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Articles 781 - 810 of 1115
Full-Text Articles in Intellectual Property Law
Copyright In An Era Of Information Overload: Toward The Privileging Of Categorizers, Frank Pasquale
Copyright In An Era Of Information Overload: Toward The Privileging Of Categorizers, Frank Pasquale
Faculty Scholarship
Environmental laws are designed to reduce negative externalities (such as pollution) that harm the natural environment. Copyright law should adjust the rights of content creators in order to compensate for the ways they reduce the usefulness of the information environment as a whole. Every new work created contributes to the store of expression, but also makes it more difficult to find whatever work one wants. Such search costs have been well-documented in information economics. Copyright law should take information overload externalities like search costs into account in its treatment of alleged copyright infringers whose work merely attempts to index, organize, …
The Public's Right To Fair Use: Amending Section 107 To Avoid The "Fared Use" Fallacy, Wendy J. Gordon, Daniel Bahls
The Public's Right To Fair Use: Amending Section 107 To Avoid The "Fared Use" Fallacy, Wendy J. Gordon, Daniel Bahls
Faculty Scholarship
Under provocative titles like "Fared Use" and "The End of Friction," commentators argue about whether or not the copyright doctrine of fair use should exist in a world of instantaneous transactions. As collecting societies such as the Copyright Clearance Center have become more powerful, and technologies like cellular phones and the internet have made it possible to purchase digital copies by dialing a number or clicking a mouse, the suggestion is sometimes made that fair use could or should disappear. The Second and Sixth Circuits have flirted with foreclosing fair use if a licensing market is present or possible. The …
The 'Why' Of Markets: Fair Use And Circularity, Wendy J. Gordon
The 'Why' Of Markets: Fair Use And Circularity, Wendy J. Gordon
Faculty Scholarship
Jim Gibson is right that courts should be wary of letting the mere presence of licensing improperly foreclose the defense of fair use. As he says, a court in a copyright infringement case should not treat the existence of a market for licenses of the work as a factor weighing against the defendant’s claim of fair use until the court has examined “why [that] licensing market exists. However, Gibson fails to distinguish the varying reasons licensing might be relevant to a fair use determination. As a result, the solution he proffers— attributing relevance to licensing only in markets free of …
A Reverse Notice And Takedown Regime To Enable Public Interest Uses Of Technically Protected Copyrighted Works, Jerome H. Reichman, Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Pamela Samuelson
A Reverse Notice And Takedown Regime To Enable Public Interest Uses Of Technically Protected Copyrighted Works, Jerome H. Reichman, Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Pamela Samuelson
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Disputed Quality Of Software Patents, John R. Allison, Ronald J. Mann
The Disputed Quality Of Software Patents, John R. Allison, Ronald J. Mann
Faculty Scholarship
We analyze the characteristics of the patents held by firms in the software industry. Unlike prior researchers, we rely on the examination of individual patents to determine which patents involve software inventions. This method of identifying the relevant patents is more laborious than the methods that previous scholars have used, but it produces a data set from which we can learn more about the role of patents in the software industry. In general, we find that patents the computer technology firms obtain on software inventions have more prior art references, claims, and forward citations than the patents that the same …
Of Mutant Copyrights, Mangled Trademarks, And Barbie's Beneficence: The Influence Of Copyright On Trademark Law, Jane C. Ginsburg
Of Mutant Copyrights, Mangled Trademarks, And Barbie's Beneficence: The Influence Of Copyright On Trademark Law, Jane C. Ginsburg
Faculty Scholarship
In Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. Justice Scalia colorfully warned against resort to trademarks law to achieve protections unattainable by copyright, lest these claims generate "a species of mutant copyright law that limits the public's 'federal right to "copy and to use,"' expired copyrights." The facts of that controversy, in which the claimant appeared to be invoking time-unlimited trademark protection to end-run the exhausted (unrenewed) copyright term in a motion picture, justified the apprehension that unbridled trademark rights might stomp, Godzilla-like, over more docile copyright prerogatives. Unfortunately, in the Court's eagerness to forestall Darwinian disaster in intellectual …
On Copyright's Authorship Policy, Tim Wu
On Copyright's Authorship Policy, Tim Wu
Faculty Scholarship
Making authors the masters of their own destiny has long been a stated aspiration of copyright. Yet more often than not, the real subjects of American copyright are distributors – book publishers, record labels, broadcasters, and others – who control the rights, bring the lawsuits, and take copyright as their "life-sustaining protection." Much of modern American copyright history, and particularly its legislative history, revolves on distributors either demanding more industry protection or fighting amongst themselves. It is distributors who make the great financial investments in copyrighted works, and distributors who arguably most need the incentives and protections that the system …
Book Review, Jennifer L. Behrens
Race-Ing Patents/Patenting Race: An Emerging Political Geography Of Intellectual Property In Biotechnology, Jonathan Kahn
Race-Ing Patents/Patenting Race: An Emerging Political Geography Of Intellectual Property In Biotechnology, Jonathan Kahn
Faculty Scholarship
This article applies insights from critical race theory to examine an emerging phenomenon in biotechnology research and product development. The strategic use of race as a genetic category to obtain patent protection and drug approval. A dramatic rise in the use of race in biotechnology patents indicates that researchers and affiliated commercial enterprises are coming to see social categories of race as presenting opportunities for gaining, extending, or protecting monopoly market protection for an array of biotechnological products and services. Racialized patents are also providing the basis for similarly race-based clinical trial designs, drug development, capital raising and marketing strategies …
Claim Construction, Appeal, And The Predictability Of Interpretive Regimes, Jeffrey A. Lefstin
Claim Construction, Appeal, And The Predictability Of Interpretive Regimes, Jeffrey A. Lefstin
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Measure Of The Doubt: Dissent, Indeterminacy, And Interpretation At The Federal Circuit, Jeffrey A. Lefstin
The Measure Of The Doubt: Dissent, Indeterminacy, And Interpretation At The Federal Circuit, Jeffrey A. Lefstin
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Domain Names, Trademarks, And The First Amendment: Searching For Meaningful Boundaries, Margreth Barrett
Domain Names, Trademarks, And The First Amendment: Searching For Meaningful Boundaries, Margreth Barrett
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Social Costs Of Property Rights In Broadcast (And Cable) Signals, Shyamkrishna Balganesh
The Social Costs Of Property Rights In Broadcast (And Cable) Signals, Shyamkrishna Balganesh
Faculty Scholarship
The use of property as a regulatory mechanism in the telecommunications sector is hardly novel. Since the early twentieth century, policy makers and regulators in the United States have experimented with different mechanisms for allocating private rights in the radio spectrum. In 1959, Ronald Coase proposed that the FCC auction rights in the broadcast spectrum and convert broadcast licenses into tradable commodities. However, it was not until very recently that the FCC implemented Coase's idea. At least part of the reason for the long delay in implementing this seemingly efficient mechanism lay in the public nature of broadcasting and the …
Will Longer Antimicrobial Patents Improve Global Public Health?, Kevin Outterson, Julie Balach Samora, Karen Keller-Cuda
Will Longer Antimicrobial Patents Improve Global Public Health?, Kevin Outterson, Julie Balach Samora, Karen Keller-Cuda
Faculty Scholarship
The problem of antimicrobial resistance has led some infectious disease experts and their professional societies to propose the use of transferable intellectual property rights (wildcard patents) and patent term extensions as methods to encourage antimicrobial R&D. We evaluate recent approvals of new antimicrobial classes and find the number of new introductions is higher than previously suggested. More importantly, creating new patent rights is shown to be an inefficient and possibly counterproductive response to antimicrobial resistance. Wildcard patents would operate as a more than US$40 billion annual tax on heart disease, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and depression to inefficiently …
A Marriage Of Convenience? A Comment On The Protection Of Databases, Jane C. Ginsburg
A Marriage Of Convenience? A Comment On The Protection Of Databases, Jane C. Ginsburg
Faculty Scholarship
Daniel Gervais concluded his analysis of the protection of databases with three options for the future. I would like to examine a fourth. Let us assume no future flurry of national or supranational legislative activity because the content of databases is in fact already being protected. Not through copyright or sui generis rights, but through other means. Databases are an object of economic value, and they will conveniently wed whatever legal theory or theories will achieve the practical objective of preventing unauthorized exploitation of the works' contents. To beat the marriage metaphor into the ground, I'd like to suggest that, …
The Pros And Cons Of Strengthening Intellectual Property Protection: Technological Protection Measures And Section 1201 Of The Us Copyright Act, Jane C. Ginsburg
The Pros And Cons Of Strengthening Intellectual Property Protection: Technological Protection Measures And Section 1201 Of The Us Copyright Act, Jane C. Ginsburg
Faculty Scholarship
The recent announcement (in late November 2006) of the Copyright Office's triennial rulemaking to identify "classes of works" exempt from the § 1201(a)(1) prohibition on circumvention of a technological measure controlling access to copyrighted works in part occasions this assessment of the judicial and administrative construction of this chapter of the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The current Rulemaking appears more innovative than its predecessors, particularly in defining the exempted class of works by reference to the characteristics of the works' users. Copyright owner overreaching or misuse may also underlie the relative vigor of this Rulemaking: if producers of devices …
Software Patents, Incumbents, And Entry, John R. Allison, Abe Dunn, Ronald J. Mann
Software Patents, Incumbents, And Entry, John R. Allison, Abe Dunn, Ronald J. Mann
Faculty Scholarship
Software patents have been controversial since the days when "software" referred to the crude programs that came free with an IBM mainframe. Different perspectives have been presented in judicial, legislative, and administrative fora over the years, and the press has paid as much attention to this issue as it has to any other intellectual property topic during this time. Meanwhile, a software industry developed and has grown to a remarkable size, whether measured by revenues or profitability, number of firms or employees, or research expenditures. The scope of software innovation has become even broader, as an increasing number of devices …
Synthetic Biology: Caught Between Property Rights, The Public Domain, And The Commons, Arti K. Rai, James Boyle
Synthetic Biology: Caught Between Property Rights, The Public Domain, And The Commons, Arti K. Rai, James Boyle
Faculty Scholarship
Synthetic biologists aim to make biology a true engineering discipline. In the same way that electrical engineers rely on standard capacitors and resistors, or computer programmers rely on modular blocks of code, synthetic biologists wish to create an array of modular biological parts that can be readily synthesized and mixed together in different combinations. Synthetic biology has already produced important results, including more accurate AIDS tests and the possibility of unlimited supplies of previously scarce drugs for malaria. Proponents hope to use synthetic organisms to produce not only medically relevant chemicals but also a large variety of industrial materials, including …
Synthetic Biology: The Intellectual Property Puzzle, Arti K. Rai, Sapna Kumar
Synthetic Biology: The Intellectual Property Puzzle, Arti K. Rai, Sapna Kumar
Faculty Scholarship
Synthetic biology, which operates at the intersection of biotechnology and information technology, has the potential to raise, in a particularly acute manner, the intellectual property problems that exist in both fields. A preliminary patent landscape reveals problematic foundational patents that could, if licensed and enforced inappropriately, impede the potential of the technology. The landscape also reveals a proliferation of patents on basic synthetic biology "parts" that could create transaction cost heavy patent thickets. Both foundational patents and patent thickets are likely to be particularly problematic to the extent they read on standards that synthetic biologists would like to establish. Synthetic …
Mertonianism Unbound?: Imagining Free, Decentralized Access To Most Cultural And Scientific Material, James Boyle
Mertonianism Unbound?: Imagining Free, Decentralized Access To Most Cultural And Scientific Material, James Boyle
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Demise And Rebirth Of Plant Variety Protection: A Comment On Technological Change And The Design Of Plant Variety Protection Regimes, Laurence R. Helfer
The Demise And Rebirth Of Plant Variety Protection: A Comment On Technological Change And The Design Of Plant Variety Protection Regimes, Laurence R. Helfer
Faculty Scholarship
In 'Technological Change and the Design of Plant Variety Protection Regimes', Mark Janis and Stephen Smith make two novel and provocative claims. They first argue that the legal regime for protecting new plant varieties has become hopelessly outdated in light of recent changes in technology. They next assert that the fate of the plant variety protection (PVP) system illustrates a broader and more disturbing phenomenon in intellectual property law: the potential for sui generis, industry-specific intellectual property regimes to become increasingly ineffective over time. In this brief essay, I offer three points to amplify the authors' contributions and highlight the …
On The Legal Consequences Of Sauces: Should Thomas Keller’S Recipes Be Per Se Copyrightable?, Christopher J. Buccafusco
On The Legal Consequences Of Sauces: Should Thomas Keller’S Recipes Be Per Se Copyrightable?, Christopher J. Buccafusco
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Open Source And Private Ordering: A Commentary On Dusollier, Arti K. Rai
Open Source And Private Ordering: A Commentary On Dusollier, Arti K. Rai
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Knowledge Commons: The Case Of The Biopharmaceutical Industry, Arti K. Rai
Knowledge Commons: The Case Of The Biopharmaceutical Industry, Arti K. Rai
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
“An Ingenious Man Enabled By Contract”: Entrepreneurship And The Rise Of Contract, Catherine Fisk
“An Ingenious Man Enabled By Contract”: Entrepreneurship And The Rise Of Contract, Catherine Fisk
Faculty Scholarship
A legal ideology emerged in the 1870s that celebrated contract as the body of law with the particular purpose of facilitating the formation of productive exchanges that would enrich the parties to the contract and, therefore, society as a whole. Across the spectrum of intellectual property, courts used the legal fiction of implied contract, and a version of it particularly emphasizing liberty of contract, to shift control of workplace knowledge from skilled employees to firms while suggesting that the emergence of hierarchical control and loss of entrepreneurial opportunity for creative workers was consistent with the free labor ideology that dominated …
Introduction, Joel R. Reidenberg
Introduction, Joel R. Reidenberg
Faculty Scholarship
As a leader in the publication of legal scholarship, the Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal sought the insights of internationally renowned scholars on critical problems in intellectual property law. In this focused issue, five top scholars tackle timely questions.
The Rule Of Intellectual Property Law In The Internet Economy, Joel R. Reidenberg
The Rule Of Intellectual Property Law In The Internet Economy, Joel R. Reidenberg
Faculty Scholarship
This article argues that the technological attacks on intellectual property are a movement against democratically chosen intellectual property rules. They form a basic challenge to the rule of law and to the control of the rules wired into the network. In making this argument, the Article first maintains that intellectual property rights have an important public function in democracy in that they mark political, economic, and social boundaries. Next, the Article shows that the public law, as enacted by governments, has reallocated intellectual property rights to adapt to the information economy. While many aspects of this new allocation of rights …
Contractual Expansion Of The Scope Of Patent Infringement Through Field-Of-Use Licensing, Mark R. Patterson
Contractual Expansion Of The Scope Of Patent Infringement Through Field-Of-Use Licensing, Mark R. Patterson
Faculty Scholarship
Patentees sometimes license their inventions through field-of-use licenses, which permit licensees to use the inventions, but only in specified ways. Field-of-use licensing is often procompetitive, because the ability to provide different licensing terms for different users can encourage broader licensing of inventions. But in recent United States cases, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals and lower courts have upheld field-of-use licenses prohibiting activities that licensees would otherwise have been permitted by patent law, such as the repair and resale of patented products. The recent cases rely on the Federal Circuit's decision in Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc., where the court …
Of Plant Variety Protection, Agricultural Subsidies, And The Wto, Srividhya Ragavan
Of Plant Variety Protection, Agricultural Subsidies, And The Wto, Srividhya Ragavan
Faculty Scholarship
This article examines how plant protection and agricultural trade issues intersect. It begins with a historical analysis of the plant [protection regime and discusses its position alongside the WTO’s requirement of plant protection, Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. In discussing the role of global agricultural issues, especially in relation to trade and intellectual property rights, this chapters ties in issues of sustainability which is a long term goal for the trade regime.
The Value Of U.S. Patents By Owner And Patent Characteristics, James Bessen
The Value Of U.S. Patents By Owner And Patent Characteristics, James Bessen
Faculty Scholarship
This paper uses renewal data to estimate the value of U.S. patents, controlling for patent and owner characteristics. Estimates of U.S. patent value are substantially larger than estimates for European patents, however, the ratio of U.S. patent value to R&D for firms is only about 3%. Patents issued to small patentees are much less valuable than those issued to large corporations, perhaps reflecting imperfect markets for technology. Litigated patents are more valuable, as are highly cited patents. However, patent citations explain little variance in value, suggesting limits to their use as a measure of patent quality.