Criminal Procedure Commons^™

Ransomware Warfare: Exploring Global And Private Negotiations To Help U.S. Victims Respond To The Threat, Karina Nad

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

By weaponizing technology, now more than ever before, cybercriminals are transforming the cyberworld into their new hunting ground. Almost daily, news headlines alert us to a new malicious cyber threat or major data breach. The evolution of cybercrime has created a malicious online environment, or "malspace," that is now inhabited by hacker groups and espionage units from all over the world. As a global concern, the use of powerful online capabilities by hacker groups has led to the "militarization" of cyberspace. Closer to home, critical infrastructure, valuable personal data, and access to medical care has been compromised at alarming rates …

Collective Policy Design: An Inclusive Approach To Legislative Negotiation, Joseph Crupi

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

Members of legislatures often do not have equal opportunities to participate in legislative negotiations. The lack of inclusiveness in legislative negotiations may result in suboptimal policy outcomes and undermine representative democracy. Legislatures face two categories of barriers to conducting inclusive negotiations: (1) the scope and complexity of legislative negotiations and (2) members' lack of incentives and capacity to engage in inclusive negotiations. Legislatures may be able to overcome these barriers by synthesizing and applying insights from agile project management, design thinking, collective intelligence, social choice theory, and interest-based negotiation. Specifically, legislatures may be able to conduct negotiations that are both …

Rule Of Law And International Human Rights, Vincent J. Samar

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

This article reviews the field of international human rights with particular attention to the way that the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court, the Human Rights Committee, and local domestic courts operate to resolve human rights cases. It first notes what internationally recognized human rights there are and the sources that give rise to them. It then explains how relativism enters human rights decision-making, especially at the domestic court level, in part because a common grounding for the human rights propounded was never adopted. Even at the level of the International Court of Justice, its failure to include …

Section 230: The Internet's Most Important And Most Misunderstood Law Is Unfairly Under Attack, Málfríður A. Helgadóttir

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, a foundational law enabling the modern internet, is under threat despite its critical role in protecting online platforms from liability for user-generated content. The article argues that Section 230 is essential for promoting free speech and innovation, as its repeal would force platforms to censor content to avoid liability, fundamentally altering the internet. Critics often misunderstand the law, and bipartisan attacks jeopardize its future, risking the unravelling of the internet as we know it.

Equal Education Means Equal Education: Confronting Education Access Disparities For New York Students Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic During The 2020-2021 School Year, Sara Gruber

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing educational disparities, particularly affecting low-income and minority students in New York due to the shift to online learning. The state's current legislation, such as the Dignity for All Students Act, fails to address these off-campus digital divide issues, necessitating legal reform to ensure equal educational opportunities.

Robert Cover’S Love Of Stories: A Rumination On His Wanting To Discuss The Brothers Karamazov With Me Across Five Conversations During The Last Five Years Of His Life, With An Application To The Chauvin Murder Trial Of 2021, Richard H. Weisberg

Articles

The field of Law and Literature, perhaps more than any other area of legal studies, has been touched deeply by Robert Cover’s life and work. My interactions with Bob over the last half dozen years of his tragically short life provide an insight, recounted in a somewhat personal vein here, into his profound engagement with stories, with the most enduring part of that revitalized inter-discipline. I specify and illustrate five conversations I had with him during conferences, family interactions, or long New Haven walks beginning in 1981 and ending the day before his untimely death in the Summer of …

Steering Loan Modifications Post-Pandemic, Pamela Foohey, Dalie Jimenez, Christopher K. Odinet

Articles

As part of federal and state relief programs created during the COVID-19 pandemic, many American households received pauses on their largest debts, particularly on mortgages and student loans. Others may have come to agreements with their lenders, likewise pausing or altering payment on other debts, such as auto loans and credit cards. This relief allowed households to allocate their savings and income to necessary expenses, like groceries, utilities, and medicine. But forbearance does not equal forgiveness. At the end of the various relief periods and moratoria, people will have to resume paying all their debts, the amounts of which may …

Punishment Without Trial: Why Plea Bargaining Is A Bad Deal, Jacob Burns Center For Ethics In The Practice Of Law

2021 Event Invitations

When Americans think of the criminal justice system, they picture a trial. The right to a trial by jury is supposed to undergird our entire justice system – but that bedrock constitutional right has all but disappeared thanks to plea bargaining. In 2018, more than 97 percent of defendants pleaded guilty.

In Punishment Without Trial: Why Plea Bargaining Is A Bad Deal, Carissa Byrne Hessick makes the case against plea bargaining and illustrates why we need to fix it if we ever hope to achieve lasting criminal justice reform.

Join the Jacob Burns Center for Ethics in the Practice …

War & The Constitution: Chemical Agents And The Rights Of Protestors, Yomidalys GüIchardo Morel

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Myth Of Autonomy Rights, Kathryn E. Miller

Cardozo Law Review

Supreme Court rhetoric, scholarly discussion, blackletter law, and ethical rules have perpetuated a myth that individual rights protect the autonomy of defendants within the criminal legal system. To expose this myth, I examine six rights that the Court has enshrined as essential decision points for criminal defendants due to the rights’ purported expressive and consequential functions: (1) the right to self-representation; (2) the right to plead guilty; (3) the right to waive a jury; (4) the right to testify; (5) the right to waive appeals; and (6) the right to maintain innocence at a capital trial. I conclude that each …

Spring 2022 Clinical Program, Benjamin N. Cardozo School Of Law

2021–2022 Flyers

No abstract provided.

Bleeding From The Holes In The Theory: How Flawed Deterrence In Federal Tort Claims Enables Police Brutality, Andrew Reisman

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note argues that federal tort laws, particularly the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) and Bivens actions, are ineffective in deterring police brutality due to structural flaws that prevent individual accountability. It proposes reforms to strengthen these legal mechanisms and promote transparency and accountability within federal law enforcement agencies.

A New Age Of Surveillance: Facial Recognition In Policing And Why It Should Be Abolished, Annslee Perego

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note argues that facial recognition technology in policing is fundamentally flawed due to its racial bias, erosion of privacy, and suppression of democratic participation. It advocates for the abolition of facial recognition in law enforcement, citing its inherent inaccuracies and societal risks, and proposes regulatory measures to limit its use if outright abolition is not feasible.

Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: How New York’S Bail Reform Saga Tiptoes Around Addressing Economic Inequality, Daniel Chasin

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Rethinking Immigration Enforcement, Peter L. Markowitz

Articles

As the nation turns the page away from the dark chapter of President Trump's relentless assault on immigrants, it is time to take stock of the nation's unprecedented immigration enforcement regime. During its relatively short existence, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) has deported more than twice as many people as were deported in the entire previous history of the United States. The human and fiscal costs of ICE's mass deportation agenda are astronomical, and there is almost universal agreement across the political spectrum that the United States' immigration enforcement apparatus is badly broken. That, however, is where the …

Introduction, Kate Levine

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Certifying Second Chances, Cara Suvall

Cardozo Law Review

Policymakers around the country are grappling with how to provide a second chance to people with criminal records. These records create collateral consequences—invisible punishments that inhibit opportunity in all facets of a person’s life. Over the past seven years, states have repeatedly tried to legislate new paths for people trying to move on with their lives. State legislators passed more than 150 laws targeting collateral consequences in 2019 alone.

But what happens when these paths to second chances are littered with learning, compliance, and psychological costs? The people who most need these new opportunities may find that they are out …

A Critique Of Federal Rule Of Criminal Procedure 23(B)(2)(B) And A Proposal To Level The Playing Field For Defendants, Zachary Buda

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Defining Necessary Deadly Force For Police: A Framework For Interpreting California’S A.B. 392, Alison Goldman

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Policing Pregnancy Loss: Misuse Of Abuse Of A Corpse Laws, Monica Siwiec

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note examines the misuse of abuse of a corpse laws to criminalize pregnant persons for pregnancy loss, arguing that such prosecutions violate constitutional principles, including the void-for-vagueness doctrine and equal protection. These laws, originally designed to regulate corpse desecration and mistreatment, are increasingly being applied in ways that disproportionately target marginalized groups, particularly women of color. The analysis highlights how the broad and vague language of these statutes enables arbitrary enforcement, undermining legal clarity and perpetuating reproductive injustice.

Dignity, Freedom, And Digital Rights: Comparing American And European Approaches To Privacy, Virginia Kozemczak

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note examines the contrasting approaches of the United States and the European Union to digital privacy, emphasizing how the US prioritizes liberty while the EU focuses on dignity. It argues that US privacy law, particularly under the Fourth Amendment, struggles to adapt to technological advancements, as seen in cases like Carpenter v. United States. In contrast, the EU's framework, guided by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, offers more comprehensive protections by addressing the broader context of data collection and processing. The author suggests that the US could enhance its privacy protections by adopting elements …

Prostitutes And Policing - Analysis Of Tactics Used To Reduce The Demand For Sex, Morgan Helfman

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The note critically examines the tactics used to reduce demand for commercial sex, focusing on the Nordic Model and its implementation in the U.S. It argues that while these tactics aim to deter buyers through shaming and criminalization, they raise ethical, legal, and practical concerns, particularly regarding police misconduct and the impact on marginalized communities. The analysis advocates for a shift toward education and rehabilitation over punitive measures to address the root causes of prostitution.

Changing The Way We See Modern Policing: Abolition Or Reform, Kathryn Miller, Marbré Stahly-Butts, Mecole Jordan-Mcbride, Kate Levine, Benjamin Tucker, Kumar Rao

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The symposium examines the historical and systemic roots of mass incarceration in the United States, tracing its origins to the 13th Amendment, Black Codes, convict leasing, and the war on drugs. It critiques the prison industrial complex as a system of oppression rooted in racism, capitalism, and heteropatriarchy, and advocates for transformative reforms to dismantle policing and incarceration. The analysis emphasizes the need to move beyond superficial reforms and instead adopt abolitionist approaches that address the root causes of systemic violence and inequality.

Protecting The Children Of Indian Country: A Call To Expand Tribal Court Jurisdiction And Devote More Funding To Indian Child Safety, Adam Crepelle

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The article argues that the legal framework governing Indian country, particularly the Supreme Court's decision in *Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe*, has failed to protect Indian women and children from violence, perpetuating a crisis of sexual assault, child abuse, and murder. It contends that affirming tribal sovereignty and expanding tribal jurisdiction over non-Indians are essential to addressing these issues and ensuring the safety and well-being of Indian children.

Deportation Arrest Warrants, Lindsay Nash

Articles

The common conception of a constitutionally sufficient warrant is one reflecting a judicial determination of probable cause, the idea being that the warrant process serves to check law enforcement. But neither the Constitution nor the Supreme Court has fully defined who can issue arrest warrants within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment; the constitutional significance of arrest “warrants” that are not; or when (if ever) warrants of any type are constitutionally required for deportation-related arrests. In that void, the largest federal law enforcement agency—the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)—is on pace to issue over 150,000 administrative “warrants” annually, authorized by …

W(H)Ither Judgment, Elias Leake Quinn

Cardozo Law Review de•novo

Textualists complain that loose rules of statutory interpretation inject uncertainty and inconsistency into judicial resolutions of statutory ambiguity. But by employing an incomplete theory of meaning, pure textualists fail to shore up their decisions. And by disparaging the judgement necessary to navigate complex questions of meaning, they erode trust in the judicial process—the very foundation of the rule of law.

The Assassin Was Not Insane: The Acquittal Of The Assassin Of A Genocide's Architect As Symbolic Jury Nullification, Christian G. Ohanian

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

The acquittal of Soghomon Tehlirian for assassinating Talaat Pasha, a key architect of the Armenian Genocide, represents a significant instance of symbolic jury nullification. This verdict symbolically addressed the moral and legal failure to hold Talaat Pasha accountable, influencing the development of international human rights law and figures like Raphael Lemkin.

The Fourth Amendment At The Border, Daniel Farrell

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The note addresses the tension between the Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and the border search exception, focusing on electronic devices. It argues that despite the border exception, which allows warrantless searches, electronic devices should be treated differently due to the vast personal data they contain. The author advocates for a uniform standard requiring probable cause for invasive searches of electronic devices at the border to balance privacy rights with national security concerns.

Post-Etherdelta: Clarifying Liabilities For Cryptocurrency Exchanges And Market Participants, Robert Sistoso

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The rise of cryptocurrencies has led to the development of both centralized and decentralized exchanges, which face significant regulatory challenges under U.S. securities laws. The SEC has applied the Howey test to determine whether tokens qualify as securities, and its enforcement actions, such as against EtherDelta, highlight the need for clarity on the liabilities of developers, operators, and users in decentralized systems. The article advocates for the SEC to refine its regulatory approach to balance investor protection with the promotion of innovation in blockchain technology.

Police Prosecutions And Punitive Instincts, Kate Levine

Articles

This Article makes two contributions to the fields of policing and criminal legal scholarship. First, it sounds a cautionary note about the use of individual prosecutions to remedy police brutality. It argues that the calls for ways to ease the path to more police prosecutions from legal scholars, reformers, and advocates who, at the same time, advocate for a dramatic reduction of the criminal legal system’s footprint, are deeply problematic. It shows that police prosecutions legitimize the criminal legal system while at the same time displaying the same racism and ineffectiveness that have been shown to pervade our prison-backed criminal …