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Articles 181 - 210 of 302
Full-Text Articles in Intellectual Property Law
Rethinking The Role Of Clinical Trial Data In International Intellectual Property Law: The Case For A Public Goods Approach, Jerome H. Reichman
Rethinking The Role Of Clinical Trial Data In International Intellectual Property Law: The Case For A Public Goods Approach, Jerome H. Reichman
Faculty Scholarship
This article is a later version of the author's presentation at the Eleventh Annual Honorable Helen Wilson Nies Memorial Lecture March 26, 2008. Clinical trials are currently used to test drugs; however, the risk and cost of clinical trials are increasing so drastically that the clinical trials may become unsustainable. This article evaluates the legal and economic trends of intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical clinical trial data. The protection of clinical trials has become an alternative to patents as market exclusivity encourages the development and testing of unpatentable pharmaceuticals. This author argues that clinical trials should be treated as a …
Growing Pains In The Administrative State: The Patent Office’S Troubled Quest For Managerial Control, Arti K. Rai
Growing Pains In The Administrative State: The Patent Office’S Troubled Quest For Managerial Control, Arti K. Rai
Faculty Scholarship
In the last ten years, the workload of the Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") has increased dramatically. Complaints about the PTO's ability to manage its workload have increased in tandem. Interestingly, although Congress has explicitly given the PTO rulemaking authority over the processing of patent applications, and withheld from it authority over "substantive" patent law, the PTO has arguably enjoyed more success in influencing substantive law than in executing direct efforts to manage its workload. This Article explores the multiple, mutually reinforcing reasons for this anomaly. It argues that although there are good reasons to be frustrated with the PTO's …
University Software Ownership And Litigation: A First Examination, Arti K. Rai, John R. Allison, Bhaven N. Sampat, Colin Crossman
University Software Ownership And Litigation: A First Examination, Arti K. Rai, John R. Allison, Bhaven N. Sampat, Colin Crossman
Faculty Scholarship
Software patents and university-owned patents represent two of the most controversial intellectual property developments of the last twenty-five years. Despite this reality, and concerns that universities act as "patent trolls" when they assert software patents in litigation against successful commercializers, no scholar has systematically examined the ownership and litigation of university software patents. In this Article, we present the first such examination. Our empirical research reveals that software patents represent a significant and growing proportion of university patent holdings. Additionally, the most important determinant of the number of software patents a university owns is not its research and development ("R&D") …
Legal Approaches To Promote Technological Solutions To Climate Change, Daniel Van Fleet
Legal Approaches To Promote Technological Solutions To Climate Change, Daniel Van Fleet
Duke Law & Technology Review
Technological advancement is widely viewed as an essential component to any effective climate change strategy. However, there is no consensus as to the degree to which the law should promote technological innovation and development. This iBrief analyzes government involvement in encouraging such technology and divides the various policies into four categories. On one end are policies that rely mainly on market forces to encourage scientific advancement naturally, requiring minimal government involvement. A second category of policies involves technological development promoted indirectly through laws addressing climate change generally. A third type of policy involves directly offering government funding and financing for …
On The Perils Of Inadequate Analogies, Dan Tammuz
On The Perils Of Inadequate Analogies, Dan Tammuz
Duke Law & Technology Review
Linking law is barely a decade old. Over the course of this short period, a wide variety of approaches have come to light. In fact, different jurisdictions have come to different conclusions regarding similar issues. Recently, there has been a new addition to the jurisprudence. A Texas holding established that linking to copyright-protected content violates copyright. This iBrief argues that the reasoning in this decision is flawed. The opposite conclusion should have been reached by applying straightforward copyright analysis and by looking to recent case law regarding hyperlinking.
The Public Domain: Enclosing The Commons Of The Mind, James Boyle
The Public Domain: Enclosing The Commons Of The Mind, James Boyle
Faculty Scholarship
Our music, our culture, our science and our economic welfare all depend on a delicate balance between those ideas that are controlled and those that are free, between intellectual property and the public domain. In his award-winning book, The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind (Yale University Press) James Boyle introduces readers to the idea of the public domain and describes how it is being tragically eroded by our current copyright, patent, and trademark laws. In a series of fascinating case studies, Boyle explains why gene sequences, basic business ideas and pairs of musical notes are now owned, …
Building A Better Innovation System: Combining Facially Neutral Patent Standards Withtherapeutics Regulation, Arti K. Rai
Building A Better Innovation System: Combining Facially Neutral Patent Standards Withtherapeutics Regulation, Arti K. Rai
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Is Bayh-Dole Good For Developing Countries?: Lessons From The Us Experience, Arti K. Rai, Jerome H. Reichman, Robert Weissman, Amy Kapczynski, Robert Cook-Deegan, Bhaven N. Sampat, Anthony D. So
Is Bayh-Dole Good For Developing Countries?: Lessons From The Us Experience, Arti K. Rai, Jerome H. Reichman, Robert Weissman, Amy Kapczynski, Robert Cook-Deegan, Bhaven N. Sampat, Anthony D. So
Faculty Scholarship
Recently, countries from China and Brazil to Malaysia and South Africa have passed laws promoting the patenting of publicly funded research, and a similar proposal is under legislative consideration in India. These initiatives are modeled in part on the United States Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. Bayh-Dole (BD) encouraged American universities to acquire patents on inventions resulting from government-funded research and to issue exclusive licenses to private firms, on the assumption that exclusive licensing creates incentives to commercialize these inventions. A broader hope of BD, and the initiatives emulating it, was that patenting and licensing of public sector research would spur …
Intellectual Property And Alternatives: Strategies For Green Innovation, Jerome H. Reichman, Arti K. Rai, Richard G. Newell, Jonathan B. Wiener
Intellectual Property And Alternatives: Strategies For Green Innovation, Jerome H. Reichman, Arti K. Rai, Richard G. Newell, Jonathan B. Wiener
Faculty Scholarship
This report provides an analysis of how intellectual property rights (IPRs), and alternatives to IPRs, might operate in green innovation. Part I of the paper discusses the economics of green innovation, including the important role that will need to be played by the private sector. Part II discusses the IPR issues, principally involving patents, that may arise if and when GHG externalities are addressed through the appropriate pricing of greenhouse gases. Part III addresses alternatives to traditional patents and exclusive licenses, including patent pools, liability rules, and prizes.
Pathways Across The Valley Of Death: Novel Intellectual Property Strategies For Accelerated Drug Discovery, Arti K. Rai, Jerome H. Reichman, Paul F. Uhlir, Colin Crossman
Pathways Across The Valley Of Death: Novel Intellectual Property Strategies For Accelerated Drug Discovery, Arti K. Rai, Jerome H. Reichman, Paul F. Uhlir, Colin Crossman
Faculty Scholarship
Drug discovery is stagnating. Government agencies, industry analysts, and industry scientists have all noted that, despite significant increases in pharmaceutical R&D funding, the production of fundamentally new drugs - particularly drugs that work on new biological pathways and proteins - remains disappointingly low. To some extent, pharmaceutical firms are already embracing the prescription of new, more collaborative R&D organizational models suggested by industry analysts. In this Article, we build on collaborative strategies that firms are already employing by proposing a novel public-private collaboration that would help move upstream academic research across the valley of death that separates upstream research from …
Domain Tasting Is Taking Over The Internet As A Result Of Icann’S “Add Grace Period”, Christopher Healey
Domain Tasting Is Taking Over The Internet As A Result Of Icann’S “Add Grace Period”, Christopher Healey
Duke Law & Technology Review
When a domain name is registered, the registrant is given five days to cancel for a full refund. While the purpose of this grace period is to protect those who innocently err in the registration process, speculators have taken advantage of the grace period through a process called "domain tasting." These "domain tasters" register hundreds of thousands of domain names and cancel the vast majority of them within the five-day grace period, keeping only those that may be valuable as placeholder advertising websites or to holders of trademark rights. This iBrief will outline the "domain tasting" process, analyze why it …
Operation Restoration: How Can Patent Holders Protect Themselves From Medimmune?, Stephanie Chu
Operation Restoration: How Can Patent Holders Protect Themselves From Medimmune?, Stephanie Chu
Duke Law & Technology Review
The Supreme Court’s recent decision in MedImmune v. Genentech shifts the balance of power in license agreements from patent holders to their licensees. This iBrief outlines the potential implications of the new rules on all stages of patent prosecution and protection. Further, it evaluates remedial contract provisions patent holders may include in future license agreements and how these provisions may mitigate the decision’s effects on preexisting commercial relationships.
Encouraging Corporate Innovation For Our Homeland During The Best Of Times For The Worst Of Times: Extending Safety Act Protections To Natural Disasters’, Ava A. Harter
Duke Law & Technology Review
This article first analyzes the innovative tort reform of the SAFETY Act and then argues for expansion of SAFETY Act type risk protection to natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and wildfires. The SAFETY Act was drafted to stimulate the development and deployment of technologies that combat terrorism by providing liability protection. Applying the same type of legislation to natural disasters will provide a commensurate benefit of encouraging preparedness and development of technologies that could mitigate harms resulting from natural disasters. The Department of Homeland Security voiced a desire to increase the use of the SAFETY Act by private industry. …
A Budding Theory Of Willful Patent Infringement: Orange Books, Colored Pills, And Greener Verdicts, Christopher A. Harkins
A Budding Theory Of Willful Patent Infringement: Orange Books, Colored Pills, And Greener Verdicts, Christopher A. Harkins
Duke Law & Technology Review
The rules of engagement in the brand-name versus generic-drug war are rapidly changing. Brand-name manufacturers face increasing competition from Canadian manufacturers of generic drugs, online drug companies, and Wal-Mart® Super Centers deciding to cash in by turning a piece of the generic prescription drug business into a huge marketing campaign with offerings of generic drugs for four dollar prescriptions. Other discount drug providers are likely to follow suit in hopes of boosting customer traffic and sales of their generic drugs. Now, more than ever before, attorneys representing owners of pharmaceutical patents need to be creative with their damages theories to …
This Town Ain’T Big Enough For The Both Of Us—Or Is It? Reflections On Copyright, The First Amendment And Google’S Use Of Others’ Content, David Kohler
Duke Law & Technology Review
Using a variety of technological innovations, Google became a multi-billion dollar content-delivery business without owning or licensing much of the content that it uses. Google’s principal justification for why this strategy does not contravene the intellectual property rights of the copyright owners is the doctrine of fair use. However, over the last several years, some copyright owners began to push back and challenge Google’s strategy. Much of this litigation presents the courts with something of a conundrum. On the one hand, it is beyond dispute that Google’s services have great social utility. By organizing and making accessible an enormous volume …
Walking The Line: Why The Presumption Against Extraterritorial Application Of U.S. Patent Law Should Limit The Reach Of 35 U.S.C. § 271(F), Jennifer Giordano-Coltart
Walking The Line: Why The Presumption Against Extraterritorial Application Of U.S. Patent Law Should Limit The Reach Of 35 U.S.C. § 271(F), Jennifer Giordano-Coltart
Duke Law & Technology Review
The advent of the digital era and the global market pose unique challenges to intellectual property law. To adapt, U.S. patent laws require constant interpretation in the face of rapidly changing technological advances. In AT&T Corp. v. Microsoft Corp., the Federal Circuit interpreted 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) in a technology-dependent manner in order to effectuate the purpose of the law with respect to global software distribution. However, the Federal Circuit failed to consider the presumption against extraterritorial application of U.S. law, and its decision now risks international discord and harm not only to the American software industry, but other U.S. …
Where Will Consumers Find Privacy Protection From Rfids?: A Case For Federal Legislation, Serena G. Stein
Where Will Consumers Find Privacy Protection From Rfids?: A Case For Federal Legislation, Serena G. Stein
Duke Law & Technology Review
With the birth of RFID technology, businesses gained the ability to tag products with practically invisible computer chips that relay information about consumer behavior to remote databases. Such tagging permits retailers and manufacturers to track the purchases, identities, and movements of their customers. In the absence of enforceable regulations, society risks being subjected to an unprecedented level of Orwellian surveillance. This iBrief addresses consumer privacy concerns stemming from the proliferation of RFID technology. It discusses why tort law, state legislation, FTC guidelines, and proposed regulations are insufficient methods to alleviate consumer privacy concerns and suggests amending various federal privacy laws, …
Is Kelly Shifting Under Google’S Feet? New Ninth Circuit Impact On The Google Library Project Litigation, Cameron W. Westin
Is Kelly Shifting Under Google’S Feet? New Ninth Circuit Impact On The Google Library Project Litigation, Cameron W. Westin
Duke Law & Technology Review
The Google Library Project presents what many consider to be the perfect fair-use problem. The legal debate surrounding the Library Project has centered on the Ninth Circuit’s Kelly v. Arriba Soft. Yet recent case law presents new arguments for both sides of the Library Project litigation. This iBrief analyzes two Ninth Circuit district court decisions on fair use, Field v. Google, Inc. and Perfect 10 v. Google, Inc., and their impact on the Library Project litigation.
Does Information Beget Information?, Dennis S. Karjala
Does Information Beget Information?, Dennis S. Karjala
Duke Law & Technology Review
Using the language of mathematics, Professor Polk Wagner has recently argued that the impossibility of fully appropriating the value of information in a rightsholder leads to the surprising conclusion that expanding the degree of control of intellectual property rights will, in the long run, increase the sum total of information not subject to ownership claims and therefore available as part of the cultural and technological base on which new growth and development can occur. Indeed, he claims that open information will grow according to the formula for compound interest, where the interest rate is 100% plus or minus a factor …
Book Review, Jennifer L. Behrens
“An Ingenious Man Enabled By Contract”: Entrepreneurship And The Rise Of Contract, Catherine Fisk
“An Ingenious Man Enabled By Contract”: Entrepreneurship And The Rise Of Contract, Catherine Fisk
Faculty Scholarship
A legal ideology emerged in the 1870s that celebrated contract as the body of law with the particular purpose of facilitating the formation of productive exchanges that would enrich the parties to the contract and, therefore, society as a whole. Across the spectrum of intellectual property, courts used the legal fiction of implied contract, and a version of it particularly emphasizing liberty of contract, to shift control of workplace knowledge from skilled employees to firms while suggesting that the emergence of hierarchical control and loss of entrepreneurial opportunity for creative workers was consistent with the free labor ideology that dominated …
Open Source And Private Ordering: A Commentary On Dusollier, Arti K. Rai
Open Source And Private Ordering: A Commentary On Dusollier, Arti K. Rai
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
On The Legal Consequences Of Sauces: Should Thomas Keller’S Recipes Be Per Se Copyrightable?, Christopher J. Buccafusco
On The Legal Consequences Of Sauces: Should Thomas Keller’S Recipes Be Per Se Copyrightable?, Christopher J. Buccafusco
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Knowledge Commons: The Case Of The Biopharmaceutical Industry, Arti K. Rai
Knowledge Commons: The Case Of The Biopharmaceutical Industry, Arti K. Rai
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Demise And Rebirth Of Plant Variety Protection: A Comment On Technological Change And The Design Of Plant Variety Protection Regimes, Laurence R. Helfer
The Demise And Rebirth Of Plant Variety Protection: A Comment On Technological Change And The Design Of Plant Variety Protection Regimes, Laurence R. Helfer
Faculty Scholarship
In 'Technological Change and the Design of Plant Variety Protection Regimes', Mark Janis and Stephen Smith make two novel and provocative claims. They first argue that the legal regime for protecting new plant varieties has become hopelessly outdated in light of recent changes in technology. They next assert that the fate of the plant variety protection (PVP) system illustrates a broader and more disturbing phenomenon in intellectual property law: the potential for sui generis, industry-specific intellectual property regimes to become increasingly ineffective over time. In this brief essay, I offer three points to amplify the authors' contributions and highlight the …
Synthetic Biology: Caught Between Property Rights, The Public Domain, And The Commons, Arti K. Rai, James Boyle
Synthetic Biology: Caught Between Property Rights, The Public Domain, And The Commons, Arti K. Rai, James Boyle
Faculty Scholarship
Synthetic biologists aim to make biology a true engineering discipline. In the same way that electrical engineers rely on standard capacitors and resistors, or computer programmers rely on modular blocks of code, synthetic biologists wish to create an array of modular biological parts that can be readily synthesized and mixed together in different combinations. Synthetic biology has already produced important results, including more accurate AIDS tests and the possibility of unlimited supplies of previously scarce drugs for malaria. Proponents hope to use synthetic organisms to produce not only medically relevant chemicals but also a large variety of industrial materials, including …
Synthetic Biology: The Intellectual Property Puzzle, Arti K. Rai, Sapna Kumar
Synthetic Biology: The Intellectual Property Puzzle, Arti K. Rai, Sapna Kumar
Faculty Scholarship
Synthetic biology, which operates at the intersection of biotechnology and information technology, has the potential to raise, in a particularly acute manner, the intellectual property problems that exist in both fields. A preliminary patent landscape reveals problematic foundational patents that could, if licensed and enforced inappropriately, impede the potential of the technology. The landscape also reveals a proliferation of patents on basic synthetic biology "parts" that could create transaction cost heavy patent thickets. Both foundational patents and patent thickets are likely to be particularly problematic to the extent they read on standards that synthetic biologists would like to establish. Synthetic …
Mertonianism Unbound?: Imagining Free, Decentralized Access To Most Cultural And Scientific Material, James Boyle
Mertonianism Unbound?: Imagining Free, Decentralized Access To Most Cultural And Scientific Material, James Boyle
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
A Reverse Notice And Takedown Regime To Enable Public Interest Uses Of Technically Protected Copyrighted Works, Jerome H. Reichman, Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Pamela Samuelson
A Reverse Notice And Takedown Regime To Enable Public Interest Uses Of Technically Protected Copyrighted Works, Jerome H. Reichman, Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Pamela Samuelson
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Newsgroups Float Into Safe Harbor, And Copyright Holders Are Sunk, Alicia L. Wright
Newsgroups Float Into Safe Harbor, And Copyright Holders Are Sunk, Alicia L. Wright
Duke Law & Technology Review
Usenet newsgroups are swiftly becoming a popular vehicle for pirating digital music, movies, books, and other copyrighted works. Meanwhile, courts ignore Usenet’s tremendous potential for copyright infringement. In Ellison v. Robertson, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that America Online’s Usenet service might qualify for safe harbor under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. According to the district court below, safe harbor would preclude a finding of secondary copyright infringement against America Online. However, the courts misinterpreted the safe harbor provisions. One safe harbor provision was misapplied and another was ignored altogether. This iBrief critiques the Ellison opinions and analyzes …