Intellectual Property Law Commons^™

International Comparative Aspects Of Trademark Dilution, Mark D. Janis, Peter K. Yu

Articles by Maurer Faculty

No abstract provided.

Un Arco Iris De Lentes Con Los Que Mirar: La Protección Del Color Único Como Marca En Los Estados Unidos, En España, Y En La Unión Europea, Glenda Labadie-Jackson

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

Se vaticina que imicamente tendrdn una s6lida y duradera presencia en los complejos mercados contempordneos las marcas que se sirvan de estimulos multisensoriales con el objetivo de acaparar la atenci6n de los consumidores. En diversos ordenamientos juridicos, este ha sido el motor que ha propulsado la ampliaci6n del repertorio de signos o simbolos potencialmente elegibles para fungir como marcas de productos o servicios. De aqu6l1os, vale destacar los que tipicamente suelen agruparse bajo la riibrica de “no tradicionales”, a saber: los sonidos, los aromas, los sabores, las formas tridimensionales y los colores.

Separating The Sony Sheep From The Grokster Goats: Reckoning The Future Business Plans Of Copyright-Dependent Technology Entrepeneurs, Jane C. Ginsburg

Faculty Scholarship

In MGM v. Grokster, the U.S. Supreme Court established that businesses built from the start on inducing copyright infringement will be held liable, as judges will frown on drawing one's start-up capital from other people's copyrights. The Court's elucidation of the elements of inducement suggests that even businesses not initially built on infringement, but in which infringement comes to play an increasingly profitable part, may find themselves liable unless they take good faith measures to forestall infringements. This Article addresses the evolution of the U.S. judge-made rules of secondary liability for copyright infringement, and the possible emergence of an obligation …

Doubling Up The Horses In Midstream: Enhancing U.S. Patent Dispute Resolution By The Pto's Adoption Of The Jpo's Hantei Request System, Gino Cheng

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

For entities seeking to preempt or defend against adverse claims of infringement, navigating the present U.S. patent dispute resolution system is a thorny path. Judicial standing requirements hinder a potential defendant from fully assessing its risks before making and placing in jeopardy certain investments or assuming negotiation costs, thereby increasing its accountability, the financial stakes, and the probability of retaliation. While the standing doctrine has become more favorable to would-be licensees over time, a readily accessible opining mechanism for infringement would usher in still more benefits, including those unachievable through either litigation or conventional forms of alternative dispute resolution. Although …

Patent Judicial Wisdom, Srividhya Ragavan

Faculty Scholarship

This paper discusses the role of the Indian Judiciary vis-A-vis the patent regime, but carefully avoids creating an exhaustive wish list. Instead, this paper uses illustrations from the United States to draw valuable lessons. Importantly, the paper does not advocate that the Indian Judiciary emulate the United States judiciary. In fact, conventional wisdom dictates that copying the policies or precedents of the West does not always work in developing countries given the stark differences in ground realities like poverty, investments, infrastructure, and other such indicators. Instead, the judicial wisdom that characterizes each of the illustrations sets the common thread for …

Accommodating The Needs Of Iconsumers: Making Sure They Get Their Money’S Worth Of Digital Entertainment, Lucie Guibault

Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press

The current methods of distributing music and film on the mass-market, either off-line or on-line, raise two types of consumer protection issues. First, consumers are not always in a position to know what they can and cannot do with their digital hardware and content. A lack of proper information and the ensuing failure of the products to meet the consumer’s expectations inevitably leads to discontent. In addition, as weaker party in the transaction, consumers have often no other choice but to accept or refuse the restrictive terms of use, even if these could be regarded as unfair. This paper examines …

Towards A New General Comment On Article 20 Of The Iccpr: Exploring The Common Ground Between Freedom Of Expression And Freedom Of Religion Through The Concept Of Freedom From Vilification: The Danish Cartoons Case, Ahmad Ali Sharief

Archived Theses and Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Can The Australian Model Be Applied To U.S. Moral Rights Legislation?, Joan Pattarozzi

Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law

The note argues that the U.S. should adopt a more comprehensive framework for moral rights in copyright law, drawing inspiration from Australia's balanced approach, to better protect authors' personal and reputational interests while addressing concerns about market disruption and litigation. It highlights the U.S.'s current emphasis on economic rights, its limited implementation of moral rights under the Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA), and the potential for Australia's model to serve as a template for U.S. legislation.

Has India Addressed Its Farmers' Woes? A Story Of Plant Protection Issues, Srividhya Ragavan, Jamie Mayer O'Shields

Faculty Scholarship

The paper examines issues relating to establishing breeders rights in developing nations by taking India as an example. At the outset, the paper examines the international obligations relating to protecting plant breeder’s rights by examining the requirements under Article 27.3 of the TRIPS agreement. In doing so, the paper examines analyzes what amounts to an effective sui generis system as required under TRIPS.

Further, the paper analyzes the constituents of the models currently touted by developed nations and outlined under the Union for Plant Variety Protection (UPOV, 1991) to determine the model’s ability to fulfill the TRIPS requirement. In determining …

No Refills: The Intellectual Property High Court Decision In Canon V. Recycle Assist Will Negatively Impact The Printer Ink Cartridge Recycling Industry In Japan, Scott M. Tobias

Washington International Law Journal

In its decision in Canon v. Recycle Assist, the Japanese Intellectual Property High Court held that Recycle Assist had infringed on Canon’s patent for a printer ink cartridge by importing used Canon cartridges that had been cleaned and refilled with ink by a third party. The court found that the third party had modified essential elements of Canon’s patented ink cartridge, and therefore the modifications constituted not permissible repair, but infringing and impermissible remanufacture. The court defined essential elements as those intended to solve the technical problems present in similar, prior inventions. Unfortunately, the court failed to define clearly …

Here There Be Pirates: How China Is Meeting Its Ip Enforcement Obligations Under Trips, Kate Colpitts Hunter

San Diego International Law Journal

This paper will examine whether China is meeting its obligations to protect IP rights under the TRIPS agreement, an international intellectual property trade agreement China acceded to upon joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Moreover, it will address whether China's increased IP protection in law equals increased protection in fact. Part II will describe China's legal structure, its TRIPS obligations upon joining the WTO, and China's IP laws. Part III will discuss China's enforcement of these IP laws from the perspective of developed nations and from China's own perspective. Part IV includes suggestions on how China can improve its enforcement …

The Negative Effect Of Pharmaceutical Patents On South African Industry, Chenxi Jiao

Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics Journal

The note argues that the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has disproportionately favored developed economies, stifling the growth of local pharmaceutical industries in developing countries like South Africa. While TRIPS aimed to balance societal benefits with short-term costs, its strict patent protections have hindered the development of generic drug manufacturing and technology transfer in these regions. The analysis highlights that strong intellectual property rights alone do not drive foreign investment or industrial growth, as market size, infrastructure, and economic stability play more critical roles. The note advocates for a reformed approach to intellectual …

Anti-Competitive Abuse Of Ip Rights And Compulsory Licensing Through The International Dimension Of The Trips Agreement And The Stockholm Proposal For Its Amendment, Haris Apostolopoulos

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Richard Lillich Memorial Lecture: Nurturing A Transnational System Of Innovation, Jerome H. Reichman

Florida State University Journal of Transnational Law & Policy

No abstract provided.

Judgment On Unfair Competition Dispute Between Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) Ltd. Co. And Beijing 3721 Technology Ltd. Co., Pengyue Li

Washington International Law Journal

On October 20, 2003, Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) Ltd., Co. (“Baidu”), a Nasdaq-listed company known as the “Google of China,” filed a suit against its competitor Beijing 3721 Technology Ltd. Co. (“3721”) in Beijing Chaoyang District Court for copyright infringement and unfair competition. The case is regarded as China’s first copyright-infringement dispute involving website search-engine technology. Legal experts, the Chinese media, and the Supreme Court of China have paid close attention to the case, especially as it is related to China’s ongoing legislative effort to improve protection of intellectual property. The translation below is the appellate opinion in this …

Controlling Business Method Patents: How The Japanese Standard For Patenting Software Could Bring Reasonable Limitations To Business Method Patents In The United States, James S. Sfekas

Washington International Law Journal

In recent years, the United States has expanded the scope of subject matter that can be patented. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has evolved a standard that allows inventors to patent software as long as it produces a useful and tangible result. Japan has also expanded the scope of patentable subject matter, but in a more limited fashion. Under the Japanese standard, the Japan Patent Office will only grant a patent to software inventions that apply a law of nature. The U.S. standard is too generous in allowing patents on software and business methods. Business method patents, …

Establishing Secondary Liability With A Higher Degree Of Culpability: Redefining Chinese Internet Copyright Law To Encourage Technology Development, Yiman Zhang

Washington International Law Journal

While enjoying the tremendous economic benefit brought by the Internet to the nation, China has been attempting to update its intellectual property law to address online copyright infringement issues. The current legal framework, which premises copyright liability upon a direct infringement and joint liability theory, unfortunately has produced considerable ambiguity both within the judiciary and the affected industries. As shown in recent cases, the theory of joint liability, in addition to the broad scope of Chinese copyright law, has been particularly troublesome for China’s technology industry. Given China’s priority in technology innovation, its current copyright law has too low a …

Contractual Expansion Of The Scope Of Patent Infringement Through Field-Of-Use Licensing, Mark R. Patterson

Faculty Scholarship

Patentees sometimes license their inventions through field-of-use licenses, which permit licensees to use the inventions, but only in specified ways. Field-of-use licensing is often procompetitive, because the ability to provide different licensing terms for different users can encourage broader licensing of inventions. But in recent United States cases, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals and lower courts have upheld field-of-use licenses prohibiting activities that licensees would otherwise have been permitted by patent law, such as the repair and resale of patented products. The recent cases rely on the Federal Circuit's decision in Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc., where the court …

Dissonant Harmonization: Limitations On "Cash N' Carry" Creativity, 70 Alb. L. Rev. 1163 (2007), Doris E. Long

UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship

Even though creativity lies at the heart of present copyright laws, the impulse to create-or more precisely what triggers such creativity-remains largely unexamined. Coinciding with the digital demand for access to information, new standards for "cash 'n' carry" creativity are being urged with little regard to what level of authorial3 control may be required to ensure continued enrichment of the public domain through the creation of vibrant new works. Scientific, psychological, and sociological studies indicate that "cash 'n' carry" creativity fails to implement the critical triggering mechanisms for the creative impulse. Moreover, such "cash 'n' carry" attitudes toward authors' rights …

Outsourcing Drug Investigations To India: A Comment On U.S., Indian, And International Regulation Of Clinical Trials In Cross-Border Pharmaceutical Research, James Cekola

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The traditional research and development model of large pharmaceutical companies is arguably unsustainable in current times. For example, estimated research and development costs increased as much as twelve percent over the last year while pharmaceutical sales grew only seven percent over the same period. Current estimates put the price to develop a new drug and bring it to market between $800 million and $1.5 billion per drug. These costs are increasing, driving large pharmaceutical companies to find more cost-effective research and development models. One cost-saving initiative is to globalize the system. In particular, companies have increasingly outsourced the required investigational …

Is Lilly Written Description Paper Tiger?: Comprehensive Assessment Of The Impact Of Eli Lilly And Its Progeny In The Courts And Pto, Christopher M. Holman

Faculty Works

In University of California v. Eli Lilly, decided by the Federal Circuit in 1997, the court established for the first time a new form of patent law's written description requirement, apparently targeted specifically at biotechnology. To this day, the conventional wisdom is that the so-called Lilly written description requirement (LWD) exists as a biotechnology-specific super-enablement requirement, substantially more stringent than the enablement requirement (the conventional standard for patentability), and standing as an impediment to effective patent protection for biotechnology inventions. My objective in writing this article was to test this conventional wisdom, by conducting a comprehensive search for all LWD …

Does Liability Enhance Credibility?: Lessons From The Dmca Applied To Online Defamation, Olivera Medenica, Kaiser Wahab

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Coming Into Compliance With Trips: A Discussion Of India's New Patent Laws, Jeffrey Colin

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Bollywood Is Coming! Copyright And Film Industry Issues Regarding International Film Co-Productions Involving India, Timm Neu

San Diego International Law Journal

These developments and mutual correlating interests underscore the rising trend in the number of international co-productions and cinematographic co-operations with India. Still, the practice of movie making in India differs in many ways from industry structures in the U.S. or Germany, which shall be analyzed as potential co-production partners. Contractual relations, industry regulations, involved parties, and the legal rules are so distinct, that a comparative view from a producer's perspective shall bring into light the frameworks and copyright issues of international film co-productions involving India.

A Complete Property Right Amendment, John H. Ryskamp

ExpressO

The trend of the eminent domain reform and "Kelo plus" initiatives is toward a comprehensive Constitutional property right incorporating the elements of level of review, nature of government action, and extent of compensation. This article contains a draft amendment which reflects these concerns.

Through The Looking Glass: Runaway Productions And "Hollywood Economics", Adrian H. Mcdonald

ExpressO

This paper uses the issue of runaway production as a looking glass into the complex world of Hollywood economics and politics. As such, a broad overview of Hollywood's business practices, history, and technology are discussed so the reader can understand how runaway production (a major issue itself) is one piece of the Hollywood puzzle. Specifically, this paper attempts to study runaway productions from the Law and Economics approach described in Judge Richard Posner's text on the subject. Events in 2006 illustrate the continuing importance of runaway productions and CEIDR's August 2006 report is discussed in this paper.

Recently expanded, this …

Rock, Paper, Scissors, Trademark? A Comparative Analysis Of Motion As A Feature Of Trademarks In The United States And Europe, Lesley Matty

Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law

Motion trademarks, or motion marks, represent a unique form of nontraditional trademarks that use movement to distinguish goods and services. Despite their recognition in the U.S. and Europe, motion marks face significant challenges in registration and enforcement due to limited case law and unclear protection standards. This note explores the legal and practical complexities surrounding motion marks, advocating for improved registration processes and alternative legal strategies, such as dilution claims, to enhance their protection.

Article 17 And The Scope Of Trademark Protection Afforded Under The Trips Agreement, Katja G. Weckstroem

ExpressO

The protection of trademarks, when it raises a conflict with the protection of geographical indications is one of the most contested issues on the international trade and intellectual property arena. In European Communities - Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs a WTO panel was faced with this issue. The panel report gives some insight into what international trademark law mandates as well as some pointers on how conflicts between different IP rights should be solved. This article attempts a deeper analysis of the coexistence of rights in the framework of the TRIPS Agreement that will …

Data Privacy, Data Piracy: Can India Provide Adequate Protection For Electronically Transferred Data?, Vinita Bali

ExpressO

As the wave of outsourcing to India swells, there is growing concern about the inadequacies of the India legal system in protecting data being transferred to it from other nations for the purpose of processing. India has a smattering of laws that scantily address the issue of data privacy. Under pressure from the business processing industry in India, as well as from the European Union and other nations, it is but a matter of time before India adopts a slate of laws that address the issue of data protection. Once these laws are enacted, the main issue that remains is …

How The Other Half Lives (Revisited): Twenty Years Since Midler V. Ford - A Global Perspective On The Right Of Publicity, Alain Lapter

ExpressO

For celebrities, name and image are, arguably, two of their most valuable assets. From headlining a movie, to starring in a commercial, to endorsing a product, a celebrity’s persona is potentially worth thousands to millions of dollars. However, this intangible commodity’s worth is often siphoned off by those who appropriate a celebrity’s name or image without authorization or remuneration, thus potentially decreasing the property’s value. In order to stifle this unjust enrichment, celebrities greatly desire the absolute right to control the commercial exploitation of their name and likeness.

In this article, I examine the current state of the right of …