Intellectual Property Law Commons^™

Children Watching Television Advertising: What's Wrong With This Picture, Peter Hallifax

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

In 1983 the FCC abandoned its role as regulator of children's television advertising. Since then, Congress has been trying, so far without success, to enact legislation compelling the FCC to resume its former role. This Note reviews the history of children's television advertising regulation, examines the need for such rules, and concludes that the type of rules contemplated by Congress presume that television advertising directed at children is inherently deceptive. The Note concludes that this presumption is unwarranted, and that the issue should be fully. explored before laws which restrict children's viewing choices are enacted.

California Lawyers For The Arts, Alma Robinson

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

No abstract provided.

Emma Bovary, Nathan Marx And The Writer's Art, Vivian Deborah Wilson

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

In this Essay, the author addresses censorship by examining public reaction to two literary works: Flaubert's Madame Bovary and Roth's Defender of the Faith. She presents the dangers of silencing writers to prevent readers from finding in these writings "confirmation for their own fully-developed intolerance, bigotry, hatred and violence."

Functionality Doctrine In Trade Dress And Copyright Infringement Actions: A Call For Clarification, Beth F. Dumas

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

The design features of a useful article will not qualify for either copyright or trade dress protection if they are considered functional. The functionality doctrine is an elusive one; in the trade dress arena, courts have experienced considerable difficulty in setting forth functionality tests clearly. The author synthesizes several functionality standards from recent case law and discusses the merits of each. This Note suggests that in trade dress cases courts should distinguish between mechanical and non-mechanical products and apply different tests to each.

Welcome To The Nineties, Bindrim V. Mitchell: Now Drop Dead, Robert Asa Crook

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Ten years ago Bindrim v. Mitchell roared like a lion, extending an author's potential to defame through fiction. Today, it appears that the lion may be a mouse. Courts are generally applying a higher degree of scrutiny in an effort to curb the "chilling effect" Bindrim could potentially wreak upon the artistic community. Artists and agents, however, should be wary of certain types of fiction which have no standardized protection. This Note suggests a standard which could protect all authors from nuisance suits brought by readers who assert that the fictional work is "of and concerning" them.

Doctors Can Just Say No: The Constitutionality Of Consumer-Directed Advertising Of Prescription Drugs, Michelle D. Ehrlich

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Advertising prescription drugs directly to consumers is a recent phenomenon and has sparked much ethical debate on how best to protect the interest of consumer/patients, physicians, and manufacturers. This Note examines the current statutory and regulatory provisions governing prescription drug advertising and their application, and concentrates on whether consumer-directed prescription drug advertising is constitutionally protected speech.

When A Promise Is Not A Promise: The Legal Consequences For Journalists Who Break Promises Of Confidentiality To Sources, Kathryn M. Kase

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

According to both a trial court and an appeals court in Minnesota, a newspaper breached a contract when it identified a source to whom its reporter promised confidentiality. While American journalists are increasingly identifying confidential sources, imposing contract law is an inadequate remedy because it does not consider journalistic factors such as the story's news value. This Note argues that American courts should adopt the British cause of action for breach of confidence, which balances the source's need for confidentiality against the public's need to know.

The University Of California Hate Speech Policy: A Good Heart In Ill-Fitting Garb, Jens B. Koepke

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

A rising tide of racism and hate speech is rushing over American university and college campuses. Minority students are alienated and harmed by racist attacks inside and outside the classroom setting. The University of California has addressed the problem of hate speech by developing regulations barring students from using such speech on school grounds. This Note argues that the University of California policy sweeps too broadly and that its application of the "fighting words" doctrine is inappropriate in this context. The Note suggests an alternative policy recognizing the importance of protecting hate speech victims and legitimate speech.

My Life, My Story, Right - Fashioning Life Story Rights In The Motion Picture Industry, Michelle E. Lentzner

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

In 1956, Twentieth Century-Fox contracted with Christine Costner Sizemore for rights to her life story. At the time, Sizemore was suffering from a multiple personality disorder, which the resulting movie The Three Faces of Eve dramatized. Sizemore has since recovered. In 1989, she tried to sell option rights for a movie based on her third biography. Twentieth Century-Fox sought an injunction, claiming it exclusively owned the movie rights to her life story. The author explores the parameters necessary for drafting life story contracts, as well as the recourse available to a subject whose life story is appropriated for a movie …

Judicial Discretion And The First Amendment: Extending The Holding Beyond The Facts Through Contiguous Decision-Making, Richard E. Labunski

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

A revered principle of American law is that courts will extend the holding of a case only as far as the facts require. In first amendment cases, the application of this principle often means that freedom of speech and press issues remain unresolved for years while courts come to widely varying conclusions about how the first amendment is to be interpreted. This Article proposes that courts be allowed to extend the holding of certain cases beyond the facts through "contiguous decision-making." Such additional authority is necessary to preserve the special status of the first amendment and will not greatly enlarge …

Proposed Prior Art Legislation For Computer Program Patent Applications: Creating A Potential For Coexisting Patents, Reed R. Heimbecher

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Although both copyright and patent law can be used to protect computer programs, this Note suggests that sui generis protection should be established for software. The author provides background information, including a description of various computer related terms, a discussion of the patentability of algorithms, and a discussion of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Diamond v. Diehr. This Note then proposes that pending software patents, even if eventually granted, should not constitute prior art for computer program patents.

What Is Art - Toward A Legal Definition, Leonard D. Duboff

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

A great number of unresolved issues arise in the relatively new field of art law. The author considers several areas of the law, including copyright, customs, state and federal moral and economic rights statutes, and state consignment statutes in order to develop a legal definition of "art." This Article concludes that this definition depends on who does the defining; however, common threads exist. Some sort of originality on the part of the work is required. Additionally, legislators faced with defining art are consistently concerned with the scope of the definition. The author believes a definition that attempts to include more …

Art Of The State: Congressional Censorship Of The National Endowment For The Arts, Stephen F. Rohde

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

This Article explores the content restrictions imposed on the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities. It recalls the ambitious goals set for the NEA and NEH in 1965. Next, it traces the 1989-1990 legislative battles to ban federal funding for "obscene" and "indecent" art. Finally, the author concludes that the congressionally-imposed content restrictions are unconstitutional in that they abridge the first amendment, enact a system of prior restraint, violate the prohibition on bills of attainder, and establish vague and uncertain standards imperiling protected speech.

Some Constitutional Implications Of Denying Nea Subsidies To Arts Projects Under The Yates Compromise, Karen Faaborg

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

The 1989 funding legislation for the National Endowment for the Arts is constitutiQnally infirm for at least two reasons. First, it politicizes the grant-making process by inserting a government official as censor. Second, it allows subject matter discrimination to occur without the strict scrutiny safeguards designed to avoid illicit prior restraints and the chilling of first amendment rights. Passed as a form of compromise between two warring factions-the Jesse Helms set who would severely restrict NEA funding and the freedom-of-speech set who would impose no restrictions whatsoever-the so-called Yates compromise would nonetheless find a friendly audience at the Supreme Court …

Visual Arts And The Public: A Legislative Agenda For The 1990s, Thomas M. Goetzl

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

The author reflects on the meaning both of the shocking prices currently being paid for many works of art and of some instances of the censorship of art. The author offers the possibility that both of these phenomena reveal a hostility to art and the artists who create it. The Essay then recommends a role that moral rights and resale royalty legislation can play to improve the public's sensitivity to the arts and artists.

Museum Collection Care Problems And California's Old Loan Legislation, Judith L. Teichman

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

A number of museums have problems associated with objects which have been in their custody for many years. Sometimes it is unclear whether the objects were originally loans or gifts; in other cases, the lender has died or otherwise lost contact with the museum. This Essay describes what has led to these situations and the resulting dilemmas, including the difficulty of litigating claims to the objects. It describes the reasoning behind the factual support for various provisions in the California legislation governing loans to museums. The author concludes that the legislation will prevent a recurrence of the identified problems and …

Poetic Justice: Work Made For Hire Laws Invite State Regulation Of Parties To Copyright Contracts, Gregory T. Victoroff

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Little-known California laws may impose extensive statutory requirements and labor regulations on purchasers of copyrightable works using written "Work Made for Hire" contracts. These laws may coalesce with other state labor regulations, springing a costly trap on unwary users/buyers of coprightable works. Attorneys representing artist/employee clients can make artful use of the California "Work Made for Hire" laws to achieve for them a sort of "poetic justice."

The Defamation You Can't Refuse: Section 315'S Prohibition On Censoring Political Broadcasts, Martin Kassman

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Section 315 of the Communications Act prohibits broadcasters from censoring political candidates' commercials. What happens when a candidate runs an ad that tells lies about his opponent or someone else? What if a candidate uses obscene, indecent, or inflammatory language or images? The author reviews the cases that have come before the courts and the Federal Communications Commission. Although broadcasters have been held immune from liability for defamatory political broadcasts, that immunity is not explicit in the statute. It is unclear whether stations have the power to censor indecent or obscene political ads and whether they can be punished for …

Lights, Camera, Actionable Negligence: Transmission Of The Aids Virus During Adult Motion Picture Production, Francisco G. Torres

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Adult motion picture production is an activity in which the risk of HIV transmission is extremely high. Film producers' failure to employ safe sex practices and California legislation prohibiting AIDS testing by employers have combined to create an unsafe working environment for performers. This Note examines the potential liability of producers for transmission of HIV during the production of an adult motion picture. This Note then proposes that California Health and Safety Code section 199.21 be amended to allow adult motion picture producers to use AIDS test results to determine employability of performers.

The Law Of Ideas: New York And California Are More Than 3,000 Miles Apart, Peter Swarth

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

The 1989 Los Angeles County Bar Association Entertainment Law Writing Competition First Prize Winner.

Over the years, New York and California courts have moved in opposite directions on the question of protection for the purveyor of ideas. While California courts have expanded the rights of idea sellers to almost equal those found under copyright law, New York courts virtually deny any rights to the "idea man." Recent decisions by the Second and the Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeals demonstrate just how far apart our two great centers of creativity have become.

Preface To Jens B. Koepke's The University Of California Hate Speech Policy: A Good Heart In Ill-Fitting Garb, Edward M. Chen

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

No abstract provided.

Vads, Vars, And Authorized Dealers - Do The Franchise Laws Apply To The Computer Industry, Kennedy A. Brooks

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

VAD/VAR distribution programs may be "franchises" within the technical definitions in applicable federal and state laws. Computer products manufacturers should exercise care in the design of their dealer channels to avoid the impact of these laws. This Article reviews the basic features of these distribution channels, analyzes the components of the various definitions of a franchise, and discusses how these laws might affect the characteristics of a computer dealer channel.

The Future Of Software Copyright Protection: Arbitration V. Litigation, Alisa E. Anderson

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

The legal profession and computer industry have expressed dissatisfaction with the existing copyright protection provided computer software and its traditional means of enforcement by litigation. These criticisms are exemplified in the protracted NEC Corp. v. Intel Corp. litigation. After examination of the current copyright laws and the recent NEC/Intel decision, the author analyzes the IBM/Fujitsu settlement, which created a new hybrid form of commercial arbitration. By relinquishing extensive control over their businesses to the arbitrators, IBM and Fujitsu established a sophisticated mechanism to resolve future conflicts and forestall future litigation. The author concludes that this hybrid method of arbitration is …

Digital Sampling: The Copyright Considerations Of A New Technological Use Of Musical Performance, Jeffrey S. Newton

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

The author explores the controversial topic of digital sampling, a process that allows one musician to use another musician's performance without knowledge or consent. He explores the acquisition and use of samples and argues that a musician's "sound" is a copyrightable work, satisfying both constitutional and statutory requirements. The author further examines the interplay between sample acquisition and the Copyright Act's "fixation" requirement and the question of whether digitized tone colors are uncopyrightable upon utilitarian grounds. The author concludes that a musician's "sound" is copyrightable as a derivative work, that the standard of "substantial similarity" can be used to prove …

Technological Poetry: The Interface Between Copyrights And Patents For Software, Willis E. Higgins

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

For historical reasons, there is an overlap between patent coverage for software as a technology and copyright coverage for software as a literary work. Each of these forms of protection for software has a proper role and should be allowed to coexist. Through common law evolution in case law and patent grants by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, patents have become the way to protect new and nonobvious functional concepts of software. Therefore, courts may be less willing to expand the scope of protected expression of copyrights to protect the functional aspects of software.

Carrying Copyright Too Far: The Inadequacy Of The Current System Of Protection For Computer Programs, Virginia R. Lyons

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Currently available methods of legal protection are inappropriate for software. Because copyright law developed long before the advent of computer programs, it does not take into consideration the specialized needs of the new technology. This Note examines the way copyright law was manipulated to address early problems in software protection, and the problems which result when these rules are applied to recent, more complicated cases. The Note then proposes a new system of legal protection for computer programs.

Trade-Based Remedies For Copyright Infringement: Utilizing A Loss-Preventative Synthesis, Antionette M. Von Dem Hagen

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Foreign infringement of U.S. intellectual property rights continues to affect U.S. business revenue, particularly for copyright-dependent industries. Trade-based remedies-such as sections 301 and 337 of the Trade Act of 1974, recently amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988-may be used to combat this infringement successfully. Sections 301 and 337 have generally been used separately as distinct remedies for different problems. This Note suggests, however, that in view of U.S. industries' long-term goal of reducing revenue losses attributable to foreign intellectual property infringement, sections 301 and 337 are more effectively used in tandem, particularly against copyright infringement. This …

The Department Of Communications: A Plan And Policy For The Abolition Of The Federal Communications Commission, Michael F. Starr, David J. Atkin

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

Few areas of federal oversight have been as inconsistently addressed as that involving the regulation of broadcast and wire communication. Action in this realm has been all too often governed by political, rather than social or economic, imperatives. Many, no doubt, accept this situation as a necessary element of democratic decisionmaking. The deregulatory fervor of the 1980s could thus be seen as part of a long-term process of political redefinition. The consequences of regulatory neglect in this area will affect more than the traditional broadcast constituency of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). For, as traditional distinctions between communications technologies continue …

What Does The Fairness Doctrine Controversy Really Mean, Jerome A. Barron

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

In 1987, the FCC repealed broadcasting's Fairness Doctrine. This longestablished Doctrine required broadcasters to adequately cover issues of public importance and to provide a balanced presentation of controversial viewpoints. Opponents of the Fairness Doctrine would make broadcasting fungible, in a first amendment sense, with the print media. But what distinguishes broadcasting from the print media is not the Fairness Doctrine, but licensing in the public interest. This Commentary contends that there is an inherent bedrock fairness principle rooted in the public interest standard of the Federal Communications Act of 1934. The public interest standard is an independent source for the …

The Constitutional Administration Of The Beirut Agreement: Paradox Or Possibility, Alison E. Baur

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

The Beirut Agreement is a multilateral treaty that allows for the dutyfree exchange of audiovisual materials, if they are certified by the exporting country to be "cultural, educational or scientific." The certification criteria used by the United States to define these terms was struck down as unconstitutional in the case of Bullfrog Films v. Wick. This Note analyzes the Bullfrog case and its subsequent appeal, as well as the issues surrounding the continued efforts of the United States Information Agency to draft satisfactory criteria. The Note concludes with the author offering suggestions for a constitutionally acceptable set of certification criteria.