Criminal Law Commons^™

Remaking Mexico: Law Reform As Foreign Policy, Deborah M. Weissman

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Presumed Imminence: Judicial Risk Assessment In The Post-9/11 World, Avidan Y. Cover

Cardozo Law Review

Court opinions in the terrorism context are often distinguished by fact-finding that relates to risk assessment. These risk assessments - inherently policy decisions - are influenced by cultural cognition and by cognitive errors common to probability determinations, particularly those made regarding highly dangerous and emotional events. In a post-9/11 world, in which prevention and intelligence are prioritized over prosecution, courts are more likely to overstate the potential harm, neglect the probability, and presume the imminence of terrorist attacks. As a result, courts are apt to defer to the government and require less evidence in support of measures that curtail civil …

Protecting The Family Home By Reunderstanding United States V. Bajakajian, Yan Slavinskiy

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Bridging The Cellular Divide: A Search For Consensus Regarding Law Enforcement Access To Historical Cell Data, Zachary Ross

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Contempt, Status, And The Criminalization Of Non-Conforming Girls, Cynthia Godsoe

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

High Federalism: Marijuana Legalization And The Limits Of Federal Power To Regulate States, David S. Schwartz

Cardozo Law Review

The conflict between state marijuana legalization and the blanket federal marijuana prohibition of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) has created a federalism crisis in which the duties of state officials to adhere to state or federal law are unclear. Current federalism doctrine cannot even tell us whether or not a local police officer who encounters a person in state-authorized possession of marijuana must arrest the person and seize the marijuana. The two most clearly applicable federalism doctrines - the Tenth Amendment anti-commmandeering doctrine and federal preemption of state law under the Supremacy Clause - offer only unsatisfactory answers. Anti-commandeering doctrine …

Contextual Expectations Of Privacy, Andrew D. Selbst

Cardozo Law Review

Fourth Amendment search jurisprudence is nominally based on a "reasonable expectation of privacy," but actual doctrine is disconnected from society's conception of privacy. Courts rely on various binary distinctions: Is a piece of information secret or not? Was the observed conduct inside or outside? While often convenient, none of these binary distinctions can adequately capture the complicated range of ideas encompassed by "privacy." Privacy theorists have begun to understand that a consideration of social context is essential to a full understanding of privacy. Helen Nissenbaum's theory of contextual integrity, which characterizes a right to privacy as the preservation of expected …

Beyond Bing: The Arthur Rule Lives On As The Touchstone For The New York State Right To Counsel, Adrienne Levy

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together: Domestic Violence Victims, Defendants, And Due Process, Jessica Miles

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Banished For Life: Deportation Of Juvenile Offenders As Cruel And Unusual Punishment, Beth Caldwell

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Protecting Juveniles' Right To Remain Silent: Dangers Of The Thompkins Rule And Recommendations For Reform, Lauren Gottesman

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Plea-Bargain Crisis For Noncitizens In Misdemeanor Court, Jason A. Cade

Cardozo Law Review

This Article considers three factors contributing to a plea-bargain crisis for noncitizens charged with misdemeanors: 1) the expansion of deportation laws to include very minor offenses with little opportunity for discretionary relief from removal; 2) the integration of federal immigration enforcement programs with the criminal justice system; and 3) the institutional norms in non-federal lower criminal courts, where little attention is paid to evidence or individual equities and where bail and other process costs generally outweigh perceived incentives to fight charges. The Article contends that these factors increase the likelihood that a noncitizen's low-level conviction will not reliably indicate guilt …

Undercover Policing, Overstated Culpability, Eda Katharine Tinto

Cardozo Law Review

This Article examines the legal doctrine of "sentencing manipulation," a claim, raised at the time of sentencing, in which the defendant argues that undercover police officers purposefully encouraged him to commit particular criminal conduct in order to expose him to a longer, and often mandatory, prison sentence. Currently, the claim of sentencing manipulation has no uniform definition or application and lacks a consistent animating theory. Based on traditional theories of punishment and the systemic interest in an accurate determination of a defendant's criminal culpability, this Article argues that inducements, used by undercover officers and their agents to encourage the suspect …

Challenging The Death Penalty With Statistics: Furman, Mccleskey, And A Single County Case Study, Steven F. Shatz, Terry Dalton

Cardozo Law Review

In the forty-year history of the Supreme Court's modern death penalty jurisprudence, two cases - Furman v. Georgia (1972) and McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) - stand out above all others. Both cases turned on the Court's consideration of empirical evidence, but they appear to have reached divergent - even altogether inconsistent - results. In Furman, the Court relied on statistical evidence that the death penalty was infrequently applied to death-eligible defendants to hold that the Georgia death penalty scheme was unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. In McCleskey, the Court, despite being presented with statistical evidence that race played …

"That's The Guy!": Federal Rule Of Evidence 801(D)(1)(C) And Out-Of-Court Statements Of Identification, Gilbert M. Rein

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Quasi-Judicial Prosecutors And Post-Conviction Claims Of Innocence: Granting Recusals To Make Impartiality A Reality, Rachel Pecker

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Power And A Duty: Prosecutorial Discretion And Obligation In United States Sentencing Guideline § 3e1.1(B), Laura Waters

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Neuroscience, Ptsd, And Sentencing Mitigation, Betsy J. Grey

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Who Watches The Watchmen? Big Brother's Use Of Wiretap Statutes To Place Civilians In Timeout, Travis S. Triano

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Administrative Justice: Using Agency Declaratory Orders In The Fight To Staunch The Financing Of Terrorism, J. David Pollock

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Plaintiff Anonymity During Civil Litigation Of Childhood Sexual Abuse Cases, Amit Shertzer

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Can California Save Its Death Sentences? Will Californians Save The Expense?, Scott W. Howe

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Mosaic Shield: Maynard, The Fourth Amendment, And Privacy Rights In The Digital Age, Erin Smith Dennis

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Restoring Restitution: The Role Of Proximate Causation In Child Pornography Possession Cases Where Restitution Is Sought, Dennis F. Dibari

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Shadow Bargainers, Ronald F. Wright, Jenny Roberts, Betina Cutaia Wilkinson

Cardozo Law Review

Plea bargaining happens in almost every criminal case, yet there is little empirical study about what actually happens when prosecutors and defense lawyers negotiate. This Article looks into the bargaining part of plea bargaining. It reports on the responses of over 500 public defenders who participated in our nationwide survey about their objectives and practices during plea negotiations.

The survey responses create a rare empirical test of a major tenet of negotiation theory, the claim that attorneys bargain in the “shadow of the trial.” This is a theory that some defenders embrace and others reject. Describing the factors they believe …

Clemency For Our Children, Anthony C. Thompson

Cardozo Law Review

This Article proposes the use of the executive's clemency power to pardon or commute the sentences of a class of petitioners: children sentenced to life without the possibility of parole (LWOP). The history of executive clemency reveals that the intent behind this unique power was to offer the executive branch a final check in the criminal justice system to redress errors or to enhance fairness. The clemency power - exercised through pardons or commutations - allows the executive branch either to absolve individuals of wrongdoing given an assessment of the circumstances or to redress the relative disparity or undue severity …

Employment Division V. Smith At The Supreme Court: The Justices, The Litigants, And The Doctrinal Discourse, Marci A. Hamilton

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Smith And Women's Equality, Leslie C. Griffin

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Such Visible Fiction: The Expansion Of Scott V. Harris To Prisoner Eighth Amendment Excessive Force Claims, Nina Frank

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Guns, Crime Control, And A Systemic Approach To Federal Sentencing, David E. Patton

Cardozo Law Review

Recent scholarship about the role of sentencing reform in reducing high levels of incarceration has focused on evidence-based, offender-specific solutions, such as how to better assess offenders' risk of recidivism and their amenability to diversionary programs. This Article proposes a new, systemic approach. In particular, it suggests that in cases where the primary rationale for steep sentences is crime reduction, as opposed to retributive notions of harm and blameworthiness, judges ought to engage in an evidence-based examination of how the government is making "use" of the sentences it seeks in its law enforcement efforts. And where the government's efforts fall …