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Articles 61 - 90 of 143
Full-Text Articles in Intellectual Property Law
Antitrust, Innovation, And Uncertain Property Rights: Some Practical Considerations, Dean V. Williamson
Antitrust, Innovation, And Uncertain Property Rights: Some Practical Considerations, Dean V. Williamson
Duke Law & Technology Review
The intersection of antitrust and intellectual property circumscribes two century-long debates. The first pertains to questions about how antitrust law and intellectual property law interact, and the second pertains to questions about how parties can exploit property rights, including intellectual property rights, to exclude competitors. This iBrief finesses these questions and turns to practical considerations about how innovation and intellectual property can impinge antitrust enforcement. This iBrief develops two propositions. First, although collaborative research and development has often been and remains unwittingly misunderstood, what is understood about it is consistent with the long- standing observation that antitrust has rarely interfered …
Lenz V. Universal Music Corp. And The Potential Effect Of Fair Use Analysis Under The Takedown Procedures Of §512 Of The Dmca, Kathleen O’Donnell
Lenz V. Universal Music Corp. And The Potential Effect Of Fair Use Analysis Under The Takedown Procedures Of §512 Of The Dmca, Kathleen O’Donnell
Duke Law & Technology Review
The notice and takedown/putback procedures in §512 of the Digital Millennium Act fail to adequately protect the rights of individuals who post content on the internet. This iBrief examines the notice and takedown/putback procedures and Judge Fogel's decision in Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., which requires a copyright owner to conduct a fair use evaluation prior to issuing a takedown notice. This iBrief concludes such a requirement is an appropriate first step towards creating adequate protection for user-generated content on the Internet.
A Hypothetical Non-Infringing Network: An Examination Of The Efficacy Of Safe Harbor In Section 512(C) Of The Dmca, Cassius Sims
A Hypothetical Non-Infringing Network: An Examination Of The Efficacy Of Safe Harbor In Section 512(C) Of The Dmca, Cassius Sims
Duke Law & Technology Review
This iBrief will present a hypothetical network that allows dissidents to transfer information outside the watchful eye of an oppressive government. It will argue that because a network operator meets the requirements of the safe harbor of section 512(c) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the hosts of the network are immune from any vicarious copyright liability.
Commercial Skipping Technology And The New Market Dynamic: The Relevance Of Antitrust Law To An Emerging Technology, Jesse Haskins
Commercial Skipping Technology And The New Market Dynamic: The Relevance Of Antitrust Law To An Emerging Technology, Jesse Haskins
Duke Law & Technology Review
Commercial-skipping technology can liberate the consumer and make the television business more competitive. It rose to prominence with the advent of the digital video recorder (DVR), also known as the personal video recorder (PVR). PVRs have helped advertisers reach their target audience more effectively through personalized advertisements, and it has successfully pressured television networks and advertisers to innovate more appealing ways to induce consumers to buy advertised products. But even if this technology fails to enhance the business of television, television networks can still outpace commercial-skipping technology in an arms race. Through competitive pressure, such technology promotes innovation, progress, and …
Circumventing Access Controls Under The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Analyzing The Securom Debate, David Fry
Duke Law & Technology Review
Despite using one of the most sophisticated digital rights management systems currently available, the video game Spore was illegally downloaded approximately 1.7 million times between September and December of 2008, making it the most widely pirated game of 2008 by more than half a million downloads. This iBrief addresses several legal arguments that have been raised against a digital rights management system called "SecuROM," which is widely used by video game companies like Electronic Arts, the publisher of Spore. First, the iBrief discusses the comparisons that have been drawn between SecuROM and the controversial digital rights management technologies previously employed …
Spore, Drm, And Pirates: Ucita And Market Realities, Charles Yeh
Spore, Drm, And Pirates: Ucita And Market Realities, Charles Yeh
Duke Law & Technology Review
The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) attempts to regulate a nonexistent market failure. Regulators must understand the two market relationships in the software industry, the producer-consumer relationship and the producer-thief relationship, before they can draft effective regulation. Drafting regulations that affect both relationships can lead to market disruptions at best and market failure at worst. An analysis of the two relationships reveals that there has not been a market failure that needs regulating; rather, there is a lag in technology that prohibits proper demarcation between the two market relationships. Regulators should wait for technology to advance before adopting any …
Circumventing Authority: Loopholes In The Dmca’S Access Controls, Adam L. Rucker
Circumventing Authority: Loopholes In The Dmca’S Access Controls, Adam L. Rucker
Duke Law & Technology Review
In a world where digital pirates freely roam the internet, seemingly plundering at will, the providers of digital content must find a way to protect their valuable assets. Digital fences afford that protection--but not very well. Fortunately (for content owners), 17 U.S.C. §1201, passed as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, was designed to fill the numerous gaps in those fences by forbidding activities designed to circumvent them. In its present state, however, §1201 does not adequately serve that purpose. Substantial flaws in the language of the statute render it virtually powerless to thwart piracy. If §1201 …
Green Technology In Developing Countries: Creating Accessibility Through A Global Exchange Forum, Michael Hasper
Green Technology In Developing Countries: Creating Accessibility Through A Global Exchange Forum, Michael Hasper
Duke Law & Technology Review
As they pursue economic development, developing countries possess high demand for processes and technologies that have climate-friendly methods or alternatives. However, these nations currently face barriers to entry because of trade policies and intellectual property regulations that render procurement of these technologies cost-prohibitive. In light of the recent breakdown in negotiations at the United Nations climate conference in Bali to remove tariffs on green technology, a new approach to green technology diffusion should be considered in order to balance the demand among developing nations for fluid technology transfers with the profit-driven needs and intellectual property considerations of technology holders. A …
Legal Approaches To Promote Technological Solutions To Climate Change, Daniel Van Fleet
Legal Approaches To Promote Technological Solutions To Climate Change, Daniel Van Fleet
Duke Law & Technology Review
Technological advancement is widely viewed as an essential component to any effective climate change strategy. However, there is no consensus as to the degree to which the law should promote technological innovation and development. This iBrief analyzes government involvement in encouraging such technology and divides the various policies into four categories. On one end are policies that rely mainly on market forces to encourage scientific advancement naturally, requiring minimal government involvement. A second category of policies involves technological development promoted indirectly through laws addressing climate change generally. A third type of policy involves directly offering government funding and financing for …
On The Perils Of Inadequate Analogies, Dan Tammuz
On The Perils Of Inadequate Analogies, Dan Tammuz
Duke Law & Technology Review
Linking law is barely a decade old. Over the course of this short period, a wide variety of approaches have come to light. In fact, different jurisdictions have come to different conclusions regarding similar issues. Recently, there has been a new addition to the jurisprudence. A Texas holding established that linking to copyright-protected content violates copyright. This iBrief argues that the reasoning in this decision is flawed. The opposite conclusion should have been reached by applying straightforward copyright analysis and by looking to recent case law regarding hyperlinking.
Domain Tasting Is Taking Over The Internet As A Result Of Icann’S “Add Grace Period”, Christopher Healey
Domain Tasting Is Taking Over The Internet As A Result Of Icann’S “Add Grace Period”, Christopher Healey
Duke Law & Technology Review
When a domain name is registered, the registrant is given five days to cancel for a full refund. While the purpose of this grace period is to protect those who innocently err in the registration process, speculators have taken advantage of the grace period through a process called "domain tasting." These "domain tasters" register hundreds of thousands of domain names and cancel the vast majority of them within the five-day grace period, keeping only those that may be valuable as placeholder advertising websites or to holders of trademark rights. This iBrief will outline the "domain tasting" process, analyze why it …
Operation Restoration: How Can Patent Holders Protect Themselves From Medimmune?, Stephanie Chu
Operation Restoration: How Can Patent Holders Protect Themselves From Medimmune?, Stephanie Chu
Duke Law & Technology Review
The Supreme Court’s recent decision in MedImmune v. Genentech shifts the balance of power in license agreements from patent holders to their licensees. This iBrief outlines the potential implications of the new rules on all stages of patent prosecution and protection. Further, it evaluates remedial contract provisions patent holders may include in future license agreements and how these provisions may mitigate the decision’s effects on preexisting commercial relationships.
Encouraging Corporate Innovation For Our Homeland During The Best Of Times For The Worst Of Times: Extending Safety Act Protections To Natural Disasters’, Ava A. Harter
Duke Law & Technology Review
This article first analyzes the innovative tort reform of the SAFETY Act and then argues for expansion of SAFETY Act type risk protection to natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and wildfires. The SAFETY Act was drafted to stimulate the development and deployment of technologies that combat terrorism by providing liability protection. Applying the same type of legislation to natural disasters will provide a commensurate benefit of encouraging preparedness and development of technologies that could mitigate harms resulting from natural disasters. The Department of Homeland Security voiced a desire to increase the use of the SAFETY Act by private industry. …
A Budding Theory Of Willful Patent Infringement: Orange Books, Colored Pills, And Greener Verdicts, Christopher A. Harkins
A Budding Theory Of Willful Patent Infringement: Orange Books, Colored Pills, And Greener Verdicts, Christopher A. Harkins
Duke Law & Technology Review
The rules of engagement in the brand-name versus generic-drug war are rapidly changing. Brand-name manufacturers face increasing competition from Canadian manufacturers of generic drugs, online drug companies, and Wal-Mart® Super Centers deciding to cash in by turning a piece of the generic prescription drug business into a huge marketing campaign with offerings of generic drugs for four dollar prescriptions. Other discount drug providers are likely to follow suit in hopes of boosting customer traffic and sales of their generic drugs. Now, more than ever before, attorneys representing owners of pharmaceutical patents need to be creative with their damages theories to …
This Town Ain’T Big Enough For The Both Of Us—Or Is It? Reflections On Copyright, The First Amendment And Google’S Use Of Others’ Content, David Kohler
Duke Law & Technology Review
Using a variety of technological innovations, Google became a multi-billion dollar content-delivery business without owning or licensing much of the content that it uses. Google’s principal justification for why this strategy does not contravene the intellectual property rights of the copyright owners is the doctrine of fair use. However, over the last several years, some copyright owners began to push back and challenge Google’s strategy. Much of this litigation presents the courts with something of a conundrum. On the one hand, it is beyond dispute that Google’s services have great social utility. By organizing and making accessible an enormous volume …
Walking The Line: Why The Presumption Against Extraterritorial Application Of U.S. Patent Law Should Limit The Reach Of 35 U.S.C. § 271(F), Jennifer Giordano-Coltart
Walking The Line: Why The Presumption Against Extraterritorial Application Of U.S. Patent Law Should Limit The Reach Of 35 U.S.C. § 271(F), Jennifer Giordano-Coltart
Duke Law & Technology Review
The advent of the digital era and the global market pose unique challenges to intellectual property law. To adapt, U.S. patent laws require constant interpretation in the face of rapidly changing technological advances. In AT&T Corp. v. Microsoft Corp., the Federal Circuit interpreted 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) in a technology-dependent manner in order to effectuate the purpose of the law with respect to global software distribution. However, the Federal Circuit failed to consider the presumption against extraterritorial application of U.S. law, and its decision now risks international discord and harm not only to the American software industry, but other U.S. …
Where Will Consumers Find Privacy Protection From Rfids?: A Case For Federal Legislation, Serena G. Stein
Where Will Consumers Find Privacy Protection From Rfids?: A Case For Federal Legislation, Serena G. Stein
Duke Law & Technology Review
With the birth of RFID technology, businesses gained the ability to tag products with practically invisible computer chips that relay information about consumer behavior to remote databases. Such tagging permits retailers and manufacturers to track the purchases, identities, and movements of their customers. In the absence of enforceable regulations, society risks being subjected to an unprecedented level of Orwellian surveillance. This iBrief addresses consumer privacy concerns stemming from the proliferation of RFID technology. It discusses why tort law, state legislation, FTC guidelines, and proposed regulations are insufficient methods to alleviate consumer privacy concerns and suggests amending various federal privacy laws, …
Is Kelly Shifting Under Google’S Feet? New Ninth Circuit Impact On The Google Library Project Litigation, Cameron W. Westin
Is Kelly Shifting Under Google’S Feet? New Ninth Circuit Impact On The Google Library Project Litigation, Cameron W. Westin
Duke Law & Technology Review
The Google Library Project presents what many consider to be the perfect fair-use problem. The legal debate surrounding the Library Project has centered on the Ninth Circuit’s Kelly v. Arriba Soft. Yet recent case law presents new arguments for both sides of the Library Project litigation. This iBrief analyzes two Ninth Circuit district court decisions on fair use, Field v. Google, Inc. and Perfect 10 v. Google, Inc., and their impact on the Library Project litigation.
Does Information Beget Information?, Dennis S. Karjala
Does Information Beget Information?, Dennis S. Karjala
Duke Law & Technology Review
Using the language of mathematics, Professor Polk Wagner has recently argued that the impossibility of fully appropriating the value of information in a rightsholder leads to the surprising conclusion that expanding the degree of control of intellectual property rights will, in the long run, increase the sum total of information not subject to ownership claims and therefore available as part of the cultural and technological base on which new growth and development can occur. Indeed, he claims that open information will grow according to the formula for compound interest, where the interest rate is 100% plus or minus a factor …
Newsgroups Float Into Safe Harbor, And Copyright Holders Are Sunk, Alicia L. Wright
Newsgroups Float Into Safe Harbor, And Copyright Holders Are Sunk, Alicia L. Wright
Duke Law & Technology Review
Usenet newsgroups are swiftly becoming a popular vehicle for pirating digital music, movies, books, and other copyrighted works. Meanwhile, courts ignore Usenet’s tremendous potential for copyright infringement. In Ellison v. Robertson, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that America Online’s Usenet service might qualify for safe harbor under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. According to the district court below, safe harbor would preclude a finding of secondary copyright infringement against America Online. However, the courts misinterpreted the safe harbor provisions. One safe harbor provision was misapplied and another was ignored altogether. This iBrief critiques the Ellison opinions and analyzes …
Injunction Junction: Remembering The Proper Function And Form Of Equitable Relief In Trademark Law, Ryan Mcleod
Injunction Junction: Remembering The Proper Function And Form Of Equitable Relief In Trademark Law, Ryan Mcleod
Duke Law & Technology Review
Injunctions are supposed to be among the most extraordinary remedies in the American judicial system, yet they have become anything but rare in trademark litigation. Although the unique nature of trademark protection may explain the frequency of injunctive relief, the process by which this relief is issued is rapidly devolving into rubber-stamping by the courts. This iBrief argues that courts should (1) recommit themselves to the principles of equity before granting injunctions and (2) seriously apply the specificity requirements of Rule 65(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to avoid overly broad orders.
Download, Stream, Or Somewhere In Between: The Potential For Legal Music Use In Podcasting, Benjamin Aitken
Download, Stream, Or Somewhere In Between: The Potential For Legal Music Use In Podcasting, Benjamin Aitken
Duke Law & Technology Review
Podcasting is an increasingly popular new digital technology with the potential to be a great conduit of expression. Currently, the use of music is limited in podcasting due in large part to uncertainty as to what rights must be licensed before copyrighted music can be used legitimately. This iBrief examines what legal rights are implicated by podcasting by analyzing U.S. copyright law and comparing related technologies. This iBrief concludes that onerous licensing requirements are unnecessary, and for podcasting to realize its potential, a simple licensing framework must be established.
Unnecessary Indeterminacy: Process Patent Protection After Kinik V. Itc, John M. Eden
Unnecessary Indeterminacy: Process Patent Protection After Kinik V. Itc, John M. Eden
Duke Law & Technology Review
In Kinik v. International Trade Commission, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit suggested in dicta that the defenses available to foreign manufacturers in infringement actions under 35 U.S.C. § 271(g) in Federal district courts do not apply to exclusion actions before the International Trade Commission. This iBrief argues that this decision is problematic for three reasons: (1) the Federal Circuit’s decision is inconsistent with the ITC’s longstanding tradition of consulting the patent statute when adjudicating exclusion actions under 19 U.S.C. § 1337, (2) the court’s suggestion that the ITC should be given broad discretion to resolve conflicts …
Patent Misuse In Patent Pool Licensing: From National Harrow To “The Nine No-Nos” To Not Likely, Daniel P. Homiller
Patent Misuse In Patent Pool Licensing: From National Harrow To “The Nine No-Nos” To Not Likely, Daniel P. Homiller
Duke Law & Technology Review
Courts and the Justice Department’s Antitrust division have become increasingly tolerant of patent licensing practices that were previously viewed with suspicion. This trend has put pressure on the doctrine of patent misuse, which arose in the 1940s as a doctrine distinct from, but closely related to, standard antitrust analysis. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit recently overturned an International Trade Commission order that held unenforceable, on the grounds of patent misuse, six patents licensed as a package by U.S. Philips Corporation. The Federal Circuit’s decision raises the question of just how much remains of the doctrine of …
Barriers To Innovation: Intellectual Property Transaction Costs In Scientific Collaboration, Megan Ristau Baca
Barriers To Innovation: Intellectual Property Transaction Costs In Scientific Collaboration, Megan Ristau Baca
Duke Law & Technology Review
The institution of university science research has evolved over the past century, from one of open science and free information to one of competition and jealously guarded intellectual property rights. This iBrief analyzes the background factors driving the evolution of the institution of science, evaluates the net effects on the progress of science, and considers potential short-term solutions to alleviate the legal transaction costs necessary for scientific collaboration.
Unfinished Business: Are Today’S P2p Networks Liable For Copyright Infringement?, Christine Pope
Unfinished Business: Are Today’S P2p Networks Liable For Copyright Infringement?, Christine Pope
Duke Law & Technology Review
In June 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the decision in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios v. Grokster Ltd., a case that asked whether peer-to-peer networks may be held liable for facilitating the illegal distribution of music over the internet. The music industry petitioned the Supreme Court to settle the disagreement between the circuit courts over the standard of liability for aiding in copyright infringement. The case was based on a clash between the protection of technological innovation and the protection of artistic works. This iBrief examines the circuit split and the Grokster opinion and discusses the questions of liability left unresolved by …
Keyword-Linked Advertising, Trademark Infringement, And Google’S Contributory Liability, Benjamin Aitken
Keyword-Linked Advertising, Trademark Infringement, And Google’S Contributory Liability, Benjamin Aitken
Duke Law & Technology Review
A number of trademark holders have recently challenged the policies of Google and other Internet search engines that allow the trademark owner's competitors to purchase advertising space linked specifically to the owner's trademarks when entered as search terms. This iBrief examines the application of trademark law to this practice and concludes that Google would be contributorially liable for trademark infringement only when the advertising links lead to consumer confusion about the identity of the advertiser.
Better To Give Than To Receive: Evaluating Recent Ip Donation Tax Policy Changes, Don Macbean
Better To Give Than To Receive: Evaluating Recent Ip Donation Tax Policy Changes, Don Macbean
Duke Law & Technology Review
Over the past decade, charitable contributions of intellectual property have grown rapidly. This growth has coincided with tremendous abuse as firms have sought inflated valuations of donated intellectual property in order to claim larger tax deductions. In 2004, Congress responded by passing section 882 of the American Jobs Creation Act, which drastically changed the rules governing donations of intellectual property. This iBrief argues that Congress, in addressing overvalued intellectual property donations, went too far in its efforts by failing to fully consider the importance of positive donor incentives. After discussing other proposed policies, this iBrief suggests a hybrid policy that …
From Deepsouth To The Great White North: The Extraterritorial Reach Of United States Patent Law After Research In Motion, Daniel P. Homiller
From Deepsouth To The Great White North: The Extraterritorial Reach Of United States Patent Law After Research In Motion, Daniel P. Homiller
Duke Law & Technology Review
In the Internet age, complex telecommunications systems are often deployed with little regard for international borders. In NTP, Inc. v. Research in Motion, Ltd., the Federal Circuit determined that one such system infringed several U.S. patents, despite the fact that an essential element of the system was located outside the territorial United States. This iBrief argues that the Federal Circuit erred in invoking the "control and beneficial use" test, which it culled from the very few prior cases addressing extraterritorial application of U.S. patent law. In doing so, the court disregarded the Supreme Court's direction in Deepsouth Packing Co. v. …
A New Paradigm For Intellectual Property Rights In Software, Mark H. Webbink
A New Paradigm For Intellectual Property Rights In Software, Mark H. Webbink
Duke Law & Technology Review
A Winter 2004 article by Bradford L. Smith and Susan O. Mann of Microsoft published in The University of Chicago Law Review suggests that the development and growth of the software industry in the U.S. is a direct outgrowth of the implementation of intellectual property regimes, specifically copyright and patent, with respect to software in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This paper suggests that such patents were neither the sole nor the principal factor for the development of the software industry, that concerns about patents manifested prior to or soon after their application to software have proven true, and …