea. It identifies three principal phases. First, it explores the exclusion zones of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, which were modest in size and defensive in character. Second, it turns to the exclusion zones of the First World War and several subsequent conflicts. The exclusion zones of this period were fundamentally different to those of the Russo-Japanese war: if a vessel was within an exclusion zone, it was deemed susceptible to attack. The article then turns to the third phase …
Regulation-Tolerant Weapons, Regulation-Resistant Weapons And The Law Of War, Sean Watts
Regulation-Tolerant Weapons, Regulation-Resistant Weapons And The Law Of War, Sean Watts
International Law Studies
The historical record of international weapons law reveals both regulation-tolerant weapons and regulation-resistant weapons, identifiable by a number of criteria, including effectiveness, novelty, deployment, medical compatibility, disruptiveness and notoriety. This article identifies these criteria both to explain and inform existing weapons law, and also to facilitate efforts to identify weapons and emerging technology that may prove susceptible to future law of war regulation. By charting both the history and methodology of weapons law with a view toward identifying forces and influences that have made some weapons susceptible to international regulation and made others resistant, this article offers a starting point …
Emerging Technology And Perfidy In Armed Conflict, Ian Henderson, Jordan Den Dulk, Angeline Lewis
Emerging Technology And Perfidy In Armed Conflict, Ian Henderson, Jordan Den Dulk, Angeline Lewis
International Law Studies
The rule against perfidy in armed conflict—one of the last echoes of honor and social order of war—is threatened by emerging technologies. Specifically, the employment of emerging technologies has muddied the already thin and grey line between acts which contravene the honor of warfare and legitimate ruses of war. In this article, the authors analyze perfidy, treachery and ruses of war as key concepts of international humanitarian law and consider their application to emerging technologies.
The Law Of Naval Warfare And China’S Maritime Militia, James Kraska, Michael Monti
The Law Of Naval Warfare And China’S Maritime Militia, James Kraska, Michael Monti
International Law Studies
China operates a vast network of fishing vessels that form a maritime militia equipped and trained to conduct intelligence, communications, and targeting support for the People's Liberation Army Navy. Fishing vessels normally are exempt from capture or attack in the law of naval warfare unless they are integrated into the naval forces, but distinguishing between legitimate fishing vessels and maritime militia during naval warfare is virtually impossible.
1907 Hague Convention Viii Relative To The Laying Of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines, Steven Haines
1907 Hague Convention Viii Relative To The Laying Of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines, Steven Haines
International Law Studies
This article places 1907 Hague Convention VIII in its historical context, examines its content, summarizes State practice since 1907 (including during the two World Wars) and discusses the Convention’s relevance to contemporary mine warfare. The Convention has inherent shortcomings, has never been strictly applicable in any war since 1907, and is not strictly relevant to anything other than automatic contact mines (effectively excluding modern influence mines). Despite this—and a paucity of substantial State practice since 1945—the conclusion is that the Convention has influenced the customary law on sea-mines. When that custom was combined with other relevant custom (particularly that pertaining …
The Law Applicable To Naval Mine Warfare In A Non-International Armed Conflict, Rob Mclaughlin
The Law Applicable To Naval Mine Warfare In A Non-International Armed Conflict, Rob Mclaughlin
International Law Studies
There are very few instruments and very few cases, which describe how the law in relation to naval mine warfare applies within non-international armed conflict contexts. Additionally, since 1945, there has been relatively limited State practice. Working out what the law applicable to naval mine warfare in NIAC situations might look like today thus requires some recourse to the pre-World War II scheme designed to accommodate and characterize maritime activity by rebels, insurgents, and belligerents in conflict with their State. This article proposes for discussion a set of “rules” that attempt to incorporate and update elements of this customary scheme …
Full Volume 86: The War In Iraq: A Legal Analysis (2010)
Full Volume 86: The War In Iraq: A Legal Analysis (2010)
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Legal Considerations In Relation To Maritime Operations Against Iraq, Neil Brown
Legal Considerations In Relation To Maritime Operations Against Iraq, Neil Brown
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Full Volume 82: The Law Of War In The 21st Century: Weaponry And The Use Of Force
Full Volume 82: The Law Of War In The 21st Century: Weaponry And The Use Of Force
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
The Current State Of The Law Of Naval Warfare: A Fresh Look At The San Remo Manual, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
The Current State Of The Law Of Naval Warfare: A Fresh Look At The San Remo Manual, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Future Navies - Present Issues, Jane G. Dalton
Future Navies - Present Issues, Jane G. Dalton
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Limits On The Use Of Force In Maritime Operations In Support Of Wmd Counter-Proliferation Initiatives, Craig H. Allen
Limits On The Use Of Force In Maritime Operations In Support Of Wmd Counter-Proliferation Initiatives, Craig H. Allen
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
The Proliferation Security Initiative: Security Vs. Freedom Of Navigation?, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
The Proliferation Security Initiative: Security Vs. Freedom Of Navigation?, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Comparative Approaches To Security And Maritime Border Control, Dale Stephens
Comparative Approaches To Security And Maritime Border Control, Dale Stephens
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
The Proliferation Security Initiative In The Maritime Domain, Stuart Kaye
The Proliferation Security Initiative In The Maritime Domain, Stuart Kaye
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Full Volume 81: International Law Challenges: Homeland Security And Combating Terrorism
Full Volume 81: International Law Challenges: Homeland Security And Combating Terrorism
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Current Legal Issues In Maritime Operations: Maritime Interception Operations In The Global War On Terrorism, Exclusion Zones, Hospital Ships, And Maritime Neutrality, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
Current Legal Issues In Maritime Operations: Maritime Interception Operations In The Global War On Terrorism, Exclusion Zones, Hospital Ships, And Maritime Neutrality, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Full Volume 80: Issues In International Law And Military Operations
Full Volume 80: Issues In International Law And Military Operations
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
The Applicability Of International Humanitarian Law And The Law Of Neutraility To The Kosovo Campaign, Christopher Greenwood
The Applicability Of International Humanitarian Law And The Law Of Neutraility To The Kosovo Campaign, Christopher Greenwood
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Computer Networks, Proportionality, And Military Operations, James H. Doyle Jr.
Computer Networks, Proportionality, And Military Operations, James H. Doyle Jr.
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Making Law Of War Treaties: Lessons From Submarine Warfare Regulation, Hays W. Parks
Making Law Of War Treaties: Lessons From Submarine Warfare Regulation, Hays W. Parks
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Naval Blockade, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
Naval Blockade, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Chapter Vii (General Conclusions And Appraisal: Policy And Law)
Chapter Vii (General Conclusions And Appraisal: Policy And Law)
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Chapter Vi (The Tanker War And The Maritime Environment)
Chapter Vi (The Tanker War And The Maritime Environment)
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.