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Articles 121 - 150 of 150
Full-Text Articles in Evidence
Corporate And Institutional Accident Investigations As Work Product Pursuant To The Rules Of The Supreme Court Of Virginia, William Todd Benson
Corporate And Institutional Accident Investigations As Work Product Pursuant To The Rules Of The Supreme Court Of Virginia, William Todd Benson
University of Richmond Law Review
If the magnitude of the mishap so warrants, many businesses immediately call their insurance adjuster or other accident investigator. In some of the larger businesses, accident investigation and insurance have become in-house operations. This quick reflex toward early fact investigation is prompted, in part, by a healthy respect for the potentiality of claims arising out of the day to day conduct of business affairs. When a suit against such company ultimately is ified and discovery sought, an issue often arises concerning whether early institutional investigations are "work product" for purposes of the federal or Virginia rules of civil procedure. This …
The Preclusiveness Of A Party's Testimony: Sixty Years Of Massie V. Firmstone In Virginia, Ann L. Hardy
The Preclusiveness Of A Party's Testimony: Sixty Years Of Massie V. Firmstone In Virginia, Ann L. Hardy
University of Richmond Law Review
The rule that a party may rise no higher than his own testimony was first articulated in Virginia in Massie v. Firmstone. It has been criticized, misunderstood, and misapplied, but since its inception in 1922, it has grown into an important rule of evidence and procedure. The practitioner must consider the implications of the rule from the moment he begins to gather evidence that he expects to present in the form of live testimony.
Discovery Of Penalties, W. Hamilton Bryson
Discovery Of Penalties, W. Hamilton Bryson
University of Richmond Law Review
It is a well-established and fundamental principle of justice that no one may be compelled to subject himself to punishments nor to give evidence leading to that result. Nemo tenetur prodere seipsum is an ancient maxim. It was written directly into the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776, which states that in all "criminal prosecutions" no one can "be compelled to give evidence against himself." This idea was also incorporated into the United States Constitution in 1791 through the fifth amendment.
Discovery And The Privacy Act: Exemption (B)(11) To The Conditions Of Disclosure: What Qualifies As An "Order Of The Court"?, John W. Williams
Discovery And The Privacy Act: Exemption (B)(11) To The Conditions Of Disclosure: What Qualifies As An "Order Of The Court"?, John W. Williams
University of Richmond Law Review
On December 31, 1974, President Gerald Ford signed the landmark Privacy Act of 1974 into law. One of the key concepts of the Act is the principle of disclosure limitation, which limits the ability of the federal government to disclose the contents of per- sonal records in its possession. In the words of the Senate Governmental Operations Committee, this principle "is designed to pre- vent.., the wrongful disclosure and use of personal files held by Federal agencies."
A Case For Jury Determination Of Search And Seizure Law, Ronald J. Bacigal
A Case For Jury Determination Of Search And Seizure Law, Ronald J. Bacigal
Law Faculty Publications
In a criminal case the option to return a general verdict of acquittal invests the jury with the raw power to nullify many legal determinations, including the trial judge's ruling that a search is constitutional. While courts grudingly acknowledge the existence of an extra-legal jury nullification power, courts do not recognize any jury prerogative to determine the lawfulness of a search. The United States Supreme Court's discussion of the jury's role in interpreting and applying the fourth amendment consists of one terse statement that the legality of a search "is a question of fact and law for the court and …
Exploring The Limits Of Brady V. Maryland: Criminal Discovery As A Due Process Right In Access To Police Investigations And State Crime Laboratories, Walter H. Ohar
University of Richmond Law Review
Why not criminal discovery? This question has been posited by legal scholars and learned jurists alike since the liberalization of discovery methods under the modern codes of civil procedure. As inexact as the term criminal discovery may be and, according to its critics, as inapplicable as discovery may be in the criminal context, there is little doubt that the current trend is the expansion of that which is discoverable by either side prior to a criminal trial. In fact, criminal discovery has developed into something more than a problem of procedure to be resolved by the individual jurisdictions in piecemeal …
The Status Of The Third Party Confession In Virginia: In Search Of A Trustworthiness Standard, Donna J. Katos
The Status Of The Third Party Confession In Virginia: In Search Of A Trustworthiness Standard, Donna J. Katos
University of Richmond Law Review
The issue of third party confessions generates great controversy. The basic inquiry is, should confessions allegedly uttered by persons other than the defendant be admitted into evidence in a criminal trial? If so, under what conditions? How much discretion should a trial judge be afforded in determining whether this evidence should be admitted to exculpate a person charged with murder, armed robbery, or rape? Should the trial judge or the jury determine the reliability of the witness, the declarant, or the content of the confession itself? These considerations, in addition to due process arguments, have troubled criminal courts, legislators, and …
Book Reviews, Edward S. Graves, David L. Ross
Book Reviews, Edward S. Graves, David L. Ross
University of Richmond Law Review
These are book reviews from 1979.
Proof Of Paternity - The New Test, J. Rodney Johnson
Proof Of Paternity - The New Test, J. Rodney Johnson
Law Faculty Publications
The true identity of a child's father has been the subject of speculation in many a case, literally speaking, as far back as the memory of man runneth. And, the rather obvious social problem giving occasion to this speculation refuses to remain a facet of our moral history. Indeed, if statistics relating to the number of illegitimate births in the United States can be viewed as a valid indicator of the magnitude of this problem of speculative paternity in contemporary times, the problem has never been greater.
Federal Court Rules Virginia Law Allows Evidence Of Non-Use Of Seat Belt, William H. Robinson Jr., Richard Cullen
Federal Court Rules Virginia Law Allows Evidence Of Non-Use Of Seat Belt, William H. Robinson Jr., Richard Cullen
University of Richmond Law Review
A pretrial evidentiary ruling by a Virginia federal district court judge in an automobile crashworthy products liability case permits the manufacturer-defendant to introduce evidence of non-use of a seat belt on the issue of damages.
The Fifth Amendment And The Production Of Documents: A New Rationale, Lucretia C. Irby
The Fifth Amendment And The Production Of Documents: A New Rationale, Lucretia C. Irby
University of Richmond Law Review
During its last term, the Supreme Court decided two cases involving the production of documents and papers; one involved the use of a search warrant, the other a subpoena duces tecum. Both cases raised the fifth amendment issues. In both instances, the Supreme Court found no violation of the privilege against self-incrimination.
Discovery Of Expert Information Under The Federal Rules
Discovery Of Expert Information Under The Federal Rules
University of Richmond Law Review
With the adoption of extensive pretrial discovery mechanisms, preparation for trial in the federal system underwent a dramatic alteration. Instead of relying upon pleadings to perform the tasks of notice-giving, issue formulation, and fact-revelation, the various discovery devices available under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow the parties "to obtain the fullest possible knowledge of the issues and facts before trial."' Discovery was created to promote the just, speedy, and inexpensive disposal of litigation. To this end, discovery serves to (1) facilitate the formulation and narrowing of issues; (2) protect against unfair surprise during trial; (3) detect any superflous …
Evidence-Defendant's Confession Following Confrontation With Illegally Seized Evidence Not Excluded Where Independent Motive Induced The Confession
University of Richmond Law Review
The "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine is a refinement of the exclusionary rule of evidence. This rule prevents the admission of secondary evidence (the fruit) discovered or derived from evidence obtained in an unlawful search (the poisonous tree). In this area of search and seizure, courts have excluded confessions made after the accused has been confronted with illegally seized evidence, once it was shown that the confes- sion was caused or induced by the confrontation.
A Practitioner's Guide To The Federal Rules Of Evidence
A Practitioner's Guide To The Federal Rules Of Evidence
University of Richmond Law Review
On July 1, 1975, the Federal Rules of Evidence went into effect. President Ford's signature on Public Law 93-595 was the culmination of nearly twenty years of study, drafting, and debate. Obviously the decision to codify federal evidence law was not lightly made, but the desire for uniformity ultimately made the Rules possible. As with all major legislation, compromise was necessary and certain areas of the law were left untouched. Criminal presumptions represent one such area. In other areas, such as privilege, only minimal codification was possible. The final result is a good set of rules, but one which might …
Pretrial Discovery- Use Of A Party's Own Deposition
Pretrial Discovery- Use Of A Party's Own Deposition
University of Richmond Law Review
At common law depositions were admissible in evidence in ecclesiastical and equity courts but not in trials at law unless both parties consented. Today, the simple rules of the common law in this area have been entirely replaced by statutory law and Rules of Court. The recent Virginia case of King v. InternationalHarvester Co. is illustrative of the problems en- countered when courts have undertaken judicial interpretation of these codifications.
Written Evidence In Administrative Proceedings: A Plea For Less Talk, Roger J. Corber
Written Evidence In Administrative Proceedings: A Plea For Less Talk, Roger J. Corber
University of Richmond Law Review
The notion that talk is the absence of thought is more poetry than analysis. Nevertheless, lawyers know that all talk is not thought and that there is at least a grain of truth in the poet's logic. Some of the same logic may mercifully be applied to the proceedings of ad- ministrative agencies to test whether all the talk in such proceedings is necessary to a rational result and sound implementation of public policy.
The Role Of Eyewitness Accounts In Establishing Probable Cause For The Issuance Of Search Warrants
The Role Of Eyewitness Accounts In Establishing Probable Cause For The Issuance Of Search Warrants
University of Richmond Law Review
The legality of entry gained through the use of a search warrant is dependent upon the legality of the means used to obtain the warrant. To justify the issuance of a search warrant the affiant must show the existence of probable cause.
Books Received
University of Richmond Law Review
These are the books received by the Law School in 1970.
Substantive Use Of Extrajudicial Statements Of Witnesses Under The Proposed Federal Rules Of Evidence, Laurie R. Rockett
Substantive Use Of Extrajudicial Statements Of Witnesses Under The Proposed Federal Rules Of Evidence, Laurie R. Rockett
University of Richmond Law Review
With the publication last March of the preliminary draft of the rules of evidence for the lower federal courts, the possibility of implementation of reforms in the law of evidence on a national level is opened for the first time. Although all aspects of the proposed rules will doubtless stimulate discussion, the committee's treatment of the hearsay rule is likely to provoke the most comment.
The Law Whose Life Is Not Logic: Evidence Of Other Crimes In Criminal Cases, James W. Payne Jr.
The Law Whose Life Is Not Logic: Evidence Of Other Crimes In Criminal Cases, James W. Payne Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
It is not the intention of the author to concentrate on generalizations in this article, but an introductory comment of a general character on this topic seems unavoidable. Assume that D is on trial for the rape of his fourteen-year-old daughter. He elects not to take the witness stand, claiming this right under the Fifth Amendment. (a) Could W, an older daughter, testify that D raped her several times when she was fourteen years old? (b) Could the prosecutor introduce evidence of a conviction of D for raping W when she was fourteen years old-i.e., would the foregoing offer of …
Erosion Of The Hearsay Rule
University of Richmond Law Review
Over a quarter of a century ago, the consensus among evidence scholars was that the rules of evidence were in need of thorough reform. Case law had become so confusing and contradictory that the American Law Institute regarded a straightforward restatement of the law of evidence as a practical impossibility. Instead that body decided upon a new proposal which might readily be adopted by the states as a comprehensive set of evidence rules. Its aim was a more sensible and simple guide for trial judge and attorney than the existing rules. Leading scholars and jurists collaborated to produce a Model …
Recent Legislation
University of Richmond Law Review
This is a summary of the legislation that came out in 1968.
Recent Cases
University of Richmond Law Review
This is a summary of the case law from 1967.
Should Virginia Adopt The Federal Rules Of Discovery?, Emanuel Emroch
Should Virginia Adopt The Federal Rules Of Discovery?, Emanuel Emroch
University of Richmond Law Review
More than fifteen years -ago Virginia made a very important and progressive modification of the rules of practice and procedure in actions at law and suits in equity. The promulgation of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Appeals in 1950 substituted a modern system for an archaic, outmoded, and cumbersome one. Under the Rules litigants can state their case and plead in a brief and succinct manner, unhampered with unnecessary and ancient verbiage. There is less emphasis on form and more on substance, and this facilitates the better administration of justice. Generally, the Rules have unquestionably served the purposes …
Recent Cases
University of Richmond Law Review
This is a summary of the case law from 1965.
Testimony In Virginia On The Ultimate Fact In Issue, James W. Payne Jr.
Testimony In Virginia On The Ultimate Fact In Issue, James W. Payne Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
In a series of recent decisions the Court of Appeals has rejected opinion evidence for the reason, among others, that the opinion related to the ultimate fact in issue, or for the synonymous reason that it invaded the province of the jury. These decisions relate to opinion testimony offered by lay witness and expert alike, although an objection to expert testimony on the ground that it relates to the ultimate fact in issue is normally weaker in force than the same objection when it is advanced to rule out lay testimony. When the expert testifies, by hypothesis, the lay judge …
Recent Cases
University of Richmond Law Review
This article provides a list of the recent cases and their summaries for the year of 1963.
Depositions For Discovery: The New Virginia Rule, J. Westwood Smithers
Depositions For Discovery: The New Virginia Rule, J. Westwood Smithers
University of Richmond Law Review
Important amendments to its Rules, effective April 1, 1961, were recently adopted by the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia. Perhaps the change of most interest to trial lawyers was the revision of Rule 3:23 relating to D'epositions and Discovery in Actions at Law.
Personal Injury Damage Arguments, James W. Payne Jr.
Personal Injury Damage Arguments, James W. Payne Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
This brief comment deals only with one facet of Certified T. V. & Appliance Co., Inc. v. Harrington. The plaintiff brought an action for personal injuries.
Corroboration Of Confessions In A Criminal Case In Virginia, James W. Payne Jr.
Corroboration Of Confessions In A Criminal Case In Virginia, James W. Payne Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
The purpose of this brief note is to examine the Virginia rules relating to the requirement of corroboration of an extrajudicial, confession as a basis for conviction of a criminal offense. The rules discussed herein do not, of course, apply to a plea of guilty in open court, and it might be noted too that the title selected by the author may be misleading in that, as a general rule, the rules discussed do apply to incriminating admissions of fact (except those occurring before the alleged criminal act) as well as full confessions. "A confession is the admission of guilt …