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Articles 871 - 900 of 1291
Full-Text Articles in Criminal Law
The Bustle Of Horses On A Ship: Drug Control In New York City Public Housing, Jeffrey Fagan, Garth Davies, Jan Holland, Tamara Dumanovsky
The Bustle Of Horses On A Ship: Drug Control In New York City Public Housing, Jeffrey Fagan, Garth Davies, Jan Holland, Tamara Dumanovsky
Faculty Scholarship
For decades, violence, drugs and public housing have been closely linked in political culture and popular imagination. In 1990, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) made funds available to public housing authorities to combat drug and crime problems. This program, the Drug Elimination Program (DEP) combined several strategies under one administrative umbrella: police enforcement, drug treatment, drug prevention, youth and gang outreach, community organizing, integrated health and social service agencies, and tenant mobilization projects. In New York, the Housing Authority spent $165 million on DEP in its 330 public housing sites between 1990 and 1996. Yet there has …
Developmental Trajectories Of Legal Socialization Among Serious Adolescent Offenders, Alex R. Piquero, Jeffery Fagan, Edward P. Mulvey, Laurence Steinberg, Candice Odgers
Developmental Trajectories Of Legal Socialization Among Serious Adolescent Offenders, Alex R. Piquero, Jeffery Fagan, Edward P. Mulvey, Laurence Steinberg, Candice Odgers
Faculty Scholarship
Legal socialization is the process through which individuals acquire attitudes and beliefs about the law, legal authorities, and legal institutions. This occurs through individuals' interactions, both personal and vicarious, with police, courts, and other legal actors. To date, most of what is known about legal socialization comes from studies of individual differences among adults in their perceived legitimacy of law and legal institutions, and in their cynicism about the law and its underlying norms. This work shows that adults' attitudes about the legitimacy of law are directly tied to individuals' compliance with the law and cooperation with legal authorities. Despite …
Justice And Fairness In The Protection Of Crime Victims, George P. Fletcher
Justice And Fairness In The Protection Of Crime Victims, George P. Fletcher
Faculty Scholarship
In this Article, Professor Fletcher discusses the crucial distinction between justice and fairness-as well as its effect on the shifting "boundaries of victimhood "-from a comparative viewpoint by examining the approaches that various human rights instruments take to the problem of victims' rights. While the European Convention on Human Rights represents an evolving "middle ground" in the treatment of victims' rights (such recent cases as X. & Y. v. The Netherlands, A. v. United Kingdom, and M.C. v. Bulgaria are examined), only the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court gives real priority to victims of crime with …
Developmental Incompetence, Due Process, And Juvenile Justice Policy, Elizabeth S. Scott, Thomas Grisso
Developmental Incompetence, Due Process, And Juvenile Justice Policy, Elizabeth S. Scott, Thomas Grisso
Faculty Scholarship
In 2003, the Florida District Court of Appeal reversed the murder conviction and life sentence imposed on Lionel Tate, who was twelve years old when he killed his six-year-old neighbor. Since Lionel was reported to be the youngest person in modern times to be sent to prison for life, the case had generated considerable debate, and the decision was appealed on several grounds. What persuaded the appellate court that the conviction could not stand, however, was the trial court's rejection of a petition by Lionel's attorney for an evaluation of his client's competence to assist counsel and to make a …
Seeing Crime And Punishment Through A Sociological Lens: Contributions, Practices, And The Future, Calvin Morill, John Hagan, Bernard E. Harcourt, Tracey L. Meares
Seeing Crime And Punishment Through A Sociological Lens: Contributions, Practices, And The Future, Calvin Morill, John Hagan, Bernard E. Harcourt, Tracey L. Meares
Faculty Scholarship
There is a rich intellectual history to the sociological study of crime and punishment that encompasses multiple and interrelated traditions. Some of these traditions trace their roots to the European social theorists of the nineteenth century, particularly Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx. Although only Durkheim and Weber systematically studied law (and only Durkheim actually studied punishment), all three social theorists facilitated the development of sociological research and theory on crime and punishment. Durkheim's Suicide: A Study in Sociology for example, investigated the relationship between social integration and suicide rates, which, in turn, provided a model of inquiry for …
Privacy And The Criminal Arrestee Or Suspect: In Search Of A Right, In Need Of A Rule, Sadiq Reza
Privacy And The Criminal Arrestee Or Suspect: In Search Of A Right, In Need Of A Rule, Sadiq Reza
Faculty Scholarship
Criminal accusation stigmatizes. Merely having been accused of a crime lasts in the public eye, damaging one's reputation and threatening current and future employment, relationships, social status, and more. But vast numbers of criminal cases are dismissed soon after arrest, and countless accusations are unfounded or unprovable. Nevertheless, police officers and prosecutors routinely name criminal accusees to the public upon arrest or suspicion, with no obligation to publicize a defendant's exoneration, or the dismissal of his case, or a decision not to file charges against him at all. Other individuals caught up in the criminal process enjoy protections against the …
Sentencing: Learning From, And Worrying About, The States, Gerard E. Lynch
Sentencing: Learning From, And Worrying About, The States, Gerard E. Lynch
Faculty Scholarship
The Columbia Law Review's Symposium on sentencing, which took place less than two weeks after the Supreme Court's dramatic semi-invalidation of the federal sentencing guidelines, was certainly timely. Nevertheless, it is critical to understanding the Symposium's purposes to realize that it was not planned in response to United States v. Booker, or even to Blakely v. Washington. The Symposium was conceived before either case was decided, as a very conscious attempt to steer the discussion of sentencing away from Congress and the federal guidelines and toward states' experiences. The vast majority of criminals are sentenced in state …
Rethinking Retroactivity, Robert J. Jackson Jr.
Rethinking Retroactivity, Robert J. Jackson Jr.
Faculty Scholarship
Under the stringent test set forth in Teague v. Lane,' defendants convicted of criminal offenses are generally unable to collaterally attack their convictions by invoking constitutional rules of criminal procedure announced after their convictions become final.2 The purported exception to this general principle is said to require that a new constitutional rule be "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty'3 for it to be applied to criminal cases decided before its pronouncement. Once a rule of criminal procedure is characterized as "new,"4 Teague prohibits the rule's invocation in habeas proceedings unless the rule both "assure[s] that no man has been …
Hélène Cixous's The Perjured City: Nonprosecution Alternatives To Collective Violence, Susan Ayres
Hélène Cixous's The Perjured City: Nonprosecution Alternatives To Collective Violence, Susan Ayres
Faculty Scholarship
In instances of collective violence — apartheid in South Africa, mass killings in Rwanda, and other crimes against humanity such as slavery — what response provides justice? How can justice be achieved under such a system? Legal justice through prosecution would be unjust. This opens the possibility of nonprosecution alternatives involving forgiveness. Hélène Cixous’s play about forgiveness as an alternative to criminal prosecution, The Perjured City: Or, the Awakening of the Furies, was written in response to an actual case of failed justice in France, known as the Bad Blood Scandal. The play provides a model of forgiveness and a …
The Story Of United States V. Salerno: The Constitutionality Of Regulatory Detention, Daniel C. Richman
The Story Of United States V. Salerno: The Constitutionality Of Regulatory Detention, Daniel C. Richman
Faculty Scholarship
Is it constitutional for the government to lock up people without waiting to convict them at trial? If it is, what are the limits on the government's power to lock up anyone it deems dangerous? These are issues raised by preventive detention provisions in bail statutes, and addressed in United States v. Salerno. The controversy about these bail statutes, once so hotly contested, has died down. But the broader questions about the government's power to detain suspected criminals without giving them the benefit of full criminal process remain unresolved, and have taken on a new urgency as the nation confronts …
Prosecuting Members Of The U.S. Military For Wartime Environmental Crimes, Eric Talbot Jensen, James J. Teixeira Jr.
Prosecuting Members Of The U.S. Military For Wartime Environmental Crimes, Eric Talbot Jensen, James J. Teixeira Jr.
Faculty Scholarship
War is inherently damaging to the environment. Though these deleterious actions are often attributed to "states" during times of armed conflict, they are normally the result of military operations conducted by members of the military who are carrying out orders from military superiors. While many have proposed systemic changes that affect how states can or should be held responsible, few have commented on the process of holding individual military personnel or commanders responsible for battlefield acts of environmental damage. This paper argues that there are sufficient laws and regulations in place to hold individuals and commanders in the United States …
Bridging The Barriers: Public Health Strategies For Expanding Drug Treatment In Communities, Ellen M. Weber
Bridging The Barriers: Public Health Strategies For Expanding Drug Treatment In Communities, Ellen M. Weber
Faculty Scholarship
States around the country have begun to adopt programs to divert drug offenders from jails and prisons to community-based drug treatment services. For this strategy to succeed, local officials will need to expand the availability of outpatient and residential treatment programs and address the barriers to siting treatment services, the most significant of which are community opposition and government zoning policies that facilitate community resistance. Civil rights laws, including the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Fair Housing Act (FHA), prohibit zoning discrimination against persons with histories of alcoholism and drug dependence and provide a solid legal foundation for …
Why Were Perry Mason's Clients Always Innocent? The Criminal Lawyer's Moral Dilemma - The Criminal Defendant Who Tells His Lawyer He Is Guilty, Randolph Braccialarghe
Why Were Perry Mason's Clients Always Innocent? The Criminal Lawyer's Moral Dilemma - The Criminal Defendant Who Tells His Lawyer He Is Guilty, Randolph Braccialarghe
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
"No Provincial Or Transient Notion": The Need For A Mistake Of Age Defense In Child Rape Prosecutions, Jarrod F. Reich
"No Provincial Or Transient Notion": The Need For A Mistake Of Age Defense In Child Rape Prosecutions, Jarrod F. Reich
Faculty Scholarship
Suppose a state legislature enacted a law making any theft a crime punishable by twenty years' imprisonment. Within this law was a provision precluding an accused from introducing evidence that he unwittingly took property to which he was not entitled. Suppose further that after this law was enacted, an elderly woman hung her black coat in a restaurant's lobby and, upon leaving, mistakenly retrieved another's black coat.1 Under the hypothetical statute, her mistake could neither hinder the prosecution's case against her nor be asserted by her as a defense. By inadvertently taking another's coat from a crowded restaurant, the woman …
Trager Symposium: Our New Federalism? National Authority And Local Autonomy In The War On Terror: Introduction, Susan Herman
Trager Symposium: Our New Federalism? National Authority And Local Autonomy In The War On Terror: Introduction, Susan Herman
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Section 2254(D) Of The Federal Habeas Statute: Is It Beyond Reason?, Evan Tsen Lee
Section 2254(D) Of The Federal Habeas Statute: Is It Beyond Reason?, Evan Tsen Lee
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
What The Supreme Court Should Do: Save Sentencing Reform, Gut The Guidelines, Aaron J. Rappaport
What The Supreme Court Should Do: Save Sentencing Reform, Gut The Guidelines, Aaron J. Rappaport
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Lost History Of Apprendi And The Blakely Petition For Rehearing, Rory K. Little, Teresa Chen
The Lost History Of Apprendi And The Blakely Petition For Rehearing, Rory K. Little, Teresa Chen
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
What Federal Prosecutors Really Think: The Puzzle Of Statistical Race Disparity Versus Specific Guilt, And The Specter Of Timothy Mcveigh, Rory K. Little
What Federal Prosecutors Really Think: The Puzzle Of Statistical Race Disparity Versus Specific Guilt, And The Specter Of Timothy Mcveigh, Rory K. Little
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Sexually Violent Predator Laws: Psychiatry In Service To A Morally Dubious Enterprise, Eric S. Janus
Sexually Violent Predator Laws: Psychiatry In Service To A Morally Dubious Enterprise, Eric S. Janus
Faculty Scholarship
This article discusses the role of psychiatrists in determining the treatment of sexually violent predators (SVP). Instead of being released at the end of their prison sentences, sex offenders in the USA who are judged mentally disordered and dangerous are being confined in secure "treatment facilities" for indeterminate terms. This novel and aggressive legislative tactic—embodied in US sexually violent predator laws—commandeers the traditional power of state mental health systems and puts it in service to a core function of the criminal justice system: the control of sexual violence. This transposition of "civil commitment" has forced psychiatry to legitimate and arbitrate …
Reappraising T.L.O.'S Special Needs Doctrine In An Era Of School-Law Enforcement Entanglement, Joshua Gupta-Kagan
Reappraising T.L.O.'S Special Needs Doctrine In An Era Of School-Law Enforcement Entanglement, Joshua Gupta-Kagan
Faculty Scholarship
This essay presents one doctrinal method for lawyers to defend children accused of criminal charges in juvenile or adult court: attacking the applicability of the nearly twenty-year old case, New Jersey v. T.L.O. to most school searches. T.L.O. established a lower standard for searches of students by school officials, but it explicitly did not decide what standard the government must meet to justify school searches performed by police officers, creating a doctrinal starting point for advocates to raise challenges to searches involving police. More fundamentally, the T.L.O. Court based its decision on the presumption that firm gates separate public school …
Ambivalence About Treason, George P. Fletcher
Ambivalence About Treason, George P. Fletcher
Faculty Scholarship
Betrayal and disloyalty are grievous moral wrongs, yet today when the disloyal commit treason we seem reluctant to punish them. John Walker Lindh fought for the Taliban with full knowledge that it was engaged in hostilities against the United States. It should not have been so difficult to prove by two witnesses to the overt act, as the Constitution requires, that he adhered to the enemy giving them aid and comfort. Admittedly, there were legal problems about whether the Taliban as an indirect enemy in an undeclared war could qualify as the enemy in the constitutional sense. But there was …
Neighborhood, Crime, And Incarceration In New York City, Jeffery Fagan, Valerie West, Jan Holland
Neighborhood, Crime, And Incarceration In New York City, Jeffery Fagan, Valerie West, Jan Holland
Faculty Scholarship
Several new studies suggest that social and spatial incarceration of young males has become part of the developmental ecology of adolescence in the nation's poorest neighborhoods. This concentration began in the 1970s, and has grown steadily through the last quarter century.The story of young men such as Cesar in Random Family illustrates the pervasive effects of both direct and vicarious prison experiences for young men and women in poor neighborhoods. Studies of street life such as Random Family, Code of the Streets, and American Project show how these experiences are now internalized in the social and psychological fabric of neighborhood …
Offense Grading And Multiple Liability: New Challenges For A Model Penal Code Second, Michael T. Cahill
Offense Grading And Multiple Liability: New Challenges For A Model Penal Code Second, Michael T. Cahill
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Federal Sentencing During The Interregnum: Defense Practice As The Blakely Dust Settles , Ian Weinstein, Nathaniel Z. Marmur
Federal Sentencing During The Interregnum: Defense Practice As The Blakely Dust Settles , Ian Weinstein, Nathaniel Z. Marmur
Faculty Scholarship
Although the long term impact of Blakely v. Washington is not yet clear, no one can doubt that the case raises a host of immediate, significant and perplexing practical questions for federal criminal defense attorneys. The Supreme Court has granted certiorari in a pair of cases raising Blakely issues and oral argument is scheduled for October 4, 2004. It seems likely that the Supreme Court will offer some guidance by Thanksgiving. Until the Court rules, uncertainty will continue as the lower courts interpret Blakely in disparate ways. Once the Court does rule, many hard questions may remain unanswered. This article …
When Two Become One: Views On Fletcher's "Two Patterns Of Criminality", Deborah W. Denno
When Two Become One: Views On Fletcher's "Two Patterns Of Criminality", Deborah W. Denno
Faculty Scholarship
George Fletcher's Rethinking Criminal Law (“Rethinking”) is the ultimate cut-to-the-chase treatise. The book does not belabor the frailties of existing criminal law, but rather predicts an overhaul of much of its doctrine. This essay marks a tribute to Rethinking's influence by examining two of the book's well known “patterns of criminality”: (1) “manifest criminality,” which proposes that crimes are acts that any “objective” observer would clearly recognize as illegal without knowing anything about the mental state of the person committing those acts, and, in stark contrast, (2) “subjective criminality,” which suggests that crimes are consciously intended and experienced only by …
Race, Immigration, And The Department Of Homeland Security, Victor C. Romero
Race, Immigration, And The Department Of Homeland Security, Victor C. Romero
Faculty Scholarship
Despite the wisdom of separating the service and enforcement functions of our immigration bureau, the new tripartite system under the auspices of the Department of Homeland Security risks fueling the "immigrant Arab as terrorist" stereotype, rather than helping to re-establish the reality that noncitizen terrorists, like U.S. citizen ones, are a rare species.
"You Are Entering A Gay And Lesbian Free Zone": On The Radical Dissents Of Justice Scalia And Other (Post-) Queers – [Raising Questions About Lawrence, Sex Wars, And The Criminal Law], Bernard Harcourt
Faculty Scholarship
The most renowned substantive criminal law decision of the October 2002 Term, Lawrence v. Texas, will go down in history as a critical turning point in criminal law debates over the proper scope of the penal sanction. For the first time in the history of American criminal law, the United States Supreme Court has declared that a supermajoritarian moral belief does not necessarily provide a rational basis for criminalizing conventionally deviant conduct. The Court's ruling is the coup de grâce to legal moralism administered after a prolonged, brutish, tedious, and debilitating struggle against liberal legalism in its various criminal …
Be Careful What You Wish For: Legal Sanctions And Public Safety Among Adolescent Offenders In Juvenile And Criminal Court, Jeffrey Fagan, Aaron Kupchik, Akiva Liberman
Be Careful What You Wish For: Legal Sanctions And Public Safety Among Adolescent Offenders In Juvenile And Criminal Court, Jeffrey Fagan, Aaron Kupchik, Akiva Liberman
Faculty Scholarship
Three decades of legislative activism have resulted in a broad expansion of states' authority to transfer adolescent offenders from juvenile to criminal (adult) courts. At the same time that legislatures have broadened the range of statutes and lowered the age thresholds for eligibility for transfer, states also have reallocated discretion away from judges and instituted simplified procedures that permit prosecutors to elect whether adolescents are prosecuted and sentenced in juvenile or criminal court. These developments reflect popular and political concerns that relatively lenient or attenuated punishment in juvenile court violates proportionality principles for serious crimes committed by adolescents, and is …
So Much Activity, So Little Change: A Reply To The Critics Of Battered Women's Self-Defense, Kit Kinports
So Much Activity, So Little Change: A Reply To The Critics Of Battered Women's Self-Defense, Kit Kinports
Faculty Scholarship
Prior to 1970, the term "domestic violence" referred to ghetto riots and urban terrorism, not the abuse of women by their intimate partners. Today, of course, domestic violence is a household word. After all, it has now been ten years since the revelation of football star O.J. Simpson's history of battering purportedly sounded "a wake-up call for all of America"; ten years since Congress enacted legislation haled as "a milestone . . .truly a turning point in the national effort to break the cycle" of violence; and twenty years since Farrah Fawcett's portrayal of Francine Hughes in the movie The …