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Articles 61 - 90 of 118
Full-Text Articles in Immigration Law
Beyond Deportation: Understanding Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion And United States V. Texas, Shoba S. Wadhia
Beyond Deportation: Understanding Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion And United States V. Texas, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
In this article, I place the Supreme Court case of United States v. Texas into a broader context by describing the history and legal authority for prosecutorial discretion in immigration law and highlighting the contents and recommendations in my book, Beyond Deportation: The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion in Immigration Cases. Part I of this article offers a primer on the role of prosecutorial discretion in immigration law and also describes two related programs announced by President Obama on November 20, 2014 and the subject of litigation for nearly two years as of this writing. Part II provides a history …
Is Immigration Law National Security Law?, Shoba S. Wadhia
Is Immigration Law National Security Law?, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
The debate around how to keep America safe and welcome newcomers is prominent. In the last year, cities and countries around the world, including Baghdad, Dhaka, Istanbul, Paris, Beirut, Mali and inside the United States - have been vulnerable to terrorist attacks and human tragedy. Meanwhile, the world faces the largest refugee crises since the Second World War.
This article is based on remarks delivered at Emory Law Journal’s annual Thrower Symposium on February 11, 2016. It explores how national security concerns have shaped recent immigration policy in the Executive Branch, Congress and the states and the moral, legal and …
The Prodigal Illegal: Christian Love And Immigration Reform, Victor C. Romero
The Prodigal Illegal: Christian Love And Immigration Reform, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
Despite the impasse around immigration reform, most everyone believes the United States’ immigration system is broken. And most agree that the key issue is what to do with the eleven million or so undocumented persons currently residing in the United States. As a Christian immigration law teacher, I have been interested in the debate among the churches as to what such reform should look like. In this Article, I use Professor Jeffrie Murphy’s conception of agapic love as a lens through which to examine reform proposals. I then evaluate the two positions Christian churches have seemed to embrace—permanent legal status …
The History Of Prosecutorial Discretion In Immigration Law, Shoba S. Wadhia
The History Of Prosecutorial Discretion In Immigration Law, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
This Article describes the historical role of prosecutorial discretion in immigration law and connects this history to select executive actions announced by President Obama on November 20, 2014.
Elusive Equality: Reflections On Justice Field’S Opinions In Chae Chan Ping And Fong Yue Ting, Victor C. Romero
Elusive Equality: Reflections On Justice Field’S Opinions In Chae Chan Ping And Fong Yue Ting, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
For immigration scholars, Justice Field is perhaps best remembered for his majority opinion in Chae Chan Ping v. United States, the Supreme Court’s decision upholding Chinese exclusion, and credited for introducing the plenary power doctrine to immigration law. Yet, despite the opinion’s xenophobic rhetoric reflecting his personal views of the Chinese, Justice Field dissented in Fong Yue Ting v. United States, reasoning that, once they became lawful residents, the Chinese were entitled to be treated as equals under the law regardless of citizenship, a position supported by his earlier federal circuit court opinion in Ho Ah Kow v. …
Demystifying Employment Authorization And Prosecutorial Discretion In Immigration Cases, Shoba S. Wadhia
Demystifying Employment Authorization And Prosecutorial Discretion In Immigration Cases, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
On November 20, 2014, President Barack Obama announced a series of immigration programs aimed to reform the immigration system. Deferred Action for Parents of Americans or Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) and extended Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) represent two such programs announced by the President. Both programs extend deferred action (one form of prosecutorial discretion) to qualifying individuals. Deferred action has been part of the immigration system for more than 50 years, and has been named explicitly by Congress, federal courts, and the agencies responsible for administering immigration laws. Additionally, regulations list deferred action as one basis for work …
Immigration Remarks For The 10th Annual Wiley A. Branton Symposium, Shoba S. Wadhia
Immigration Remarks For The 10th Annual Wiley A. Branton Symposium, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
This morning (despite the pressure that our panel comes right before lunch), I am going to provide a “101” on the role of prosecutorial discretion in immigration law, which is my primary area of research and fundamental to understanding how the immigration system operates. Prosecutorial discretion is a largely invisible tool that enables thousands, if not millions, of unauthorized noncitizens to reside in the United States without fear from deportation. It may be characterized as invisible because prosecutorial discretion decisions are largely connected to no action at all or as some call it, nonenforcement. A favorable exercise of “prosecutorial discretion” …
A Meditation On Moncrieffe: On Marijuana, Misdemeanants, And Migration, Victor C. Romero
A Meditation On Moncrieffe: On Marijuana, Misdemeanants, And Migration, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
This essay is a brief meditation on the immigration schizophrenia in our law and legal culture through the lens of the Supreme Court’s latest statement on immigration and crime, Moncrieffe v. Holder. While hailed as a “common sense” decision, Moncrieffe is a rather narrow ruling that does little to change the law regarding aggravated felonies or the ways in which class and citizenship play into the enforcement of minor drug crimes and their deportation consequences. Despite broad agreement on the Court, the Moncrieffe opinion still leaves the discretion to deport minor state drug offenders in the hands of the federal …
The Rise Of Speed Deportation And The Role Of Discretion, Shoba S. Wadhia
The Rise Of Speed Deportation And The Role Of Discretion, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
In 2013, the majority of people deported never saw a courtroom or immigration judge. Instead, they were quickly removed by the Department of Homeland Security via one of several procedures collectively referred to as “speed deportation.” The policy goals of speed deportation are economic; these processes save government resources from being spent on procedural safeguards such as a trial attorney, immigration judge, and a fundamentally fair hearing. Higher deportation numbers may also benefit the image the government seeks to portray to policymakers who support amplified immigration enforcement. However, the human consequences of speed deportation are significant and can result in …
To File Or Not To File A Notice To Appear: Improving The Government's Use Of Prosecutorial Discretion, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic
To File Or Not To File A Notice To Appear: Improving The Government's Use Of Prosecutorial Discretion, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
A report by the Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic that highlights the rate and circumstances surrounding Notice to Appear (NTA) filings at the immigration court.
Reading (Into) Windsor: Presidential Leadership, Marriage Equality, And Immigration Policy, Victor C. Romero
Reading (Into) Windsor: Presidential Leadership, Marriage Equality, And Immigration Policy, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
Following the demise of the federal Defense of Marriage Act in United States v. Windsor, the Obama Administration directed a bold, equality-based reading of Windsor to immigration law, treating bi-national same-sex couples the same as opposite-sex couples. This Essay argues that the President's interpretation is both constitutionally and politically sound: Constitutionally, because it comports with the Executive's power to enforce immigration law and to guarantee equal protection under the law; and politically, because it reflects the current, increasingly tolerant view of marriage equality. Though still in its infancy, President Obama's policy of treating same-sex beneficiary petitions generally the same as …
My Great Foia Adventure And Discoveries Of Deferred Action Cases At Ice, Shoba S. Wadhia
My Great Foia Adventure And Discoveries Of Deferred Action Cases At Ice, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
This Article describes my adventures in FOIA litigation and analyzes deferred action data collected informally by 24 ICE field offices between October 1, 2011, and June 30, 2012. This Article also offers recommendations for the agency on data collection, recordkeeping, and transparency in deferred action cases. Deferred action is a form of prosecutorial discretion that can be granted at any stage of the immigration enforcement process and historically has been applied both to people who meet group characteristics and on an individual basis in compelling humanitarian circumstances. The theory behind deferred action and prosecutorial discretion more generally is to enable …
The Immigration Prosecutor And The Judge: Examining The Role Of The Judiciary In Prosecutorial Discretion Decisions, Shoba S. Wadhia
The Immigration Prosecutor And The Judge: Examining The Role Of The Judiciary In Prosecutorial Discretion Decisions, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
Legal scholars and judges have long examined the role of judicial review in immigration matters, and also criticized the impacts of the “plenary power” doctrine and statutory deletions of judicial review for certain immigration cases. Absent from this scholarship is a serious examination of the judiciary’s role in immigration decisions involving prosecutorial discretion. I attribute this absence to both a silent concession that prosecutorial discretion decisions are automatically barred from judicial review because of the plain language of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA); the judicial review “exceptions” in the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), and the cases that analyze these …
Our Illegal Founders, Victor C. Romero
Our Illegal Founders, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
This Essay briefly mines America’s history to argue that the law setting forth where our national borders are and how strictly we patrol them has always been subject to the vagaries of politics, economics, and perception. Illegal (im)migration has long been part of our migration history, engaged in not just by Latin American border crossers, but also by prominent colonists, giving the lie to the claim that upholding border laws should always be sacrosanct. In many school districts today, the usual summary of American history from our childhood civics classes no longer bypasses the uncomfortable truths of conquest and westward …
Immigration Relief For Victims Of Abuse And Domestic Violence, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Centre County Women's Resource Center
Immigration Relief For Victims Of Abuse And Domestic Violence, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Centre County Women's Resource Center
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
Advocates and attorneys who work with victims of domestic violence need to understand the dynamics of power and control and how they affect the safety of their clients. This understanding is especially important in working with non-citizen victims who often face additional hurdles compared to American citizens. The Center for Immigrants' Rights has published "Immigration Relief for Victims of Abuse and Domestic Violence," a toolkit to help practitioners in representing immigrant victims of domestic abuse.
Leveling The Playing Field: Reforming The H-2b Program To Protect Guestworkers And U.S. Workers, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, National Guestworker Alliance
Leveling The Playing Field: Reforming The H-2b Program To Protect Guestworkers And U.S. Workers, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, National Guestworker Alliance
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
This report highlights cases of exploitation from Texas to Tennessee, and calls for four indispensible reforms that would end employer abuse and protect both guest workers and U.S. workers: (1) Guaranteeing guest workers the right to organize without fear of retaliation; (2) Prohibiting employers from using guest workers as cheap, exploitable alternatives to U.S. workers; (3) Eliminating debt servitude and other elements of human trafficking in the program; and (4) Subjecting employers to meaningful government enforcement and community oversight.
The Nseers Effect: A Decade Of Racial Profiling, Fear, And Secrecy, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Rights Working Group
The Nseers Effect: A Decade Of Racial Profiling, Fear, And Secrecy, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Rights Working Group
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
n the wake of the tragic attacks of September 11, 2011, the landscape of immigration law and policy in the United States changed dramatically as the government scrambled to create counterterrorism programs to respond to potential national security threats. One program is the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS) or "special registration" that was initiated by the Department of Justice in 2002 and inherited by the Department of Homeland Security in 2003. NSEERS served as a tool that allowed the government to systematically target Arabs, Middle Easterners, Muslims, and South Asians from designated countries for advanced scrutiny. ...The purpose of …
Behind Closed Doors: An Overview Of Dhs Restrictions On Access To Counsel, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, American Immigration Council
Behind Closed Doors: An Overview Of Dhs Restrictions On Access To Counsel, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, American Immigration Council
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
The Center collaborated with LAC to produce a white paper addressing the law, policy and practice surrounding right to counsel in non-removal contexts before the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). To reach this end, students at the Center reviewed an internal legal memorandum prepared by the American Immigration Lawyers Association and LAC; a detailed memo prepared by the Center analyzing individual attorney experiences with restrictions on access before DHS; and conduct additional research pertaining to access to counsel. The white paper articulates the legal and policy standards governing an individual’s right to counsel in various non-removal settings in order to …
Sharing Secrets: Examining Deferred Action And Transparancy In Immigration Law, Shoba S. Wadhia
Sharing Secrets: Examining Deferred Action And Transparancy In Immigration Law, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
This Article is about deferred action and transparency in related immigration cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). While scholars from other genres have written extensively on the topic of prosecutorial discretion, the subject is largely absent from immigration scholarship, with the exception of early research conducted by Leon Wildes in the late 1970s and early 2000s, and a law review article I published in 2010 outlining the origins of prosecutorial discretion in immigration law and related lessons that can be drawn from administrative law and criminal law. That article ends with specific recommendations for …
Response, The Obama Administration, In Defense Of Daca, Deferred Action, And The Dream Act, Shoba S. Wadhia
Response, The Obama Administration, In Defense Of Daca, Deferred Action, And The Dream Act, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
This essay responds to “The Obama Administration, the DREAM Act and the Take Care Clause” by Robert J. Delahunty and John C. Yoo. Though I credit Yoo and Delahunty for considering the relationship between the DACA program and the President’s duties under the “Take Care” clause, they miss the mark in at least three ways: 1) Contrary to ignoring immigration enforcement, the Obama Administration has executed the immigration laws faithfully and forcefully; 2) Far from being a new policy that undercuts statutory law, prosecutorial discretion actions like DACA have been pursued by other presidents, and part of the immigration system …
The 9/11 Effect And Its Legacy On U.S. Immigration Laws: Essays, Remarks, And Photographs, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Penn State School Of International Affairs
The 9/11 Effect And Its Legacy On U.S. Immigration Laws: Essays, Remarks, And Photographs, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Penn State School Of International Affairs
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
An anthology of 9/11 reflections released today by the Penn State Law Center for Immigrants’ Rights and the Penn State School of International Affairs concentrates on the impact of the attacks on the lives of immigrants and immigration policy, providing both a report card and ideas for the future.
Immigrant Education And The Promise Of Integrative Egalitarianism, Victor C. Romero
Immigrant Education And The Promise Of Integrative Egalitarianism, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
Although not an equal protection case, Martinez v. Regents of the University of California challenges us to grapple with the Supreme Court’s post-Brown commitment to equal opportunity within the context of immigrant higher education. Sadly, Brown’s progeny from Bakke to Parents Involved reveals the cost of embracing a color-blind constitutionalism unmoored from a fundamental commitment to vigilantly combat subordination and dismantle unearned privilege. More optimistically, the Supreme Court’s gay rights jurisprudence developed in Romer v. Evans and Lawrence v. Texas provides insights into how a conservative court can accurately distinguish irrational discrimination from democratic deliberation, a lesson that might help …
The One-Year Asylum Deadline And The Bia: No Protection, No Process, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Cliinic, Human Rights First, National Immigrant Justice Center
The One-Year Asylum Deadline And The Bia: No Protection, No Process, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Cliinic, Human Rights First, National Immigrant Justice Center
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
The right to seek asylum from persecution is a fundamental and long-recognized human right. The United States committed to protecting refugees in 1967 when it signed the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees and later enacted legislation to incorporate the Protocol’s key provisions into domestic law. Despite these commitments, in 1996 Congress enacted a filing deadline for asylum applications which has resulted in potentially denying protections to thousands of legitimate refugees.
Christian Realism And Immigration Reform, Victor C. Romero
Christian Realism And Immigration Reform, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
Drawing upon President Barack Obama’s admiration of Reinhold Niebuhr’s work, this Essay outlines a Protestant, Christian realist approach toward immigration policy, with specific focus on the role of the executive in providing providential leadership. Embracing realism in its political, moral, and theological dimensions, Christian realism offers a pragmatic, yet optimistic, alternative to secular liberalism’s faith in reason by striving instead to adhere to God’s guidance on matters, taking into account the fundamentally flawed nature of man. The specific policy prescriptions described here mirror the twin virtues of Christian realism by promoting the hope in pursuit of the peaceable kingdom and …
Interrogating Iqbal: Intent, Inertia, And (A Lack Of) Imagination, Victor C. Romero
Interrogating Iqbal: Intent, Inertia, And (A Lack Of) Imagination, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
In Ashcroft v. Iqbal, the Court reaffirmed the long-standing equal protection doctrine that government actors can only be held liable for discriminatory conduct when they purposefully rely on a forbidden characteristic, such as race or gender, in promulgating policy; to simply know that minorities and women will be adversely affected by the law does not deny these groups equal protection under the law. This Essay interrogates this doctrine by taking a closer look at Iqbal and Feeney, the thirty-year-old precedent the majority cited as the source of its antidiscrimination standard. Because Feeney was cited in neither of the …
The Role Of Prosecutorial Discretion In Immigration Law, Shoba S. Wadhia
The Role Of Prosecutorial Discretion In Immigration Law, Shoba S. Wadhia
Faculty Scholarship
The concept of "prosecutorial discretion" appears in the immigration statute, agency memoranda and court decisions about select immigration enforcement decisions. Prosecutorial discretion extends to decisions about which offenses or populations to target; whom to stop, interrogate, and arrest; whether to detain or release a noncitizen; whether to initiate removal proceedings; and whether to execute a removal order; among other decisions. Similar to the criminal context, prosecutorial discretion in the immigration context is an important tool for achieving cost-effective law enforcement and relief for individuals who present desirable qualities or humanitarian circumstances. Yet there is a dearth of literature on the …
Decriminalizing Border Crossings, Victor C. Romero
Decriminalizing Border Crossings, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
An international border crosser should only be deemed a criminal if the United States government can prove that, with requisite criminal intent, she engaged in an act aside from crossing the border that would constitute a crime. No longer should crossing the border be a strict liability criminal offense. Doing so will restore balance to the civil immigration system, conserve scarce enforcement resources to target truly criminal behavior, enhance our standing abroad, and help heal our racially-polarized discourse on immigration policy.
Playing Politics At The Bench: A White Paper On The Justice Department's Investigation Into The Hiring Practices Of Immigration Judges, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, National Immigration Project Of The National Lawyers Guild
Playing Politics At The Bench: A White Paper On The Justice Department's Investigation Into The Hiring Practices Of Immigration Judges, Penn State Law Immigrants' Rights Clinic, National Immigration Project Of The National Lawyers Guild
Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic Publications
On behalf of the National Lawyers Guild National Immigration Project (NLGNIP), the Center for Immigrants' Rights (Center) at the Pennsylvania State University's Dickinson School of Law prepared a white paper facilitated by a government report on the politicized hiring of immigration judges. This white paper is based findings by the Department of Justice‘s Office of Professional Responsibility and Office of the Inspector General in their investigation of the illegal hiring of immigration judges during a period in the George W. Bush Administration. The recommendations presented here are a product of this analysis and extensive research on data produced by individuals …
U.S. Immigration Policy: Contract Or Human Rights Law?, Victor C. Romero
U.S. Immigration Policy: Contract Or Human Rights Law?, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
The current immigration debate often reflects a tension between affirming the individual rights of migrants against the power of a nation to control its borders. An examination of U.S. Supreme Court precedent reveals that, from our earliest immigration history to the present time, our immigration policy has functioned more like contract law than human rights law, with the Court deferring to the power of Congress to define the terms of that contract at the expense of the immigrant's freedom.
Commercial Peace And Political Competition In The Crosshairs Of International Arbitration, Thomas E. Carbonneau
Commercial Peace And Political Competition In The Crosshairs Of International Arbitration, Thomas E. Carbonneau
Faculty Scholarship
This article examines the mixed effect of arbitration upon the generation of international law norms; in particular, how arbitration can generate private law norms so effectively and yet still face strong resistance in public international law processes and controversies. The work of arbitration for international commercial litigation has been nothing less than spectacular. In both the private international and domestic civil contexts, arbitration has provided viable remedial solutions and functional adjudication when the law was either nonexistent or incapacitated. It has supplied a workable and adaptable trial system, which-on the international side-could also generate substantive legal norms. Arbitration thereby has …