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Articles 181 - 210 of 275
Full-Text Articles in Criminal Procedure
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Michael Edmund O'Neill
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Michael Edmund O'Neill
University of Richmond Law Review
The Commonwealth of Virginia is so named (as opposed to being denominated simply a "state") because the term "commonwealth" is used to indicate a government in which "supreme power is vested in the people."' That term is particularly apt, for in what better way does a government provide for the common weal of its people than by protecting them against crime, while at the same time respecting their individual rights and liberties? This is a delicate balance, one that is reflected in this survey of the most recent developments in Virginia criminal law and procedure. The legislative enactments and judicial …
Dickerson And The Future Of Miranda, Brenda E. Mallinak
Dickerson And The Future Of Miranda, Brenda E. Mallinak
Richmond Public Interest Law Review
Dickerson v. United States is one such case where the Fourth Circuit considered §3501 sua sponte and applied the statute in the absence of Miranda warnings. This action by the Fourth Circuit raises four issues which will be addressed in this paper. Part I addresses the issue of whether the federal executive branch can decline to enforce a law passed by Congress will be examined, as well as the related question of whether, in the face of executive refusal to use a law, can the courts sua sponte rely on that law to decide a case. In Part 11 the …
Beyond Admissibility: Real Confrontation, Virtual Cross-Examination And The Right To Confront Hearsay, John G. Douglass
Beyond Admissibility: Real Confrontation, Virtual Cross-Examination And The Right To Confront Hearsay, John G. Douglass
Law Faculty Publications
Part I of this Article describes how the Court turned the Confrontation Clause into a rule excluding unreliable hearsay, culminating in the 1980 decision in Ohio v. Roberts, in which the Court set out the "general approach" that dominates confrontation-hearsay analysis today. Part II assesses the application of the Court's exclusionary rule in the two decades since Roberts, a period during which the Confrontation Clause largely has merged with, and disappeared into, the law of evidence, in the process losing its significance as an independent protection for the accused in an adversarial system. Part III argues that the Court's choice …
Dickerson And The Future Of Miranda, Brenda E. Mallinak
Dickerson And The Future Of Miranda, Brenda E. Mallinak
Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest
Dickerson v. United States is one such case where the Fourth Circuit considered §3501 sua sponte and applied the statute in the absence of Miranda warnings. This action by the Fourth Circuit raises four issues which will be addressed in this paper. Part I addresses the issue of whether the federal executive branch can decline to enforce a law passed by Congress will be examined, as well as the related question of whether, in the face of executive refusal to use a law, can the courts sua sponte rely on that law to decide a case. In Part 11 the …
The Breard Case And The Virtues Of Forbearance, John G. Douglass
The Breard Case And The Virtues Of Forbearance, John G. Douglass
Law Faculty Publications
At a time when the scheduled execution of Angel Francisco Breard made Virginia the focus of a groundbreaking controversy over the reach of internationallaw into the domestic criminal process of the United States, law students and faculty at the University of Richmond had the unique opportunity to consider the case along with Philippe Sands, then a Visiting Allen Chair Professor at the University.
How Much Should Mind Matter? Mens Rea In Theft And Fraud Sentencing, James Gibson
How Much Should Mind Matter? Mens Rea In Theft And Fraud Sentencing, James Gibson
Law Faculty Publications
This article discusses the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s vote to potentially revise the definition of loss. Anyone who has followed the Commission's deliberations on loss will see that the proposed definition attempts to address many of the contentious issues that have arisen in the case law and commentary. The issues that the proposed definition concentrates on, however, such as credits, interest, causation, and gain, tend to inform the inquiry into "actual loss" rather than "intended loss," even though the latter concept is integral to both definitions. Although neither the current nor the proposed definition provides much guidance for working with intended …
University Of Richmond Law Review
University Of Richmond Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Betty Layne Desportes, Steven D. Benjamin
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Betty Layne Desportes, Steven D. Benjamin
University of Richmond Law Review
This article discusses holdings and trends in the published cases of the Virginia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Virginia from August 1996 to July 1997. Although the form of this article generally follows the same form used by prior authors, several subject headings have been renamed to reflect the current focus of the courts. For example, during this period the court of appeals grappled with the "community caretaker" doctrine, bifurcated sentencing proceedings in felony cases, jury selection, and various hearsay exceptions. The supreme court addressed an indigent defendant's right to expert assistance, administrative license suspensions, and speedy …
Procedural Labyrinths And The Injustice Of Death: A Critique Of Death Penalty Habeas Corpus (Part Two), Alan W. Clarke
Procedural Labyrinths And The Injustice Of Death: A Critique Of Death Penalty Habeas Corpus (Part Two), Alan W. Clarke
University of Richmond Law Review
The following is part two of a two-part article that critiques death penalty habeas corpus. Partone of this article included discussionsof the ineffective assistanceof counsel and the federal habeas corpus exhaustion requirement. 29 U. RICH. L. REV. 1327 (1995). Part two of this article,which follows, discusses issues related to retroactivity in habeas corpus proceedings and procedural default.
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Cullen D. Seltzer
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Cullen D. Seltzer
University of Richmond Law Review
This article discusses recent Virginia cases and legislative developments in the area of criminal law and procedure. The article discusses cases from April of 1995 to July of 1996 and legislative changes effective July 1, 1996. This article does not discuss federal developments. Nor does the article discuss death penalty issues, as that area of the law is sufficiently particularized that, for purposes of manageability, it falls outside the scope of this discussion.
Some Thoughts On Bifurcated Sentencing In Non-Capital Felony Cases In Virginia, Thomas D. Horne
Some Thoughts On Bifurcated Sentencing In Non-Capital Felony Cases In Virginia, Thomas D. Horne
University of Richmond Law Review
The punishment stage of a jury trial poses a difficult test for the conflicting attitudes and opinions of individual jurors. In the search for a mature, well-reasoned, and educated verdict, an understanding of the sentencing process by those controlling the flow of information is the best insurance against decisions which spring from passion, prejudice, and personal bias. Given recent legislative changes affecting sentencing in non-capital felony cases, such an understanding is not susceptible to hornbook solutions. This paper will attempt to put those changes in the context of existing sentencing practices and of related evidentiary issues. It is hoped that …
University Of Richmond Law Review
University Of Richmond Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Cullen D. Seltzer
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Cullen D. Seltzer
University of Richmond Law Review
The past year has been an active one for the Virginia courts and General Assembly in the areas of criminal law and procedure. Developments include cases regarding the allowance of expert assistance to indigent criminal defendants and a defendant's right to a new trial based on after-discovered evidence. Driving under the influence [DUI] defendants are no longer entitled to their choice of a blood or breath test as a function of the implied consent law, and for felons convicted of committing an offense after December 31, 1994, parole is no longer an option. This article surveys these and other legislative …
Procedural Labyrinths And The Injustice Of Death: A Critique Of Death Penalty Habeas Corpus (Part One), Alan W. Clarke
Procedural Labyrinths And The Injustice Of Death: A Critique Of Death Penalty Habeas Corpus (Part One), Alan W. Clarke
University of Richmond Law Review
Habeas corpus was once a broad writ of liberty: it served to give meaning to expanding notions of due process, it forced state judicial systems to obey constitutional commands, and it made effective modern conceptions of fundamental fairness. Although a simple implement of humble origin, U.S. habeas corpus became inextricably interwoven with the substantive rights it enforced. Without a practical remedy, cutting across state boundaries and affording uniform access, the substantive rights themselves lose meaning. A right without remedy is a right without meaning. Thus, habeas corpus became an important part of the substantive rights that it enforced.
Statement By Toney Anaya On Capital Punishment, Toney Anaya
Statement By Toney Anaya On Capital Punishment, Toney Anaya
University of Richmond Law Review
I oppose capital punishment and was thrust into a position of having to put that opposition to the ultimate test - in 1986 commuted the death sentences of all those on "death row" in the New Mexico State Penitentiary.
Federal Executive Clemency Power: The President's Prerogative To Escape Accountability, James N. Jorgensen
Federal Executive Clemency Power: The President's Prerogative To Escape Accountability, James N. Jorgensen
University of Richmond Law Review
The United States Constitution vests the President with "power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment." Although Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph raised concerns about the executive branch possibly abusing the pardon power to conceal criminal conduct at the Constitutional Convention, Randolph's colleagues relied upon the presumption that a president would not break the law and defeated his motion to limit presidential pardon power to cases of treason. Recently, the scandalous Iran-Contra affair has demonstrated that, contrary to the Framers' expectations, presidents may circumvent or directly violate federal laws.
University Of Richmond Law Review
University Of Richmond Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Brecht V. Abrahamson: Another Step Toward Evisceration Of Habeas Corpus, Lisa S. Spickler
Brecht V. Abrahamson: Another Step Toward Evisceration Of Habeas Corpus, Lisa S. Spickler
University of Richmond Law Review
As the amount of crime in this country increases, society is becoming more conscious of our criminal justice system. People are increasingly concerned with the outcome of criminal trials, specifically in assuring that crimes do not go unpunished. Determining guilt, ensuring that verdicts are not overruled on a "technicality," and issuing punishment have taken precedence over the protection of constitutional rights. However, the Constitution is not only concerned with the outcome of criminal trials. It is just as surely concerned with individual rights and process.
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Steven D. Benjamin
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Steven D. Benjamin
University of Richmond Law Review
During the past year, the Court of Appeals of Virginia continued to be the major contributor to the development of substantive and procedural criminal law in the Commonwealth. Many of the court's decisions concerned the characterization of. police-citizen encounters in the context of both Fourth Amendment law and the rights of an accused under Miranda v. Arizona. A number of cases concerned the admissibility of uncharged misconduct, and the numerous double jeopardy opinions involved case-by-case application of Grady v. Corbin, Blockburger v. United States, and related statutes. A growing body of procedural law concerned the propriety of impanelling jurors of …
Due Process In Death Penalty Commutations: Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Clemency, Daniel T. Kobil
Due Process In Death Penalty Commutations: Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Clemency, Daniel T. Kobil
University of Richmond Law Review
The idea of the last-minute reprieve granted by a distant, unknowable dispenser of mercy to a man condemned to death has a powerful hold on our imaginations. Fyodor Dostoevsky's eleventh hour pardon by the czar in many ways shaped his literary career. The scene of the haunted Death Row prisoner who awaits word from the governor as a ticking clock punctuates his final hours is a stock vignette of Hollywood crime films. Anyone who has ever seized on the slimmest hope, whose fate has been committed to the hands of another - virtually all of us - can identify with …
The Clemency Process In Virginia, Walter A. Mcfarlane
The Clemency Process In Virginia, Walter A. Mcfarlane
University of Richmond Law Review
When asked to contribute an article on the issue of clemency, I immediately knew the area I wanted to address: the procedural and practical aspects of the clemency process in Virginia. While numerous articles have been written about clemency, few have examined the procedural rules and none have comprehensively studied the executive viewpoint regarding this area of the law.
The Role Of Executive Clemency In Modern Death Penalty Cases, Bruce Ledewitz, Scott Staples
The Role Of Executive Clemency In Modern Death Penalty Cases, Bruce Ledewitz, Scott Staples
University of Richmond Law Review
When a governor commutes a sentence of death, typically to one of life imprisonment either with an extended mandatory term or without possibility of parole, how is this action to be understood? As former Governor Pat Brown's book about his commutation decisions illustrates, in a period of widespread support for the death penalty, each commutation contains an appeal for popular support and understanding as to why the decision was made. Where the case for commutation cannot be made to the public's satisfaction, a governor is not likely to act.
The Right Of The People To Be Secure, Ronald J. Bacigal
The Right Of The People To Be Secure, Ronald J. Bacigal
Law Faculty Publications
Part I of this Article defines searches and seizures of property and person, discussing the Supreme Court's initially broad interpretation of the Fourth Amendment and its subsequent narrowing in later decisions. Part II discusses several police "chase cases" leading up to the elimination of accidental and attempted seizures from Fourth Amendment protection in Brower v. County of Inyo and California v. Hodari D. Part Ill analyzes the Brower decision and its effect on accidental seizures, concluding that the analysis set forth therein should be abolished and advocating an alternate test. Part IV confronts the Court's elimination of attempted seizures from …
Hudson V. Mcmillian And Prisoners' Rights In The 1990s: Is The Supreme Court Now More Responsive To "Contemporaneous Standards Of Decency"?, L. Allan Parrott Jr.
Hudson V. Mcmillian And Prisoners' Rights In The 1990s: Is The Supreme Court Now More Responsive To "Contemporaneous Standards Of Decency"?, L. Allan Parrott Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
The Eighth Amendment prohibits, among other things, "cruel and unusual punishment." In the prison context, the United States Supreme Court historically applied this clause solely to protect prisoners from unfair sentences. It was not until 1976, 185 years after the adoption of the Eighth Amendment that the Supreme Court found cruel and unusual punishment protections to apply to events or conditions experienced by prisoners during incarceration. In Estelle v. Gamble, the Court granted Eighth Amendment protections to a prisoner alleging deprivations during imprisonment. After 1976, the Court seemed to move away from the "hands-off' doctrine, which traditionally granted deference to …
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Steven D. Benjamin
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Steven D. Benjamin
University of Richmond Law Review
During the past year, the Virginia Court of Appeals continued to be the primary contributor to the development of substantive and procedural criminal law in Virginia. As it has in years past, the court ruled on numerous Fourth Amendment questions, particularly with respect to investigatory detention. Other significant rulings dealt with double jeopardy, discovery, due process, and trial procedure.
University Of Richmond Law Review
University Of Richmond Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
University Of Richmond Law Review
University Of Richmond Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Steven D. Benjamin
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Criminal Law And Procedure, Steven D. Benjamin
University of Richmond Law Review
During the past year, the Virginia Court of Appeals continued in its role as the most significant contributor to criminal case law. The court ruled on a myriad of issues; the recurring topics involved arrest and investigatory detention, self-defense, the execution of search warrants, double jeopardy, the admissibility of eye-witness identification, and the circumstances and admissibility of a police interrogation. Also, the court ruled on numerous trial and procedural questions regularly encountered by the circuit courts and criminal practitioners.
Grand Jury Reform: A Proposal For Change In Virginia, Charles E. Wall
Grand Jury Reform: A Proposal For Change In Virginia, Charles E. Wall
University of Richmond Law Review
Once a cornerstone of American jurisprudence, the requirement of prosecution based upon grand jury indictment no longer stands unchallenged. Instead, alternate means of commencing prosecution, most notably by information and the preliminary hearing, have prompted lawmakers to look at the grand jury with a heightened scrutiny. Subsequently, such alternatives have become the primary prosecutorial tools in many states. Virginia, however, retains the grand jury system which was implemented in colonial times.
When Racists And Radicals Meet, Ronald J. Bacigal, Margaret Ivey Bacigal
When Racists And Radicals Meet, Ronald J. Bacigal, Margaret Ivey Bacigal
Law Faculty Publications
In order to stimulate scholarly discussion, this Essay presents an empirical account of the Greensboro incident from the perspective of those who participated in the episode and in the resulting civil rights trial. The Essay traces the circumstances leading to the violence and reviews the resultant litigation with special attention given to the role of the trial judge in politically volatile cases. The candid reflections offered by the trial judge and other participants allow the reader to examine both the event and the litigation, not merely in the abstract, but as implemented by flesh-andblood lawyers, litigants, and judges. .