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Articles 271 - 300 of 311
Full-Text Articles in Intellectual Property Law
International Protection Of The United States Trademarks: A Survey Of Major International Treaties, E. Brooke Brinkerhoff
International Protection Of The United States Trademarks: A Survey Of Major International Treaties, E. Brooke Brinkerhoff
Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business
Globalization of the world has forced the evolution of international norms. Never before has the world been able to communicate so quickly across borders. Instantaneous global communication-the ability to send and receive not just e-mail messages, but documents, videos, and software-enables this instant communication.
Post Markman: Claim Construction Trends In The Federal Circuit, Daniel J. Melman
Post Markman: Claim Construction Trends In The Federal Circuit, Daniel J. Melman
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
The strength of a patent as a legal instrument to protect an invention rests primarily on the drafting quality of its claims. The claims of a patent recite the invention "that is deemed by [the] applicant to be operable and patentable." Furthermore, the claims define the legal metes and bounds of an invention so that a patent owner can prevent others from making, using, and selling a patented product in the United States for a period of twenty years from the filing of the patent application. The Supreme Court has long held that a patent's claim, more so than any …
Letter From The Editor, Dharmesh Vashee
Letter From The Editor, Dharmesh Vashee
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Welcome to the second issue of The Richmond Journal of Law and Technology's seventh publication term. As we near the halfway point of this term, the Journal is stronger than ever. Our continued growth and success is due in large part to the dedication of our staff and Editorial Board. This year we will publish four issues and will hold a symposium on the soon-to-be-enacted Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act ("UCITA"). The symposium will be held on March 2, 2001. Registration for and information on the symposium will be available on our website soon.
Business Method Patents, John J. Love
Business Method Patents, John J. Love
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Good morning, it's a pleasure to be here alive. We just participated in the daily road race from Washington to Richmond that many of you do every day. The first question I've been asked to deal with is why do we have patents? Of course we're very proud of fact that the PTO's origins date back the Constitution itself. In Article I Section 8 of the Constitution, the framers specifically gave Congress the power to grant inventors, for a limited time, the exclusive right to their inventions. So this is not a product of the industrial revolution but dates back …
The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (Ucita): Still Not Ready For Prime Time, James S. Heller
The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (Ucita): Still Not Ready For Prime Time, James S. Heller
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In July, 1999, the General Counsels, Vice Presidents, and other senior officers of major information industry technology companies (including Adobe Systems, Intuit, Silver Platter, Lotus, and Microsoft) wrote to the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) urging adoption of the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) at the then imminent NCCUSL meeting in Denver. The executives supported the adoption of UCITA because it is true to three commercial principles: commerce should be free to flourish in the electronic age, rules should support use of new (in this case electronic) technologies, and marketplace forces should determine the form …
Letter From The Editor, Lisa Taylor Hudson
Letter From The Editor, Lisa Taylor Hudson
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Welcome to the fourth issue of The Richmond Journal of Law & Technology. By now, we have all emerged from the "Y2K Crisis" unscathed. In fact, for many, the advent of the new year and new millennium was utterly uneventful technologically. However, this new year is not without its own fanfare for The Journal, for 2000 marks the first time this law review has published a fourth issue in a single academic term. Furthermore, we are even entrenched in the publication process for a fifth issue already. We continue to work hard to produce these timely, insightful, and scholarly publications, …
Opening Up To Open Source, Shawn W. Parker
Opening Up To Open Source, Shawn W. Parker
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
The latest "revolution" in the software industry has nothing to do with breakthrough technology; the revolution is a rethinking of how software technology is held, developed, and distributed. The revolution is called "open source," although it has also been called "freeware," and "copyleft." Each term generically describes the movement, yet implies wildly different ideas to the developers, distributors, and users inside the open source community. Open source is not a company, but rather, a community; projects are established and programmers communicate and contribute software building blocks to each other via the Internet. When a software program is completed by this …
Praying For Relief: The Impact Of Secular Organizations On Internet And Trademark Law, Ramona Leigh Taylor
Praying For Relief: The Impact Of Secular Organizations On Internet And Trademark Law, Ramona Leigh Taylor
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
"The creation and rapid growth of the Internet have been 'hailed' [as] one of the greatest technological advances in recent history,” remarked one scholar of Internet law and jurisdiction. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals characterizes the Internet as "a global network of interconnected computers allow[ing] individuals and organizations around the world to communicate with one another." It is, therefore, not surprising that the Internet impacts every aspect of our daily lives. The Web is the fastest growing part of the Internet, and thus, an important mechanism for commerce. Authors Joseph Zammit and Lynette Herscha explain, "[t]he rapid growth in …
The Development Of Arbitration In The Resolution Of Internet Domain Name Disputes, Christopher S. Lee
The Development Of Arbitration In The Resolution Of Internet Domain Name Disputes, Christopher S. Lee
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Web surfers who use the AltaVista Internet search engine may not realize that in 1998, Compaq Computer Corporation paid $3.3 million for the rights to the domain name AltaVista.com. A year later, eCompanies paid $7.5 million for the domain name business.com. And in February of 2000, Bank of America paid $3 million for the domain name loans.com. These transactions demonstrate that the ownership, transfer, and control of Internet domain names is a multi-million dollar industry.
Update: Riaa V. Diamond Multimedia Systems - Napster And Mp3.Com, Jayne A. Pemberton A. Pemberton
Update: Riaa V. Diamond Multimedia Systems - Napster And Mp3.Com, Jayne A. Pemberton A. Pemberton
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
After the Recording Industry Association of America's ("RIAA") attack on the Diamond Rio proved unsuccessful, the music industry turned its attention to the companies enabling reproduction of copyrighted music. Two important cases appeared after the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that Diamond Rio was not infringing on copyrights. These cases, A&M Records, Inc. et al. v. Napster, Inc. and UMG, Inc., et. al. v. MP3.com, Inc., will shape computer technology's effect on American copyright law. This update will discuss these two cases and give brief overviews of the courts' findings and conclusions. These findings will …
Why Urofsky V. Gilmore Still Fails To Satisfy, Michael D. Hancock
Why Urofsky V. Gilmore Still Fails To Satisfy, Michael D. Hancock
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit appears to have adopted the rule that any speech uttered by a governmental employee, in the course of performing the work for which the employee was hired, is per se not a "matter of public concern." A majority of the court relies on its holdings in DiMeglio v. Haines and Boring v. Buncombe Co. Bd. of Educ. for that proposition. That fact was evident in questioning from the en banc panel of the Fourth Circuit during its rehearing of Urofsky v. Gilmore on October 25, 1999. At issue was the …
Letter From The Editor, Lisa Taylor Hudson, Dharmesh S. Vashee
Letter From The Editor, Lisa Taylor Hudson, Dharmesh S. Vashee
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Welcome to the fifth issue of The Richmond Journal of Law & Technology! This issue represents a watershed experience for JOLT, as this is the first time we have published more than three issues in a single year! The timing of this issue's publication is also significant because on April 5, 2000, we will celebrate the fifth birthday of our journal. As the oldest exclusively online law review in the U.S., we continue to enjoy our leadership role in the publication of academic pieces dedicated to the marriage of law and technology.
Metatags: Seeking To Evade User Detection And The Lanham Act, Terrell W. Mills
Metatags: Seeking To Evade User Detection And The Lanham Act, Terrell W. Mills
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
You hop on the World Wide Web ready to do some Internet surfing. You decide to check the scores from last night's football game. You head to your favorite search engine and then pause . . . "where will the scores be" you ask yourself. You decide upon ESPN, because you know they have it all when it comes to sports. So, you type in ESPN and click on the "SEARCH" button. You eagerly await the return of the results to head out to the ESPN homepage to find out if your alma mater beat the in-state rival in the …
Using The Digital Millennium Copyright Act To Limit Potential Copyright Liability Online, Jonathan A. Friedman, Francis M. Buono
Using The Digital Millennium Copyright Act To Limit Potential Copyright Liability Online, Jonathan A. Friedman, Francis M. Buono
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Any online service provider ("OSP"), including a website operator, that accepts user postings or includes content from other parties on its website or online service is at risk that it will be held liable if such third-party content infringes the copyright of another party. Liability for copyright infringement is an expensive proposition and can run into the millions of dollars. Thus, an OSP must be vigilant in limiting its potential liability in connection with such third-party content.
Administrative Procedure Act Standards Governing Judicial Review Of Findings Of Fact Made By The Patent And Trademark Office, Peter J. Corcoran Iii
Administrative Procedure Act Standards Governing Judicial Review Of Findings Of Fact Made By The Patent And Trademark Office, Peter J. Corcoran Iii
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (the "PTO") is one of the oldest agencies in the American administrative system. Throughout the history of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("Federal Circuit") and its predecessor courts, the factual decisions of the PTO administrative boards have been reviewed by the same standard that is applied to decisions of district courts. The standard that has been used is the "clearly erroneous" standard, and its use to review PTO decisions dates back over one hundred years.
Ucita: The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, Michael J. Lockerby
Ucita: The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, Michael J. Lockerby
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
From the heated rhetoric of both proponents and opponents of UCITA, one would think that UCITA represented a radical change from current law. From the standpoint of this practitioner, however, UCITA represents more of an evolutionary than a revolutionary change in the law. In at least three critical areas, the enforceability of "paperless contracts," dispute resolution, and "self-help" remedies, UCITA is arguably consistent with current law or at least the trend of current law. Indeed, the main inconsistency between UCITA and current law is that current law is at times inconsistent. From the standpoint of most businesses, certainty is preferable …
The Creative As Enemy Of The True: The Meaning Of Originality In The Matthew Bender Cases, Deborah Tussey
The Creative As Enemy Of The True: The Meaning Of Originality In The Matthew Bender Cases, Deborah Tussey
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
The scope of copyright protection for case reports and case reporters has been the subject of litigation since the Supreme Court decided its first copyright case, Wheaton v. Peters,[1] in 1834. Prior to the development of electronic technologies, the courts established a fairly consistent set of guidelines on which print publishers could rely. However, the development of electronic research tools raised new questions which the old guidelines did not address. With the founding of Lexis's online research service, and the later development of CD-ROM research products, West Publishing Co., the premier publisher of case reports, found itself in possession of …
A Nice Place To Visit But I Wouldn't Want To Litigate There: The Effects Of Cybersell V. Cybersell On The Law Of Personal Jurisdiction, W. David Falcon Jr.
A Nice Place To Visit But I Wouldn't Want To Litigate There: The Effects Of Cybersell V. Cybersell On The Law Of Personal Jurisdiction, W. David Falcon Jr.
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In a world divided by barriers of language and culture, the Internet is the nexus that connects the most rural outposts of technology to the global business centers. The Internet's most popular user interface, the World Wide Web, is an interwoven network of computers through which news and information can traverse international barriers in a matter of seconds. Using an Internet Service Provider ("ISP") and a personal computer, the average user can access the World Wide Web and enter the largest repository of public information on the planet. The boundaries are virtually limitless, and the general absence of content restrictions …
Click Here: Web Links, Trademarks And The First Amendment, Christopher E. Gatewood
Click Here: Web Links, Trademarks And The First Amendment, Christopher E. Gatewood
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
The World Wide Web has experienced rapid growth during the 1990s, with millions of publishers adding diverse opinions, objectives and page content. The main programming feature that has kept this network of networks from becoming a twisted thicket of web-sites is the hyperlink. These links guide users across the Web by creating connections from page to page and site to site, allowing a reader to follow tangential paths to whatever it is the Web has to offer her. Links provide connections within a site and are also used constantly to travel from one publisher's site to another. Because the linking …
Musical Works Performance And The Internet: A Discordance Of Old And New Copyright Rules, Stephanie Haun
Musical Works Performance And The Internet: A Discordance Of Old And New Copyright Rules, Stephanie Haun
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
I feel strongly that the great fundamentals should be discussed more in all public meetings, and also in meetings of schools and colleges. Not only the students[,] but also the faculty should get down to more thinking and action about the great problems[,] which concern all countries and all peoples in the world today, and not let the politicians do it all and have the whole say. I have often been told that it is not the function of music (or a concert) to concern itself with matters like these. But I do not[,] by any means agree. I think …
A World Wide Web Of Potential Franchise Law Violations, Michael J. Lockerby
A World Wide Web Of Potential Franchise Law Violations, Michael J. Lockerby
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Franchising -- whereby independent entrepreneurs are licensed to provide goods and services of uniform quality (hopefully) under their licensor's trademarks -- has long been the predominant method of distributing goods and services in the U.S. Time will tell how many suppliers use the Internet to "cut out the middleman", and instead, sell goods and services directly to the ultimate consumer. While franchising so far appears to be safe from the Internet, the Internet may not be safe from franchising -- or, perhaps more accurately, from the world wide web of laws that govern franchising. The explosive growth of Internet commerce …
The Fourth Circuit's Narrow Definition Of "Matters Of Public Concern" Denies State-Employed Academics Their Say: Urofsky V. Gilmore, Michael D. Hancock
The Fourth Circuit's Narrow Definition Of "Matters Of Public Concern" Denies State-Employed Academics Their Say: Urofsky V. Gilmore, Michael D. Hancock
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
While attempting to limit potential sexual harassment suits against the Commonwealth of Virginia, and also promote workplace efficiency, the Virginia General Assembly enacted legislation prohibiting state employees from accessing information containing sexual content from state-owned or leased computers without obtaining prior approval from their agency heads. Urofsky v. Gilmore concerns a suit brought by six faculty members employed by several state universities in federal district court alleging that the legislation infringed on their First Amendment free speech rights by unconstitutionally limiting their abilities to perform their jobs. Although the district court found for the plaintiffs, that decision was reversed on …
Information Vs. Commercialization: The Internet And Unsolicited Electronic Mail, Karin Mika
Information Vs. Commercialization: The Internet And Unsolicited Electronic Mail, Karin Mika
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In November of 1996, the District Court of Eastern Pennsylvania allowed America Online to prohibit a business from using the Internet for sending bulk, unsolicited electronic mail.[1] The decision highlighted some intriguing issues related to how the Internet interacts with the current legal framework and how legal standards that have adequately encompassed most business uses for emerging technologies are not a perfect fit for issues related to the Internet. This article will focus on the current struggle to fit the Internet into some type of existing legal framework, especially with respect to Internet business uses. It will focus primarily on …
Markman V. Westview Instruments, Inc.: Patent Construction Is Within The Exclusive Province Of The Court Under The Seventh Amendment, Sue Ann Mota
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Copyright On The Www: Linking And Liability, Edward A. Cavazos, Coe F. Miles
Copyright On The Www: Linking And Liability, Edward A. Cavazos, Coe F. Miles
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
The World Wide Web (WWW) is so often used as a way of interacting with the Internet that many people mistakenly confuse the two, referring to the Internet as the "Web" and vice versa. Of course, the Internet and its native applications predate the development of the WWW protocols by decades. Still, given the overwhelming amount of available Internet bandwidth now devoted to the transmission of web pages, there is no doubt that the WWW is the interface of choice for most users of the world's most pervasive computer network. The WWW is not the Internet, but there can be …
Procd, Inc. V. Zeidenberg: Enforceability Of Shrinkwrap Licenses Under The Copyright Act, Jennifer L. Hawkins
Procd, Inc. V. Zeidenberg: Enforceability Of Shrinkwrap Licenses Under The Copyright Act, Jennifer L. Hawkins
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
"I didn't read all of the shrink-wrap license agreement on my new software until after I opened it. Apparently I agreed to spend the rest of my life as a towel boy in Bill Gates' new mansion."
Religious Technology Center V. Netcom On-Line Communications Services, Inc.: The Knowledge Standard For Contributory Copyright Infringement And The Fair Use Doctrine, Eugene A. Burcher, Anna M. Hughes
Religious Technology Center V. Netcom On-Line Communications Services, Inc.: The Knowledge Standard For Contributory Copyright Infringement And The Fair Use Doctrine, Eugene A. Burcher, Anna M. Hughes
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
With 30 million people connected worldwide and the ability to rapidly transfer large amounts of data, the Internet poses a great threat to owners of intellectual property. The Internet's rapid growth has led to substantial speculation about how courts will apply intellectual property law concepts to conduct in cyberspace. On November 21, 1995, U.S. District Judge Ronald Whyte ruled that an Internet Service Provider (ISP) could be liable for contributory copyright infringement when a subscribing member directly infringes a copyright.
Obtaining And Enforcing Trade Dress For Computer Graphical User Interfaces - A Practitioner's Guide, John P. Musone
Obtaining And Enforcing Trade Dress For Computer Graphical User Interfaces - A Practitioner's Guide, John P. Musone
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
A computer program that successfully incorporates an intuitive graphical user interface possesses a tremendous competitive advantage over its competitors. Interface development accordingly has become a critical aspect of software development. Without legal protection, however, this advantage is illusory as competitors are otherwise free to copy unprotected interface features. Interface creators have predominately used copyright law to protect the overall "look and feel" of their interfaces. However, copyright protection for interfaces increasingly appears to be the exception rather than the rule.
The Property Concept Of Trade Secrets In Anglo-American Law: An Ongoing Debate, Miguel Deutch
The Property Concept Of Trade Secrets In Anglo-American Law: An Ongoing Debate, Miguel Deutch
University of Richmond Law Review
The law of trade secrets is central to the protection of commercial interests in information. The protection of information by way of this law has certain advantages not provided by the more "traditional" laws regulating intellectual property, advantages which amplify the growing interest of modern jurisprudence in trade secrets law.1 As has been correctly pointed out, the "traditional" rules governing intellectual property are ill suited to the demands of new technological developments.2 This reality has increased the importance of the law of trade secrets, in as much as it is both more flexible and general, and thus, more easily applied …
Letter From The Editor, Richard P. Klau
Letter From The Editor, Richard P. Klau
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
What a year! While it has only been ten months since we published our first issue, the progress made in the electronic publication of legal information has been incredible. When we published in April of 1995, many wondered whether or not we would have much company in cyberspace. There were those who scoffed at our efforts, saying that using the Internet as a publication medium was little more than a gimmick.